1、四级写作高分技巧 第五讲,王飞飞,三. 得分技巧,1. 词语的运用2. 句子写作3. 段落写作4. 高分模板,2. 句子写作,A. 句子的分类 B. 基本句型的扩展 C. 句子的多样性 D. 句子的连贯一致 E. 标点符号 F. 主谓一致、独立主格、比较句型,F. 主谓一致，独立主格，比较句型,比较句型等比结构差比结构极比比较比例比较择比结构,a) 等比结构,表示被比较双方在性质、程度、数量、特征等方面相等或相似的概念。等比结构最常用的句型是asas结构。常见结构： asas as+形容词+名词+as no more/lessthan,a) 等比结构,asas此结构中两个as中间用形容词或副词
2、的原级形式。- This discovery was as important as that of X-ray. 这项发现和发现X射线同样重要。- She loves her country as dearly as she loves her mother. 她像爱她的母亲一样爱她的祖国。- The book were using this year is as interesting as the one we used last year. 我们今年用的这本书和去年用的那本书一样有趣。,a) 等比结构,2) as+形容词+名词+as- He has as little money as
3、 John. 他的钱和约翰的一样少。- 步行和骑自行车都是很好的运动。 Walking is as good an exercise as cycling.- 乔治和杰克都是勤奋好学的孩子。 George is as diligent a boy as Jack.- 约翰的英语水平提高得和他的哥哥一样快。 John has made as much progress in English as his brother.,a) 等比结构,3) no more/lessthan- Peter is no less diligent than his brother. 彼得学习和他兄弟一样用功。-
4、行动对我们的重要性是不亚于思想的。 Action is no less necessary to us than thought.- 他们和我们一样都不能解决这个问题。 They are no more able to solve the problem than we are.,b) 差比结构,差比比较句指的是两个事物的特征、性质等方面没有等比性，要么一方优于对方，要么一方劣于对方。常见结构：more thanmore/less thannot so/as as,b) 差比结构,more than 此句型中的more 代表形容词和副词的比较级，多为单音节词，than引出被比较对象。- Ele
5、ctrons are still smaller than atoms. 电子比原子还小。- Actions speak louder than words. 事实胜于雄辩。- Too much help is sometimes worse than no help. 太多的帮助有时比没有帮助更糟。- 今天街上的人不如昨天多。 There are fewer people in the street today than yesterday.,b) 差比结构,2) more/less than 此句型的意思与句型1）相同，只是此句型中的形容词、副词多为双音节词或多音节词。- Students
6、 with strong motivation are more likely to succeed than those with poor motivation. 动机强的学生比动机差的学生更可能获得成功。- 他的演讲比我原来预料的更有趣。 His speech was more interesting than I had expected.- 他不像过去那样常来看我们。 He visits us less frequently than he used to.,b) 差比结构,3) not so/as as 此句型的意思是“一方不及另一方。”- John is not so suita
7、ble for the job as me/I am. 约翰不如我适合这项工作。- 你的咖啡没有我妈妈煮的咖啡好喝。 Your coffee is not so good as the coffee my mother makes.- 尽管电视是我们时代的奇迹之一，但是它的操作过程并不像人们想象的那么困难。 Although television is one of the wonders of our times, its operation is not as difficult as one might think.,c) 极比比较,极比比较句表示在某一范围内某一事物最突出或某一动作打到
8、最高程度。 常见结构： the most + 限定范围 nomore 否定词+ soas,c) 极比比较,the most + 限定范围这是表示极比结构的最普通的也是最常用的句型，在这里the most表示最高级。- George is the most efficient publisher in the officer. 乔治是这个办公室里效率最高的发行人。- The person who works the hardest should receive the greatest reward. 工作最努力的人应该获得最高的报酬。,c) 极比比较,2) nomore此句型的意思是“没有比更
9、的了”，实际上是从反面表达“最高”概念的。从形式上看此句型属于否定的差比结构，但在意义上却是肯定的极比比较，强调意味较浓。- No other book has had a greater influence on my life than this one. “任何其他的书籍对我一生的影响都没有这本书大。”- Ive never had a better or a more comfortable dinner. “我从未参加过比这更丰盛或者更惬意的晚宴。”- 没有比健康更宝贵的东西。 Nothing is more valuable than health.,c) 极比比较,3) 否定词+
10、 soas此句型与句型2的情况基本一致，这种迂回的极比比较的说法常比直接的说法更具表现力。- Nothing is so precious as time. “没有什么东西比时间更宝贵。”- “这是世界上最容易的事。” Nothing is so easy as this in the world.- “世界上没有比鲸鱼更大的动物。” No other animal is so large as the whale in the world.,- This is the easiest thing in the world.- This is the least difficult thing
11、 in the world.- This is easier than anything (else) in the world.- Nothing is easier than this in the world.,d) 比例比较,写作中，我们常需要表达被比的两种事物在程度上同样增加或同样减少。这时就需要使用比例比较句型。这种句型的特点是一般都不带被比较的对象，即通常没有than引导的部分。汉语中也有类似的说法，如“越越”, “越来越”等，常见结构： The more, the more more/less and more/less,d) 比例比较,The more, the more 这
12、是最常见的比例比较结构，这种比较可以是正比例的，也可以是反比例的。汉语意思是“越越”- The earlier you start the sooner youll be back.- The more a man knows, the more he discovers his ignorance.,d) 比例比较,2) more/less and more/less此结构也是常见的比例比较结构，表示一个渐进的变化过程。其含义是“越来越.”， “越发”。- He is becoming more and more active in sports.- Conditions are getti
13、ng better and better with each passing day. “情况日益好转。”,e) 择比结构,当我们要表达两者之间做出比较和选择的意思时，可使用此类句型。此结构类型较多，且多为一些惯用句型，应注意识别。常见结构： preferto preferrather than would rather than before Better+副词/(to) 动词原型 +than+被比对象 主语+would sooner+动词原型+than+被比对象 Sooner than + 动词原型 (主句) would + 动词原形7) 主语+not so muchas,e) 择比结构,
14、preferto此句型中的to 为介词，其后接的成分与prefer的后接成分相同，或者都是名词，或者都是动名词。汉语翻译成”宁取A而舍B”, “较喜欢A而不喜欢B”。- “我喜欢步行胜过骑自行车”。 I prefer walking to cycling.- “我喜欢城市而不喜欢农村”。 I prefer the town to the country.,e) 择比结构,preferrather than- “乔治喜欢工作，而不喜欢闲坐着。” George prefers to work rather than (to) sit idle.- “他宁愿呆在家里，而不愿和我们一起去。” He p
15、referred to stay at home rather than go with us.- “我宁愿早出发而不愿坐拥挤的火车。” I should prefer to start early rather than have to travel on crowded trains.,e) 择比结构,3) would rather thanWould/had/should rather than结构是一种虚拟式说法，通常用以表示主观愿望，语气一般较强，译成汉语常作“宁不”。 注意”than” 前后接的成分要一致，如果后接动词则不带”to”。- He would rather die th
16、an yield. “他宁死不屈。”- Id rather do it myself than try to persuade a stubborn fellow like you. “我宁愿自己去做，而不愿去说服你这样固执己见的人去做。”- “我宁愿住汽车旅馆而不愿住高级宾馆。” Id rather stay in a motel than in an expensive hotel.,e) 择比结构,4) beforeBefore 有“前于”，“在之前”的意思，这里指两件事或行为进行比较选择。此句型的意思是“宁可不愿”。需注意的是如果译作“与其宁可”, 则应先翻译从句部分，再翻译主句部分。
17、- He will die of hunger before he will steal. “他宁愿饿死也不去偷盗。”- “他宁愿一个人在黑暗里呆着，也不看书。” Hed sit alone in the dark before hed read a book.,e) 择比结构,5) Better + 副词 / (to) 动词原型 + than + 被比对象此句型的better 是谓语，主语在后。此句型是”It is better +实际主语+than+从句/词组” 省略it is后形成的。不定式作主语可以省略to。此句型的含义是“宁可”，“最好还是”.- Better to do well
18、than to say well. “与其说得好，不如做得好。”- “迟到总比不做好。” Better late than never.,e) 择比结构,6) 主语+would sooner+动词原型+than+被比对象 Sooner than + 动词原型 (主句) would + 动词原形 此句型是虚拟语气，意思是“宁可而不愿”，具有择比含义。- Hed sooner be a teacher than a companys manager. “他宁可当一名教师，不愿去当公司经理。”- Sooner than do such work, I would starve. “与其让我干这样的活
19、，还不如让我饿死。”- “他宁愿玩耍，而不愿学习。” He would sooner play than work.,e) 择比结构,7) 主语+not so muchas从形式上看，此句型与not so/asas结构相似，但从意义上看，此句型用于选择比较，而not so/asas用于表示否定的同等比较（即差比结构）。此句型的汉语意思是“与其说是不如说是”。- Her success was not so much by chance as by diligence. “她的成功与其说是由于机遇，不如说是由于勤奋。”- The difference between the two boys l
20、ies not so much in talent as in energy. “这两个男孩与其说在才能方面有高低之分，不如说在精力方面有差异。”- “一个人事业的成功并不是靠在学校时的成绩，而是靠他的能力和实践。” Success in life does not depend so much on ones school record as on ones ability and practice.- “与其说他是一个学者，不如说他是个作家。” He is not so much a scholar as a writer.,3. 段落写作,1）主题句 a)主题句 2）主题句的位置 3）主
21、题句的写法A. 段落的构成 b) 扩展句 c) 结论句B. 段落的一致性和连贯性段落的展开方法过渡句的运用,A. 段落的构成,段落可以多种多样，可长可短，并不拘泥于一种模式，可能是开篇语或结束语，也可能是连接上下两段的过渡部分，更多的情况下则是能够完整表达一个意思的多个句子的集合体。,A. 段落的构成,正如一篇完整的文章一般由开头段、主体段和结尾段构成一样，一个完整的段落一般也是由主题句、扩展句和结论句三个部分构成。很多情况下，主题句位于段首。一个好的主题句往往能使人对本段落将要阐述的内容和针对的问题一目了然。扩展句对主题句进行说明和阐述，即把问题、现象、事件或事物，通过分析、举例、描写或叙述
22、的方法使其更加形象具体。结论句对整个段落进行收尾和总结。有时段落中并不出现结论句。,Ever since early this century, electricity has become indispensable in our modern life. First of all, with the development of modern industry, industrial production needs more and more electricity. Next, the development of modern agriculture also relies on e
23、lectricity. Last but not least, our daily life has much to do with it. In a word, it can be said that in modern society man cannot exist without electricity. 本段的层次很清晰，第一句为主题句，最后一句为结论句，中间的句子为扩展句。,A. 段落的构成,1）主题句a)主题句 2）主题句的位置 3）主题句的写法b) 扩展句c) 结论句,1）主题句,主题句是一个段落中最重要的句子。主题句不仅简明扼要地表达了这个段落主题的内容，而且清楚地限定了写作
24、范围。好的主题句能正确引导读者的思路，是读者对段落的中心思想一目了然，能够较好地理解作者的意图。在四六级考试中，经常出现给出文章各段的主题句，要求扩写成段的题型。这实际上就是围绕主题句写出扩展句来。例如：,1）主题句,人们对职业各有不同的理想。我理想的职业是什么？我怎样为我理想的职业做准备？,1） 主题句,根据这个提纲可写出英语主题句如下：People have different ideal jobs of their own because every one has his or her likes and dislikes.As far as my ideal job is conce
25、rned, I want to be an interpreter.To become an excellent interpreter, I must do a lot of preparation.,2) 主题句的位置,主题句可出现在段首、段中或段尾。主题句的位置不同，能在行文中起不同的作用。对于参加四级考试的考生，提倡把主题句放在段首。因为主题句位于段首会使文章显得脉络清晰，便于阅卷者的阅读。,3) 怎样写好主题句,主题句是概述段落主题思想的一句话，它限制段落的发展方向和范围。因此，主题句应符合三点要求：结构和思想内容完整；观点和思想明确；内容具体到能成为一个段落的中心，便于进一步展开说
26、明。,完整,主题句不但有主题词和关键词这两个重要成分，而且是一个完整的句子。它既要有完整的结构，又要有完整的思想内容。以下几句虽然包括一定的主题或主题思想，但主题思想和句子结构不完整。- Teaching a child good manners. Teaching a child good manners is fun. Teaching a child good manners is no easy task.,完整,- A safe way to change a tire. There is a safe way to change a tire.- The differences i
27、n their ways of life. They are different in their ways of life.- The importance of blood. Blood serves our body in three important ways.,First, blood carries substances needed to maintain and repair the body tissues. In this way, blood serves as a provider. Second, blood also serves as a disposer, s
28、ince it carries wastes and gases away from the tissues of the body. In addition, blood acts as a defender. The white corpuscles in the bloodstream constantly guard against and try to destroy bacteria and other agents that threaten the bodys welfare.,明确,主题句应就主题表达明确的观点、态度等思想内容，使读者明白其真实意图，同时也使段落对主题思想的展
29、开成为必要和可能。,- To play any kind of musical instrument, one needs to know something about the instrument. To play the violin, one needs a good ear. To play the piano, one needs to spend much time practicing finger exercises. To play any kind of drum requires a good sense of rhythm.,- I know that Smith.
30、Smith has a good sense of humor. Smith is the meanest man I ever know.- People care about sports.- Sports influence our life. Sports can keep people healthy and strong. Sports benefit us in many ways. Sports sometimes can do some harm to people.,Sports benefit us in many ways. When taking part in sp
31、orts, we get the chance to train almost all parts of our bodies. There is no doubt that proper sports activities keep our physical fitness. Furthermore, sports can enrich our life and maintain our psychological health. Through participation, everyone can learn that on the playground he not only stru
32、ggles for himself but also fights for his team. Sports teach us about consideration, cooperation and optimism to failure. But sports sometimes can so some harm to people. When they fail to plan their activities properly, too hard training may hurt their bodies, exhaust their vigor, and even cause th
33、em to be sick. Some sports, such as boxing and car racing, may even kill the player.,具体,主题句不但要“明确”，而且要“具体”，二者紧密相关。句子足够具体，则易于理解；而句子过于概括，则可能表达不清，段落也就缺少一致性及明确的写作意图。 主题句”明确“是要求主题句能清楚表达思想，而不是作暗示，或有两种以上的意思，令人感觉模棱两可。 主题句“具体”是要求主题句不仅要清楚地表达一定的思想内容，还要把话题的大小限制在适合一个段落所能承受的范围之内。段落有长度限制，如果主题句概括过泛，甚至概括一切，则其主题思想需要几
34、个段落甚至一本书才能阐述清楚；把这些内容仅置于一个段落内，段落内容无疑会过于庞杂，主题不会突出，段落逻辑会发生混乱，写作意图也无法实现。更何况，面对这么一个庞大的主题句，实际写作中也就没有了具体的思想方向。下面的句子作为主题句就不够具体:,- Teachers must be very capable.- Teachers must be knowledgeable as well as authoritative.- Countryside is much better than a city.- Countryside is a much better place to live in t
35、han a city in many ways.,- Electricity is important.- Electricity has become an essential part of modern life.- If there were no electric power, our modern world would be in trouble.,What Would Happen if There Were No Power,Ever since early this century, electricity has become an essential part of o
36、ur modern life. It has played a decisive role in the fields of modern industry, agriculture, science and technology, national defence and education, Its electricity that has made our modern life possible.,If there were no electric power, our modern world would be in trouble. For one thing, all the w
37、heels would stop because the motors that power the machines would fail. For another, many, if not all, of our industries would cease production. And all the electrical appliances such as washing machines, refrigerators, TVs would stop working. In short, our modern life would be impossible without el
38、ectricity.,主题句由主题词和表达主题思想的关键词组成。根据主题句的三点要求，实际写作中尤其要把握好关键词，使主题句不但有一定的观点、态度、看法等思想内容，而且有具体的发展方向和范围，从而使段落展开的方法变得具体而明确。,- New York is an American city.- I like New York City.- New York is a beautiful city.- New York is an exciting city.- New York is a vigorous city.- New York is a modern city.- There are
39、 four major reasons why I like New York City.,通过对关键词进行限制，段落发展的范围、方向以及发展的方式都变得明确而具体。 There are four major reasons why I like New York City. First of all, I think it is a beautiful city. It is filled with sleek glass skyscrapers, charming, old stone buildings, and attractive parks and squares. Second,
40、 I enjoy the cultural life which New York offers. Exciting concerts, Broadway plays, and new films are always available, as are museum exhibitions from all over the world. In addition, I appreciate the light entertainment the city offers. Nowhere else in the United States can one find so many deligh
41、tful restaurants, nightclubs, and discotheques. Finally, I like the diversity of people in New York City. The city has the largest tourist population in the world. It also has colonial ethnic neighborhoods such as Little Italy, Harlem,. Spanish Harlem, and Chinatown.,Exercise,A. 标出下列主题句中的中心意念：1. Tra
42、ditional Chinese education was, in some respects, very similar to that of Athens in its best days.2. They are very different in their ways of study.3. In ancient times, three types of calendars were used.4. Some people see computers as a threat to modern man.5. Map-reading skills can be helpful in m
43、any school subjects.6. Many drivers have the habit of taking risks.7. There are hundreds of ways of consuming a salmon.8. “Not” is also an interesting word.,Exercise B. 选择合适的主题句,_ The sense of humour is mysteriously bound up with national characteristics. A Frenchman, for instance, might find it har
44、d to laugh at a Russian joke. In the same way, a Russian might fail to see anything amusing in a joke which would make an Englishman laugh to tears. There are always different jokes. My brother often makes jokes. Jokes, despite their differences, have the same humour.d. Whether we find a joke funny
45、or not depends on where we have been brought up.,2. _ Retirement gives one a feeling of uselessness. Such a psychological problem often brings physical problems. It is the feeling of emptiness that gradually kills the retired. With retirement there will be a decrease in income. Unless they plan care
46、fully, the retired will get into economic problems.The retired are a problem of our society.People should not retire until unable to work.c. Retirement can bring many problems for the retired.We should do something for the retired.,3. _ They now can do most of the things people can do, though most s
47、cientists agree that computers cannot take the place of humans. Who knows what the computers of tomorrow will be like? Will they make life better, or will they bring suffering to people? People today will have to decide how to use the computers of tomorrow.Computers are a great helper.Computers compete with man for jobs.c. Recently there have been great changes in computers.We need greater efforts to develop computers.,
