1、正式和非正式文体 Formal and Informal Styles,. The Meaning of Style All types of writing, like stories, legal documents and personal letters, have much in common: they contain many of the common words used by people everywhere and every day, observe the same basic morphological and syntactical rules, and fol
2、low the same custom of using punctuation marks. In other words, no writing, or speech, for that matter, can be done without using the common core of the English language.,However, there are also differences between different types of writing. In a personal letter, for instance, sentences are usually
3、 short and simple, even incomplete, and most words are those used in daily conversation, easy and even slangy. In a legal document, on the other hand, most sentences are long and involved, and many, if not most, of the words are polysyllabic, with special terms difficult for ordinary people to under
4、stand.,Special features like these in language are a matter of style. The word style has several senses: it may refer to a writers habitual or peculiar way of using language, or the prevalent features of the language of a certain period, or the characteristic aspects of the language of a certain typ
5、e of writing. It may also mean grace or elegance in writing, as in “He has no style.“,. Formal and Informal Styles 阅读下面的文章，找出其文体特点：,Future shock - the disease of change - can be prevented. But it will take drastic social, even political action. No matter how individuals try to pace their lives, no m
6、atter what psychic crutches we offer them, no matter how we alter education, the society as a whole will still be caught on a runaway treadmill until we capture control of the accelerative thrust itself. The high velocity of change can be traced to many factors. Population growth, urbanization, the
7、shifting proportions of young and old - all play their part. Yet technological advance is clearly a critical node in the network of causes; indeed, it may be the node that activates the entire net. One powerful strategy in the battle to prevent mass future shock, therefore, involves the conscious re
8、gulation of technological advance. - Alvin Toffler,长句long sentences 平行结构parallel constructions 插入语parenthetical remark 从句clauses 被动语态passive voice 抽象意思的词语：words and phrases have abstract meanings 比喻Metaphors,阅读下面的文章，找出其文体特点：,It was six oclock when I left the schoolhouse. I had six miles to walk home
9、. It would be after seven when I got home. I had all my work to do when I got home. It took Pa and me both to do the work. Seven cows to milk. Nineteen head of cattle to feed, four mules, twenty-five hogs, fire wood and stovewood to cut, and water to draw from the well. He would be doing it when I g
10、ot home. He would be mad and wondering what was keeping me! I hurried home. I would run under the dark, leafless trees. I would walk fast uphill. I would run down the hill. The ground was freezing. I had to hurry. I had to run. I reached the long ridge that led to our cow pasture. I ran along his ri
11、dge. The wind dried the sweat on my face. I ran across the pasture to the house. - Jesse Stuart,简单句 简短从句 不完整句 主动语态 日常用语,正式文体和非正式文体的差别,1.语法方面 1）缩约词：一般用于非正式文体 dont, mustnt, hes, Ive, etc., 正式文体中字母写全： do not, must not, etc.,2）泛指的不定代词you常用于非正式文体，而正式文体用one You never know what new measures the President w
12、ill take. One never knows what new measures the President will take.,3）非正式文体中，who可以代替whom在疑问词中作宾语，宾格代词可以充当被省略的动词的主语： Who did you see in that room? (informal) Whom did you see in that room? (Formal) Who is the secretary talking with?(informal) With whom is the secretary talking? (Formal) Wang can spe
13、ak French more fluently than me.(informal) Wang can speak French more fluently than I. (Formal),4)非正式文体中，介词可以放在定语从句、wh-疑问句或感叹词的句末： I know the girl who the Secretary is talking with. Which hotel is he staying at? What a difficult situation hes in!,5）非正式文体中宾语从句前的that常省去： She said (that) she would come
14、. He told me (that) he liked the house. I think (that) its a good idea.,6）非正式文体中，they可以指代 everyone, everybody, someone, somebody, anyone, anybody, no one, nobody, e.g. Has everyone finished doing their exercises? Has everyone finished doing his or her exercises? (Formal) Anyone can take a brochure i
15、f they want it. Anyone can take a brochure if he or she wants it. (Formal),7）非正式文体中，虚拟语气的句子主语是 I， he， she, it等词，可用was代替were： The old lady treated him as if he was her own son. I wish he was here with us.,8）非正式文体中，常用省略疑问句和缩略分句： What for? Want a drink? She came yesterday.,9)分词短语和无动词分句一般用于正式文体： Having
16、been warned of the impending storm, the captain decided to put off the voyage. When the captain heard a storm was coming, he decided to put off the voyage. (Less formal) Badly defeated in the match, the team returned in low spirits. The team was badly defeated in the match, and they returned in low
17、spirits. (Less formal) She decided to go home at once, knowing that her mother was anxiously waiting for her. She decided to go home at once. She knew her mother was anxiously waiting for her. (Less formal),10）独立主格结构一般用于正式文体： The weather being fine, a large number of people went to climb the Western
18、 Hills. As the weather was fine, a large number of people went to climb the Western Hills. (Less formal) Africa is the second largest continent, its size being about three times that of China. Africa is the second largest continent. It is about three times as large as China. (Less formal),11) 作定语或状语
19、的短语，放在主语前可使句子显得正式 A famous professor of biology, Dr. Jones was the new president the university. Eager to finish the work, he continued to do it until midnight.,12）插入语使句子显得正式： This village has built, in less than ten years, several small factories that bring in more income than the farm produce ever
20、y year. He shaved very slowly and carefully, as was his custom, in front of the mirror above the sink. All the people present - Chairman Smith, Professors Brown, James and Williams, and the secretary - supported the motion.,13）一系列名词、动词或形容词可使句子显得正式： His anger prevented him from doing, saying, and lis
21、tening to anything. She has experienced love and hate, grief and happiness.,14）下列句型常用于正式文体： Long sentences;长句 Compound-complex sentences;并列复合句 Sentences with parallel constructions;平行结构 Balanced sentences; 对偶句 Periodic sentences. 圆周句,2.词汇方面 1） 日常用语：多源于Anglo-Saxon； 正式、学术性词汇：多源于Greek, French and Latin
22、（尤其是多音节词）,Classwork 给出下列词汇对应的非正式词： commence Profound fortunate terminate proceed elevate gratuitous explicit identical erudite endeavor eccentric,Formal Informal commence begin Profound deep fortunate lucky terminate end proceed begin or continue elevate raise gratuitous unneccessary explicit clear
23、identical same erudite learned endeavor try eccentric queer, strange,2）短语动词偏口语化，常用语谈话体： Classwork 给出下列短语动词所对应的单词动词 go on carry on look into come across put up with get away turn out,Phrasal Verbs Single Verbs go on continue(v.i.) carry on continue(v.t.) look into investigate come across meet put up
24、with bear, endure get away leave, escape turn out produce,3）缩写词（Shortened words）在正式文体中不多见。 Classwork 给出下列缩写词的全拼词汇 photo, ad, bike, gym, prep, pop, vet,4）俚语在正式文体中少见 Classwork 给出下列俚语对应的一般词汇 lousy swell mighty neat,cool in hot water make a hit make a big deal about something shoot the breeze talk someo
25、nes head off,Slang Common lousy bad, terrible swell good, excellent mighty very, extremely neat,cool fine,pleasant in hot water in trouble make a hit succeed in doing something make a big deal about something exaggerate the seriousness of something shoot the breeze spend time chatting talk someones head off speak too much,
