1、http:/ http:/ http:/ http:/ 红枣栽培技术红枣栽培技术，就是科学规划枣园，确定合理枣树栽培密度，及时定干整形，培养丰产树形。Red jujube cultivation techniques, it is a scientific planning zaoyuan, determine reasonable jujube cultivation density, timely do plastic surgery, cultivate high tree. 1 生物学特性1 biological characteristics 发展烘枣的主要限制因素是温度。枣树是喜温
2、喜光树种，其生长发育要求较高的温度，春季日均温达 1314 时开始萌芽；1819 时进行抽梢和花芽分化；20 以上开始开花，花期适宜温度为 2325 ；果实生长发育需要2425 ；当秋季气温降至 15 以下时开始落叶，但枣树在休眠期较耐寒。Development of drying jujube temperature is the main limiting factor. Jujube is xi WenXiGuang tree species, its growth and development requirement of high temperature, the average
3、daily temperature in spring 13 14 when began to bud; 18 19 when to tip and flower bud differentiation; More than 20 were starting to blossom, flowering optimum temperature is 23 25 ; The fruit growth and development need 24 25 ; When leaves fall when the temperature dropped below 15 began, but Chine
4、se jujube in dormant from hardy. 2 新疆红枣主栽品种2 the xinjiang red jujube introduced.cultivation variety 骏枣。果实大，圆柱形，纵径 4.55.5 cm，横径 3.84.6 cm，鲜枣单果质量25.030.0 g，干果 16.0 g，果面光滑，深红色，皮薄肉厚，质较脆，味甜多汁；具有抗旱、抗寒、耐瘠薄、耐盐碱、适土性强、树体强健和寿命长等特点。灰枣。 （多年生枝条为灰褐色，发育枝条为红褐色）果实中等、长圆锥形，纵径3.03.8 cm，横径 2.0 4.6 cm，重 12.0 g，皮薄肉厚，橙红色，质脆
5、味甜。壶瓶枣。果实大，长倒卵形或葫芦形，纵 4.5 cm，横 3.0 cm，重 25.030.0 g，耐旱、耐寒、耐碱，抗病虫害能力强，适应性广泛。冬枣（苹果枣）结果性状良好，果实丰产，一般嫁接苗起植当年就能见果，枣吊坐果系数 0.6，采前不容易落果。梨枣。果实特大，近圆形，纵 4.14.9 cm，横 3.54.6 cm，大小均匀，http:/ http:/ http:/ http:/ 重 28.5 g，最大单产 57.0 g，具有抗旱抗寒，喜欢肥水，抗病虫害能力弱，适宜平原湿地肥沃旱地栽培1。Jun jujube. Fruit large, cylindrical, longitudinal
6、 diameter 4.5 5.5 cm, diameter 3.8 4.6 cm, the quality of fresh jujube fruit weight 25.0 30.0 g, 16.0 g dried fruit, fruit surface is smooth, deep red, flesh thick, thin brittle, sweet juicy; With drought resistance, cold resistance, barren resistance, resistance to salt, orginality is strong, the t
7、ree body strength and long service life, etc. Gray jujube. (perennial branches for the taupe, development branches red-brown) as the fruit of medium, long conical, longitudinal diameter 3.0 3.8 cm, diameter 2.0 4.6 cm, 12.0 g, thin skin, orange-red, crisp taste sweet. Pot bottles of jujube. Fruit la
8、rge, long obovate or gourd shape, 4.5 cm, horizontal 3.0 cm, 25.0 30.0 g, drought, cold resistant, alkali resistant, disease-resistant ability strong, broad adaptability. Dongzao jujube (apple) fruit character, good fruit fertility, general plant that can see fruit grafting, jujube fruit coefficient
9、 is 0.6, is not easy to mining before the fruit drop. LiZao. Fruit large, suborbicular, longitudinal 4.1 4.9 cm, 3.5 4.6 cm, uniform size, weighs 28.5 g, the maximum yield of 57.0 g, with drought resistance and cold resistance, like water, disease-resistant ability, suitable for plain fertile upland
10、 cultivation 1. 3 红枣在新疆的发展及存在的问题3 red jujube in xinjiangs development and the existing problems 第一，投入不足，管理粗放 （施肥、整形修剪） ；第二，病虫害防治不力，植物检疫不到位，病害基本没有，主要是蚧壳虫、红蜘蛛。First, inadequate investment, extensive management, fertilization, trimming); Second, the lack of prevention and cure of plant diseases and ins
11、ect pests, plant quarantine does not reach the designated position, basic no disease, insect pest and shell is mainly, starscream. 4 建园技术Built 4 to technology 红枣适应性强，结果早， （桃三杏四梨五，枣树当年就还帐）1 年栽植，百年收益，铁杆庄稼。枣树适应性强，对环境条件要求不严，但新建枣园的园址选择应尽量满足枣树生长发育对环境条件的要求。枣树属浅根性喜温喜光多年生果树，结果早，寿命长，所以选址很重要2。Red jujube strong
12、 adaptability, early results, and (four pears five three peach apricot, jujube was HaiZhang) 1 year planting, one hundred earnings, hardcore crops. Jujube, strong adaptability to the environment condition is relaxed, but new zaoyuan park site selection should try to meet the requirements of Chinese
13、jujube growth on http:/ http:/ http:/ http:/ the environment conditions. Jujube is a shallow xi WenXiGuang perennial fruit trees root sex, the result early, long life, so the location is very important 2. 4.1 园地选择 园地选择要注意土壤、地块、气候、地势 4 个方面的特点。1）土壤：枣树在肥沃深厚微碱或中性的沙壤土中生长最好。土壤最好是排水良好、渗透性强、通气性好、地下水位低的沙土、沙壤
14、土、壤土和黏壤土。土层厚度应在 60.0 cm 以上。土壤盐度 0.3%以下，pH 5.58. 5，有机质含量 1.0%以上，地下水位在 2.03.0 m。地下水位过高，土壤通透性差，过低满足不了枣树栽培和生长发育。2）地块：枣园要求向阳、地形开阔、无长期积水的地块。3）气候：最适宜 15 积温 3 600 ，无霜期 170 d，绝对最低气温低于-25 的持续天数不超过 10 d。4）地势：适宜海拔 600.01 500.0 m 平原。4.1 garden garden selection should pay attention to soil, land, climate, topogra
15、phy, the characteristics of the four aspects. 1) soil: jujube in the fertile deep slightly alkaline or neutral silty loam growth is best. Is best well drained soil, permeability is strong, good air permeability, underground water level is low, sand, silty loam, loam and sticky loam. Soil layer thick
16、ness should be 60.0 cm or more. Soil salinity is less than 0.3%, pH 5.5 8. 5, organic matter content is more than 1.0%, the underground water level in 2.0 3.0 m. High underground water level, soil permeability is poor, too low cant satisfy the Chinese jujube cultivation and growth and development. 2
17、) plot: jujube xiangyang, open terrain, land for a long time without water. 3) climate: the most suitable 15 accumulated temperature of 600 , frost-free period 170 d, the absolute lowest temperature below 25 in the last days of no more than 10 d. 4) terrain: the appropriate altitude 600.0 1 500.0 m
18、plain. 4.2 规划 枣园进行科学、合理规划，对生产和管理具有重要作用。1）与周边城市交通、园内交通；2）渠系、贮藏设施等基础设施进行规划建设；3）防风林带建设。4.2 planning zaoyuan for scientific and reasonable planning, plays an important role in production and management. 1) and the surrounding urban traffic, the park; 2) systems, storage facilities and other infrastructu
19、re planning and construction; 3) windbreak forest construction. 4.3 枣园定植 一般枣树落叶期到第 2 年萌芽前均可栽植。春栽：（土壤解冻即可进行）定植时间长，有利于管理、成活率高，90.0%。时间 3-4 月下旬。最适宜 4 月 5 日-4 月 20 日。秋栽：（土壤结冻前进行）北疆不宜秋植。定植前对土地进行平整，每 34 hm2 面积内高差土 5.0 cm，土壤含盐要改良。土壤改良措施包括 3 方面内容。1)工程措施：清淤、清筛、洗盐、排灌、修台、整修梯田和垒砌树盘等。2)栽培措施：深耕、除草、客土、施肥等。3)生物措施：种
20、抗性强的树种、间作豆科植物和绿肥、养殖微生物等。http:/ http:/ http:/ http:/ 4.3 general jujube jujube engraftment defoliation period to 2 years before can be cultivated. Spring planting soil thaw: (can be) setting time is long, is advantageous to the management, high survival rate, 90.0%. 3 - in late April. The most suitab
21、le April 5-20 April. Autumn: (should not be conducted before frozen soil) in northern autumn planting. Before engraftment on flat land, each 5.0 cm height of 3 4 hm2 area soil, saline soil improvement. Soil improvement measures include three aspects. Engineering measures: 1) desilting, cleaning siev
22、e, salt leaching, irrigation and drainage, repair, renovation, terraces and assembled trees, etc. 2) cultural practices: deep ploughing and weeding, replace with out-soil, fertilizing, etc. 3) biological measures: strong resistance of tree species, interplanting leguminous plants and green manure, b
23、reeding microorganisms, etc. 整地、开沟、挖穴。按行距开挖宽 1.0 m，深 0.3 m 的定植沟，按株距在定植沟内开挖深 0.8 m，直径 0.8 m 定植穴（表土、底土分开堆放） ，采取南北行向，利于通风透光，栽植株行距为 2.0 m3.0 m，每 667 m2 株数 111 株。挖穴后，每穴施腐熟有机肥 1015 kg，将肥、表土混匀，填入底部。将苗木放入定植穴，横竖对齐，扶正苗木，填土踏实。栽植深度：根茎与地面平。栽后及时灌 1 次透水，710 d 灌第 2 水。Site preparation, trenching, dig a hole. Accordi
24、ng to the row spacing excavation width 1.0 m, 0.3 m deep engraftment of ditch, according to the planting distance within the engraftment ditch excavation depth of 0.8 m, 0.8 m diameter engraftment hole (topsoil and subsoil separated stacks), take the north and south, the rows for ventilation perviou
25、s to light, planting plant row spacing of 2.0 m x 3.0 m, 667 m2 per number of 111 plants. Dig holes, each hole applying decomposed organic 10 15 kg, will be fat, topsoil, blending, filling in the bottom. Seedlings in the planting hole, alignment, righting seedlings, filling. Planting depth: roots an
26、d ground smooth. Plant after filling in time once flooded, 7 10 d 2. Water 4.4 授粉树配置（必须配置） 红枣是自花授粉比较高的植物，自花授粉率高达 95.0%以上。为提高枣树受精率、坐果率、产量和品质，授粉树必须配置。配置原则：配置一定比例授粉树，必须坚持制干配制干，鲜食配鲜食。比例，主栽品种授粉树=101 ；举例，主栽鲜食冬枣，配梨枣；骏枣、壶瓶枣为主栽品种，可适当配置晋枣、赞皇枣等制干品种。4.4 pollination tree configuration (must be configured) red ju
27、jube is the flower pollination higher plants, the flower pollination rate above 95.0%. For improving the jujube fertilization rate and fruit rate, yield and quality, pollination tree must be configured. A percentage pollination tree configuration principles, configuration, must adhere to the dry dri
28、ed, fresh food distribution table. Proportion, the main variety: pollination tree = 10:1; For example, fresh dongzao cold-resistance, match LiZao; Jun jujube, pot, bottle date is given priority to planting varieties, can be appropriately configured in the jujube, ZanHuang jujube varieties of dried.
29、http:/ http:/ http:/ http:/ 5 幼树管理Five young trees management 定干，用嫁接苗定植，当年春季萌芽前进行定干，定干高度 40.050.0 cm。整形期的修剪，整形时间以春季为主。Dry, using grafting engraftment, was conducted before the spring bud dry, dry height is 40.0 40.0 cm. Period of plastic clip, plastic is given priority to with the spring time. 幼龄枣树整
30、形修剪应以增枝扩冠为目的，采取拉、刻、截等措施，坚持“四留” “五疏除”的修剪原则。 “四留”即：一留骨干枝上向外扩展的延长枝及外围枣头枝，以扩大树冠和结果部位；二留着生在骨干枝上生长充实且有发展前途的枣头作为更新枝；三留着生在多年生骨干枝上侧生的枣头枝为背侧枝、边侧枝；四要留着生有大量的 2 次枝和枣股的枣头。 “五疏除”：一要疏除下垂枝、衰弱枝；二要疏除过密枝、内向枝及主枝基部萌生的发育枝；三要疏除细弱枝、交叉枝；四要疏除病虫枝、干枯枝；五要疏除位置不当的徒长枝和并生枝3 。Young jujube tree trimming should be to increase branch cr
31、own, for the purpose of expanding, carving, cutting and other measures, adhere to the “four left“ “five hydrophobic in addition to the“ principles of pruning. “Four leave“ : one for backbone branches extend outward extension of jujube branches, branches and periphery area to expand canopy and result
32、s; 2 keep in backbone branches grow fulfilling and promising jujube head as update branch; With 3 students in perennial backbone branches of upper jujube head branch collateral to back the collateral, edge; Fourth, we need to keep have a lot of two branches and jujube jujube head. “Five hydrophobic
33、besides“ : a weak hydrophobic drooping branches, branches; 2 to hydrophobic except the thick boughs, within the branch and the development of a central base of branches; Third, we need to drain except for the thin branches, cross branches; 4, dry twigs to insect and hydrophobic branches; Five to imp
34、roper location of drain water sprout and branches 3. 6 枣树整形修剪特点6 jujube tree trimming characteristics 6.1 修剪量小 花芽分化与枣吊生长同时进行，边生长，边分化。多次分化，多次坐果；而且结果母枝（枣股）基本不延长，结果枝每年春季生长，秋季脱落。6.1 cut a little flower bud differentiation and jujube growth at the same time, growth, and differentiation. Many differentiat
35、ion, much fruit; And the result mother http:/ http:/ http:/ http:/ branches (jujube) basic does not extend, fruit growth every year spring, fall off. 6.2 方法易掌握 枣树发育枝上生长出来的 2 次枝为结果枝组，又称为结果单位枝。其各个节上的主芽都可能发育成结果母枝，华山松每个结果母枝每年抽生结果枝，每条结果枝都有分化花芽的能力。因此，修剪时不考虑花芽培养、花芽数量布局，只考虑枝条布局即可。6.2 method is easy to maste
36、r Chinese jujube development branches grow out of the two branches for the fruit group, also known as the unit. Its main shoot every day mother could develop into a result, each result mother smoking raw fruit every year, each of the fruit have a flower bud differentiation ability. Therefore, does n
37、ot take into consideration the number of bud, bud pruning layout, consider only branches layout is ok. 6.3 不定芽容易萌发 枣树受到刺激后枣股可萌发枣头，对枣头稍加管理（夏季摘心） ，翌年可形成强壮的结果枝组，营养条件好，当年就可结果。处于树体顶端优势地位的芽，容易萌发出新的发育枝（枣头） 。6.3 adventitious bud to grow easily after irritation of the jujube jujube shares can date first, to
38、manage jujube head a little bit pick heart (summer), the following can form strong fruit set, nutrition condition is good, when can be the result. In a dominant position at the top of the tree buds, easy to sprout new development branch (date). 主干疏层形：适于稀植和枣粮间作栽植园采用三维排水网。树体结构：干高 150.0 cm，具有明显的中心领导干，主
39、枝稀疏，分层排列，第 1 层 3 个主枝，第 2 层 2 个，第 3 层 12 个，枝间距 0.71.2 m，全树共 67 个主枝，主枝开张角度 5070，每个主枝留侧枝 13 个，侧间距 50.070.0 cm。Main thin layer type: suitable for thin planting and jujube tree-crop interplanting garden planting. Tree structure: 150.0 cm high, dry has obvious center leadership, major branch thinning, lay
40、ered, three main branch level 1, level 2 2, layer 3, 1 2 branch spacing of 0.7 1.2 m, the whole tree, a total of 6 7 main branch, main branch opened 50 70 Angle, each major branch left lateral branch 1 3, lateral spacing of 50.0 70.0 cm. 主干疏层形整形修剪方法：定干后，在整形带内选择 4 个 2 次枝，其中下端 3 个要求有适当高差相互错落，方位角为 120，
41、留桩短截、并于芽上 1.0 cm 处刻伤，促成主芽萌发。待主芽萌发成发育枝后，顶端萌发的作为中心干培养，向上延伸。下端 3 个于 6-7 月采用扭、拉、撑等措施开张角度（6070） ，培养成第 1 层主枝，其余部位萌发的发育枝全部疏除。翌年春季萌发前，中干截头后，在剪口下和第 1 层 3 主枝两侧选择位置、距离适宜的几个 2 次枝，同样留桩短截、刻伤、软化拉枝，以延长中干，配置第 2 层主枝和第 1 层主枝各侧枝。以后采用同样办法配置其它主枝、侧枝及其单位枝。http:/ http:/ http:/ http:/ Trunk shape trimming method: thin layer
42、after dry, in the plastic zone can choose four two branches, including the bottom 3 requires the proper height difference is strewn at random, each azimuth Angle is 120 , leave a short section of pile, and 1.0 cm on the bud carved, contribute to the bud germination. After being main bud germination
43、branches into development, germination at the top of the dry cultivation as the center, extended upward. Bottom 3 June - July with twist and pull, supporting measures such as opening Angle (60 70 ), develop into the main branch in the first level, the growth of the rest parts of germination branches
44、 all thin. After germination before next spring, dry cutter head, under the snip and 1 layer 3 major branch on both sides of the location and distance suitable for a couple of two branches and also leave a stub, carved, soften it hurt, to extend the dry, configuration of central layer 1 and layer 2
45、major branch each lateral branch. Later use the same way to configure other major branch, collateral branches and their units. 小冠疏层形，适宜于密植园采用。树体结构：干高 70.0 cm，树高 2.5 m，中干较明显。全树有主枝 5 个分两层着生在直立中心干上，层间距 1.2 m。钢塑土工格栅第 1 层 3 个，彼此成 120，与主干成 6070，每主枝配侧枝12 个。第 2 层 2 个，两主枝与第 1 层错落排列，主枝上直接着生枝组。Small thin layer
46、 form, suitable for MiZhiYuan adopted. Tree structure: dry high 70.0 cm, height 2.5 m, dry more apparent. QuanShuYou major branch five points of two layers of the dry, in the center of the vertical layer spacing of 1.2 m. 1 layer 3, each other into 120 , and the trunk into 60 70 , every major branch
47、 with lateral branch 1 2. Layer 2 2, the two major branch and 1 layer strewn at random arrangement, main branches directly to the branch group. 整形修剪方法：其方法与主干疏层形基本相似。在土、肥、水的管理基础上，做好整形修剪工作很有必要。水泥制管机平衡树势、打开光路、调整生长和结果关系，达到优质高产目的。Trimming methods: the thin layer method and the trunk basic similar shape. In the soil, fertilizer and water management, to do a good job of trimming is necessary. Balanced tree potential, open the light path, we must adjust the relationship between growth and results, to achieve good quality and high yield.
