1、基础自主梳理考点分层突破单元能力提升,Unit 1,Friendship,专题2,正反解读名词,正面解读反面解读实战演练,1 2017全国卷 She has turned down several (invitation) to star at shows in order to concentrate on her studies.,【答案】 invitations 根据句意“她拒绝了几个邀请”可知,此处需要填名词,而且invitation是可数名词,前面有several修饰,故用复数形式。,高考链接,2. 2016全国卷 Chengdu has dozens of new milliona
2、ires, Asias biggest building, and fancy new hotels. But for tourists like me, pandas are its top (attract).,【答案】 attraction 空格前有形容词,因此要用其名词形式。,3. 2016四川卷 Any smell might attract natural _(enemy) that would try to eat the little panda.,【答案】 enemies enemy是可数名词,其前没有冠词,故用复数形式。natural enemies天敌。,4.2016全国
3、卷 Then, handle the most important tasks first so youll feel a real sense of (achieve).,【答案】 achievement 空格前面是介词of,故使用名词作介词的宾语。,5.2016全国卷 The nursery team switches him every few (day) with his sister.,【答案】 days few用来修饰可数名词复数,故填days。,考点一 名词的数 规则1 单数名词变为复数名词的基本规则 以-o结尾的名词变为复数时,常在词尾加-s,但下列名词要加-es:Negroe
4、s, heroes, echoes, potatoes, tomatoes(趣味记忆:黑人英雄在回声中吃土豆、西红柿)。 但下列以-o结尾的名词既可以加-es,也可以加-s:zeros (zeroes)零,mosquitos (mosquitoes)蚊子,volcanos (volcanoes)火山。,考点归纳,以-f或-fe结尾的名词变为复数时,一般直接加-s,但下列以-f或-fe结尾的名词需要把f或fe去掉,加-ves:selves, lives, thieves, wives, knives, leaves, shelves, wolves, halves。(趣味记忆:为了自己活命,小偷
5、和他的妻子手里拿着刀子和树叶站在架子上,把狼劈成两半)。 但下列以-f结尾的名词既可以去掉f加-ves,也可以直接加-s,它们是:handkerchiefs (handkerchieves) 手帕,scarfs (scarves) 围巾。 合成名词变成复数时,通常只将里面所含的主体名词变为复数,如果没有主体名词,则将最后一部分变为复数。sons-in-law女婿;passers-by过路人;story-tellers讲故事的人。,规则2 有些物质名词或抽象名词在表示具体或特定事物时,可具体化为可数名词,其前面需要有不定冠词。常见的这类词有:a pleasure/pity/surprise/su
6、ccess/failure/shame, an honour/a bright future/a strong character/a great help/a waste of time。 The World Athletics Championships held in Beijing are recognized as a great success. 人们公认在北京举行的世界田径锦标赛是一项非常成功的赛事。,规则3 有些名词的单、复数形式表达不同的意思。chicken鸡肉/chickens小鸡;fish鱼,鱼肉/fishes各种鱼; paper纸/papers试卷,报纸,文件;wate
7、r水/waters水域;room空间/rooms房间;time时间/times次数,倍数,时代;arm手臂/arms武器 规则4 有些名词形式上虽是单数,但表示的是复数含义。people, police, cattle, staff, public, “the+adj.”或“the+分词”(表示一类人或物)。,考点二 名词所有格 规则1 表示有生命名词的所有格时,在词尾加“s”。the boys bag,mens rooms。此外,表示时间、距离、长度、重量、价格、世界、国家、城市等无生命名词的所有格也可在词尾加“s”来表示所属关系,意为“的”。a twenty minutes walk, a
8、 ten miles journey, two pounds weight, ten dollars worth。 规则2 若名词已有复数词尾s,只加“”。the workers struggle。 规则3 of属格:无生命名词的所有格用of结构。a map of China, the end of this term, the capital of our country, the colour of the flowers。 规则4 如果两个名词并列,且分别加“s”,则表示“分别有”;若只有后一个名词加“s”,则表示两个“共有”。Johns and Marys rooms(两间);John
9、 and Marys room(一间)。,规则5 省略格:在表示店铺、教堂、诊所的名称或某人的家时,名词所有格的后面常省略它所修饰的名词。at the doctors 在诊所;at my sisters在我姐姐(妹妹)的家。 规则6 双重所有格:of+名词“s”结构。a friend of my fathers, works of Lu Xuns。,误区之一 名词“数”的误用 【误】 During the past few days, many visitor just like me have come here to experience the distinctive scenery.
10、【正】 During the past few days, many visitors just like me have come here to experience the distinctive scenery. 分析 visitor是可数名词,被many修饰,故用复数形式。句意:在过去的几天当中,许多和我一样的游客来到这里,体验这里与众不同的风景。,【误】 The beauty of the village consists in its clean airs and peaceful environment. 【正】 The beauty of the village consis
11、ts in its clean air and peaceful environment. 分析 air是不可数名词,没有复数形式,故airs改为air。,误区之二 物质、抽象名词“具体化”的误用 【误】 She went into my room and got big surprise when she saw all those books on the floor. 【正】 She went into my room and got a big surprise when she saw all those books on the floor. 分析 surprise本来是不可数名词
12、,此句中转化为可数名词,意为“一件令人惊讶的事”,故在big前加a。句意:她走进我的房间,当她看到地板上的那些书时,大吃一惊。,误区之三 名词“格”的误用 【误】 A girl comes in. Shes got a small, brown, leather wallet in her hand. She thinks its Peter. 【正】 A girl comes in. Shes got a small, brown, leather wallet in her hand. She thinks its Peters. 分析 it指代wallet,与Peter不能构成同一关系,
13、根据句意可知,此处应是“彼得的钱包”,故Peter 应改为所有格形式Peters。,误区之四 名词作定语的误用 【误】 There is fierce competition among the three shoes shops in the street. 【正】 There is fierce competition among the three shoe shops in the street. 分析 此处指商店的性质,用名词的单数形式作定语。,. 单句填空 1. When you are faced with challenges, you should believe that
14、(confident) is what makes a difference.,【答案】 confidence 句意:当面对挑战时,你应该相信信心是发挥作用的因素。所填词在that引导的宾语从句中作主语,故应该用名词,confidence意为“信心”。,2. At the press conference, a government spokesman expressed his great concern for the (safe) of the three trapped workers.,【答案】 safety 句意:在记者会上,一个政府发言人表达了他对三名被困工人安全的深切关心。定冠
15、词the后应用名词,故填safety。,3. Im sure it is of great use to keep a diary in English for the (improve) of writing abilities.,【答案】 improvement 句意:我确信用英语写日记对于提高写作能力很有帮助。根据句意及设空前的the可知填名词。,4. In 1971, after nearly two hundred _(failure), Tus team found an extract that was 100% effective against the malaria par
16、asitesartemisinin.,【答案】 failures 句意:在1971年,在经历了将近两百次失败后,屠的团队发现了一种提取物青蒿素,它对抗疟疾100%有效。,5. He didnt put the things where they belonged, for which reason he got his _(punish).,【答案】 punishment 句意:他没有把东西放回原处,为此他受到了惩罚。his是形容词性物主代词,后面应接名词,punishment意为“惩罚”,为不可数名词。,6. The university is very famous, so there w
17、ere a lot of _(applicant) for the position.,【答案】 applicants 句意:这所大学很有名气,因此有很多申请者来应聘这个岗位。applicant意为“申请者”,为可数名词,其前有a lot of修饰,因此应用复数形式。,7. His friend advised him to write down the useful _(express) in his notebook so that he could use them when necessary.,【答案】 expressions 根据语境可知,所填词在句中作write down的宾语,
18、应该填提示词的名词形式,根据them可知用复数形式。,8. Much simpler as Chinese grammar is, Chinese has a tone and writing system that is more difficult for _(learn) to master.,【答案】 learners 句意:汉语的音调和书写体系对学习者来说更难掌握。设空处作介词for的宾语,应用名词;根据句意,此处指“学习者”,且不止一个,故应用复数。故填learners。,9.Can you tell us your recipe for _(happy) and a long l
19、ife? Living every day to the full, definitely.,【答案】 happiness 句意:“你能告诉我们你幸福、长寿的诀窍吗?”“确切地说,就是充实地度过每一天。”位于介词for后面,并且和a long life并列,因此需要用名词。happiness作“幸福”讲为不可数名词,故答案为happiness。,10. Recent (study) show that we are far more productive at work if we take short breaks regularly.,【答案】 studies 根据后面的谓语动词show可
20、知,主语应该是复数形式。,11. Although these (measure) are not effective forever, they are vital for now.,【答案】 measures 根据前面的these和后面的are,可以判断应用复数形式。,12. He celebrated the (arrive) of the new year with a party for his friends.,【答案】 arrival,13. Jane knew from past experience that her _(choose) of ties hardly ever
21、 pleased her father.,【答案】 choices,14. We fear that we do not have the _(strong) and courage to face the truth of our situation.,【答案】 strength,15. While my friend, George, was reading in bed, two _(thief) climbed into his kitchen.,【答案】 thieves,. 单句改错 1.2017全国卷 The instructor kept repeating the word,
22、“Speed up!” “Slow down!” _,【答案】 word改为words 教练一直喊“加速”“减速”。 word表示某人说的话时是可数名词,故将word改为words。,2. 2016全国卷 My uncle tells me that the key to his success is honest. _,【答案】 honest改为honesty,3. 2016全国卷 If we go on a trip abroad, we can broaden our view and gain knowledges we cannot get from books. _,【答案】 kn
23、owledges改为knowledge,4.2016浙江卷 When I was a very young children,my father created a regular practice. _,【答案】 children改为child,5. 2016全国卷 The teenage year from 13 to 19 were the most difficult time for me. _,【答案】 year改为years,. 语法填空Over the years, I have met some interesting people. Two of 1. most inter
24、esting people were two elderly sisters, Joan and Bernice, 2. _way of talking about people inspired me. It was always a 3. (pleasant) to visit these two sisters. Just being greeted at the door was a joy. They couldnt be,【答案】 1. the 考查冠词。形容词最高级前用the修饰,故填the。 2. whose 考查定语从句。定语从句的先行词是two elderly sister
25、s指人,在定语从句中作定语修饰way,指她们的谈话方式,故用关系代词whose。 3. pleasure 考查名词。此处由a修饰,指一件令人高兴的事,故填名词pleasure。,4. (happy) when seeing me. I always heard about the people who were there before me. Every person 5. (talk) about in a positive way. The conversation would go something like this, “Oh, Kay, so and so was here ye
26、sterday, she,【答案】 4. happier 考查形容词比较级。此处是否定词加比较级表示最高级的意思,指见到“我”她们最高兴。故填happier。 5. was talked 考查动词时态和语态。此处指每个人都被用积极的方式谈论。本段时态为过去时且此处表被动,故填was talked。,6. (be) just the salt of the earth, isnt she?” The other sister would reply, “Oh yes! You just cant believe 7. wonderful she is.” I never heard they s
27、aid a negative word about anyone. NEVER! I understood why these two had so much company when other people complained that no one cared about 8. (they). It was their attitude,【答案】 6. is 考查动词。此处是反意疑问句,与反问部分isnt she一致,用系动词is,故填is。 7. how 考查感叹句。此处修饰形容词wonderful,指多么精彩。故填how。 8. them 考查代词。空格处作care about的宾
28、语,故用宾格,指关心他们。,9. people. There was no doubt that when the next person came to visit, he was going to hear how I was the “salt of the earth”. What a wonderful example these two elderly sisters were to me! I will always be 10. (thank) that I had the opportunity to know them.,【答案】 9. towards/to 考查介词。表示“对的态度”用attitude towards/to,故填towards/to。 10. thankful 考查形容词。动词be后用形容词作表语,指“我”总是很感激的。故填thankful。,
