1、考古学笔记（Archaeological notes）Archaeological notes.Txt and the mood of aftershocks, like the first love lover girl, afraid he does not come, and feared him. I heard The woman is like the clothes, Brothers are like hands and feet., in retrospect, I actually all flurry and confusion streaking more than 2
2、0 year! Im in a bad mood today. I only have four sentences to say, including this sentence and the first two sentences! Archaeological monograph 1 (2009-02-17 18:38:32) Tags: Classification: the idea of living.First, the definition of archaeology.1., the origin of the word “Archaeology“. “Archaeolog
3、y“ this noun in Chinese appears very early, such as the Northern Song Dynasty scholar Lv Dalin wrote “archaeological map“ (1092) a book, but it was the so-called “Archaeology“, only the bronze and stone carvings on some from the collection and collation, is quite different from the meaning of modern
4、 archaeology sense.2. source of the word “Archaeology“. The word “Archaeology“ in modern China may have been translated from western language Archaeology at one time. Archaeology comes from the Greek, meaning “the study of ancient literature“ in 17 and eighteenth Century, generally refers to the stu
5、dy of the Antiquities and monuments containing art value, by nineteenth Century, of all antiquities only refers to.3. definition of archaeology. Archaeology is a discipline which studies the ancient social history of human beings according to the material data left behind by ancient human activities
6、.It belongs to the humanities. The scope of the study is ancient, but in different countries and different ages, the lower limit of Chinese Archaeology is the Ming dynasty. The objects of the study were material objects, ancient relics and relics.Its research basis is field investigation. The resear
7、ch is characterized by substantial content, careful methods, systematic theory and clear goals. Its branches are prehistoric archaeology, historical archaeology and field archaeology. Natural science. There are close links between many fields in the field of technical science and some subjects in Hu
8、manities and social sciences. There is a certain relationship between Chinese traditional stone inscriptions and archaeology. Archaeology was introduced into China in twentieth Century, and stone inscriptions have been partly replaced by archaeology.Two, archaeological research objects.Starring in a
9、ncient human activities left behind in kind material. The kind of material referred to here should generally be an artifact of the conscious processing of ancient humans. Such as tools, weapons, supplies, etc., or human built houses, graves, castles and other buildings. If natural objects are not pr
10、ocessed by human beings, they must be determined to be related to human activities or to reflect human activities. As for houses with natural stones and collecting fishing and hunting activities from the remains of animals and plants, which are also the object of the archaeological study.1. relics.
11、Any of various movable objects left behind by ancient human activities. Relics are usually classified in terms of the material or function of the artifacts. As to the objects of raw materials can be divided into wood, stone, jade, pottery, bone and so on; to use or function can be divided into tools
12、, weapons, tools, accessories, art etc2. ruins. The remnants of ancient human activity; signs of non mobility. Monuments are usually classified and named according to their functions or uses,Such as storage cellars, bury the dead grave, housing abandoned after the base, defensive walls or ditches, w
13、ater wells. In general ruins, there are relics of varying numbers. Some of these artifacts were inadvertently discarded, such as garbage and broken pottery, tools, etc., that were dumped in abandoned pits or trenches. Some people are consciously put in, such as tombs, funerary objects etc3. site. A
14、continuous collection of ruins or relics left over from the daily life or living quarters of an ancient community. Most of the ancient ruins ruins have various properties and functions of different houses and defense, economic facilities consisting of village or the village.4. archaeological culture
15、. An ancient human remains community representing the same era and concentrated in certain regions and with local characteristics. An archaeological culture usually consisting of a number of properties, characteristics, and sites of the same age. They should belong to a particular group of ancient s
16、ocieties, tribes, tribes, alliances, peoples, etcThree, archaeology and periodization.Basic concepts of the decadeRelative age: the chronology of relics and relics, the chronology of cultural relics and the chronology of cultural relics. Such as “Paleolithic period“, “Neolithic Age“ and “Yangshao cu
17、lture early“, the latter period of the Shang dynasty“. It is concluded that the relative age mainly depended on the methods of archaeology, stratigraphy and typology.Absolute chronology: the time at which a relic or relic is made. A method of determining absolute age, in the field of Archaeology in
18、historical periods,It mainly relies on literature, calendar and various relics of the year. In the prehistoric period without written records, it mainly depends on the dating techniques and methods in modern science and technology.Staging method.Dichotomy: with written signs of “Inaction“, the histo
19、ry of human culture is divided into two stages of “prehistoric period“ and “historical period“.Three methods: in 1819, the Royal Danish museum curator Thomsen (Thomsen, 1788-1865) according to the classification of the collection of antiquities, proposed three stages of prehistoric culture developme
20、nt in Europe, known as the “three period“: the stone age, bronze age, iron age.Six points Law: three points on the basis of further subdivision: Paleolithic (British). John (Lu Lu, Burke) - Middle Stone Age (English). Alan. Brown) - New Stone Age (English). John Lou Burke) - Chalcolithic (meaning. G
21、. Jiyelike) - Bronze Age - early iron age.Archaeology (2009-02-17 19:17:35) notes 2 Tags: Classification: the idea of living.The “general theory“ Chinese archaeological notes twoI. archaeological stratigraphy.The basic concepts of archaeological stratigraphy. Formation is one of the most basic conce
22、pts in geology. It refers to all the stratified rocks that have the meaning of time and space. Archaeological stratigraphy is a method of scientific research in field excavation, and also one of the most basic methods in archaeological research.The basic principle of the formation of the cultural la
23、yer. Stratigraphic sequence Law - new, old, old.Division of cultural layers. The main basis of soil, soil color, inclusions and traces of stratigraphic division phenomenon.Stratigraphic relationship.(1) pressure superposition relation. Refers to the formation of two or more layers of the two layers
24、of cultural accumulation from top to bottom, and in this stratigraphic relationship, the superposed and inclusions are later than those that are superposed.(2) breaking relations. Refers to the late human activity traces, breaking the early formation or formation of stratigraphic relationship. In th
25、is stratigraphic relationship, the age of the breakers is later than the broken ones, and the ruins of the breakers are generally later than those who are broken.(3) coexistence. In the above strata, each stratum or sites (such as a tomb, a pit hole, a foundation etc.) contains relics, constitutes a
26、 symbiotic relationship. In the case of coexisting relics, their age can be considered at the same time from a stratigraphic point of view.Two, archaeological typologyThe basic concepts of archaeological typology. Borrow the theory of biological evolution and biological classification, archaeologica
27、l excavation unearthed relics and monuments. A method of scientific arrangement, classification, analysis, and comparative study. Of course, typology in archaeology is not a simple shift of biological typology, but has its own characteristics. To distinguish it, it is commonly called “archaeological
28、 typology“, also called “standard typology“ or “utensil morphology“.The principle of archaeological typology. Human society is evolving from low level to higher level, and all kinds of cultural factors are constantly developing and changing. Therefore,The stability of the form of the utensil is rela
29、tive, the change is absolute; the form of the utensil has both the stability of the historical stage and the obvious characteristics of the times and culture. According to the morphological characteristics of the artifacts and their changes, archaeological typology studies the law of its evolution,
30、and then determines the relative ages of relics and relics, and determines and distinguishes different archaeological cultures.Classification of objects, types, and types of implements.(1) classification of implements. “Class“ is the largest taxon. Division of categories: first, on the basis of mate
31、rial objects for division of stone, pottery, wood, bone, bronze etc The division of sub categories: each of the large categories of utensils, according to the main use of the object can be divided into production tools, weapons, living utensils, decorations, art and other sub categories. Sub class d
32、ivision: each sub class utensil can be subdivided into several classes according to specific functions. If there is a cooker, water heater, utensils in food etc Each class has a number of uses of the same or similar and different forms of objects such as cooking classes, pottery Ding, kettle etc(2)
33、classification of utensils. The next level classification unit of a class is a generalization of a morphological artifact, mainly based on the shape of the artifacts. Different forms of artifacts may have their respective origins, each with its own process of evolution, which is a generalization of
34、the general characteristics of a class of objects that have evolved sequences. Alias type commonly used Latin capital letter A, B, C Such as A Ding, B Ding, etc Sometimes, in order to express the change of the shape of the artifacts, sub - shapes can be subdivided into sub - subtypes, sub - Latin le
35、tters a, B, c Express。Such as Aa Ding, Ab tripod and so on.(3) the fraction of utensils. Is the type under the secondary classification unit, each type of objects according to their morphology change during the stage, choose standard stages from morning to night, divided into several types, features
36、 on behalf of the artifacts in every stage of evolution. Type alias I.II.III. Express. Such as I bottle, II style tripod, etcCombination and Periodization of 4. objectsThree. Typology of archaeological areas. Typology of archaeological culture. The study of the type of fauna is based on the study of
37、 archaeology, stratigraphy and Archaeology typology. The theory and method of comparative study among sites, cultures and cultures are carried out macroscopically. The aim is to establish the basic frame of time and space for the development of Prehistory culture.1. cultural district. Archaeology, c
38、ultural distribution, geographical spatial extent. The division of archaeological cultural areas is mainly determined by archaeological, stratigraphic and typological studies of monuments and obligations.2. culture system. The cultural system, that is, the cultural development system, has to be a ve
39、rtical process of archaeological culture. A system of cultural development is generally composed of a number of archaeological cultures with vertical development relations.3. culture types. In an archaeological culture distributed in the region, often due to differences in the effects of micro envir
40、onmental conditions and proximity to other cultures, the same period in different regions of the cultural heritage are basically the same under the premise of the main factors, and exhibit some degree of difference. An archaeological culture within a distribution area that can be divided into severa
41、l cultural types.4. archaeological staging. The use of stratigraphy and typology,Archaeological research methods for the division of archaeological cultural relics at different stages of development. Practice is on the basis of the stratigraphic classification, typical unearthed on different types o
42、f parallelism sooner or later, as the main relics sites in different layers showed a phase change, it will be the horizon remains divided into different period “. They are usually distinguished by early, middle, late or ordinal numbers, such as early, middle and late stages, such as the first, two a
43、nd three stages. The stages of archaeology can be divided into different stages, such as staging a site, staging a certain cemetery, staging an archaeological culture, and staging a certain kind of artifact.Absolute age determination has two ways of determining absolute age:One, is for archaeologica
44、l and historical times, rely mainly on literature, or has a clear chronology of archaeological data, such as items on the calendar and epitaph, stele, inscription and bamboo silk etcTwo, for the prehistoric archaeology without any written records, it is necessary to use a series of natural science m
45、ethods to detect the absolute age. The -14 method such as carbon dating, dendrochronology dating, thermoluminescence dating, potassium argon dating and paleomagnetic dating, fission track dating, amino acid racemization dating, black rock hydration dating, uranium series dating and electron spin res
46、onance dating etc Some of them also apply to the field of historical archaeology. The most widely used methods are: (1) carbon -14 dating. Radioactive carbon dating. The principle is that the earths creatures absorb carbohydrates as nutrients, which generally contain concentrations of the same radio
47、isotope carbon -14 as in the atmosphere. After the death of organisms,The accumulated carbon -14 in the body decreases by about half a rate of about 5730 + 40 years. So long as the organic matter (such as charcoal, bones, shells) residual carbon -14 ratio can be inferred from the death age, resultin
48、g in organic matter where the strata and sites in. Because the atmospheric carbon concentration of -14 is measured in the ups and downs, and the real time there will be a gap between the tree ring in contrast to use correction. Usually say how many years ago, according to international practice, uni
49、fied by the year 1950 as the starting point. The method is applicable within 50 thousand years. It is almost free from any geographical conditions, climate and cultural factors, and is conducive to extensive comparative studies. Its emergence was hailed as a revolution in archaeological chronology“. In the late 1970s, the tandem accelerator high-energy mass spectrometry technology was invented. It is shorter than the conventional carbon -14 method and requires fewer samples. It is a new development in the study of carbon -14 dating. TL dating. Dating of thermoluminescence of insulating
