1、Unit 3 Fairness for allSkill Goals:Talk about Civil Rights MovementReview the use of different tensesLearn to write a speechLearn more tips about how to perform a play wellSpecial Focus: 1. enlarge vocabulary: civil, trolleybus, register, boycott, prohibit, offence, unjust, separation, challenge, su
2、bmit, seize, negotiate, hopeful, chaos, punctual, pedestrian, march, pavement, salute, bomb, supreme, nationwide, constitutional, fundamental, battle, happiness, liberty, hostility, skim, evident, brief, discrimination, philosophy, creed, brotherhood, oasis, symphony, almighty, dominate. practice re
3、ading skills: learn to get the main idea of a passage in a few minutes; learn to analyze the structure of an essay, break the law, live out, self-evident.2. improve writing ability3. Review the use of different tenses:a) I have always hated having to sit in the worst seats on the bus, so I am happy
4、to support it.b) He had left for Europe before the war broke out.c) Dr King encourages us to fight against this unfair system which prohibits us blacks from sitting where we like.d) King and other black leaders in Montgomery seized on this incident and decided on a collision course to change the law
5、.e) But I do worry what will happen tomorrow.f) He said he would begin writing a book in the near future.g) Maybe white business is suffering now since we dont shop downtown anymore.h) I was not listening, so I missed what he said.Additional materials: From Text to Test 高考链接1Dr King encourages us to
6、 fight against this unfair system which prohibits us blacks from sitting where we like. (P22)“where” 引导状语从句，表示地点。例如：Leave it where it is.高考示例1) If you are travelling _the customs are really foreign to your own, please do as the Romans do. (天津 2006) A. in which B. what C. when D. where2) -Mom, what d
7、id your doctor say?-He advised me to live _the air is fresher. (四川 2006)A. in where B. in which C. the place where D. where2We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal. (P28)equal 用作形容词,意思是 “同等的,平等的” 。例如：Women demand equal pay for equal work.高考示例Fitness is important in sp
8、ort, but of at least _importance are skills. (天津 2006)A. fair B. reasonable C. equal D. proper3. It was not until November 13,1956 that the US Supreme Court declared separation on buses was not constitutional. (P23)it wasthat 是强调句，强调时间状语 not until November 13,1956。例如：It was not until last night that
9、 I realized that I had done wrong.高考示例1) It was after he got what he had desired _he realized it was not so important. (辽宁 2006)A. that B. when C. since D. as2) It was not until she got home Jennifer realized she had lost her keys. (全国 2006II)A. when B. that C. where D. before4. I thought I had made
10、 it very clear. (P27)过去完成时表示在过去某个动作之前发生的动作。例如：She went on holiday after she had taken the examination.高考示例John, a friend of mine, who got married only last week, spent 3,000 more than he for the wedding. (全国 2006II)A. will plan B. has planned C. would plan D. had planned语法专题复习资料动词时态和语态一、考点聚焦1、动词时态考查
11、要点简述（1）一般现在时考点分析表示客观事实或普通真理（不受时态限制）The geography teacher told us the earth moves around the sun.Water boils at 100oC.表示现状、性质、状态时多用系动词或状态动词；表示经常或习惯性的动作，多用动作动词，且常与表频率的时间状语连用。Ice feels cold.We always care for each other and help each other.表示知觉、态度、感情、某种抽象的关系或概念的词常用一般现在时：see、hear、smell、taste、feel、notice
12、、agree、believe、like、hate、want、think、belong seem 等。如：I know what you mean.Smith owns a car and a house.All the students here belong to No.1 Middle School.在时间、条件状语从句中常用一般现在时代替将来时。但要注意由 if 引导的条件状语从句中可以用 shall或 will表“意愿” ，但不表示时态。If you will accept my invitation and come to our party, my family will be p
13、leased.如果你愿意接受并参加我们的舞会，我的家人会非常高兴。少数用于表示起止的动词如come、go、leave、arrive、fly、return、start、begin、pen、close、end、stop 等常用一般现在时代替将来时，表示一个按规定、计划或安排要发生的动作。当 be表示根据时间或事先安排，肯定会出现的状态，只用一般现在时。The shop closes at 11:00 p.m. every day.Tomorrow is Wednesday.（2）一般过去时的考点分析（考核重点） 。一般过去时的基本用法：表示过去的事情、动作或状态常与表示过去具体的时间状语连用（或有
14、上下文语境暗示） ；用于表达过去的习惯；表示说话人原来没有料到、想到或希望的事通常用过去式。如：I met her in the street yesterday.I once saw the famous star here.They never drank wine.I thought the film would be interesting,but it isnt.如果从句中有一个过去的时间状语，尽管从句中的动作先于主句发生，但从句中的谓语动词连用过去式。如：He told me he read an interesting novel last night. 表示两个紧接着发生的动作
15、，常由以下词语连接，用一般过去时。如：but, and, when, as soon as, immediately, the moment, the minute。The moment she came in, she told me what had happened to her.He bought a watch but lost it.常用一般过去时的句型：Why didnt you / I think of that?I didnt notice it.I forgot to tell you I had been there with my brother before.I di
16、dnt recognize him.（3）一般将来时考点分析。表示未来的动作或状态常用 will / shall + 动词（常与表示将来的时间状语边用如 tomorrow、next week 等） 。表示一种趋向或习惯动作。Well die without air or water.表示趋向行为的动词如 come、go、start、begin、leave 等词常用进行时的形式表示将来时。be going to 与 will / shall, be to do, be about to do用法及区别：be going to 表示现在打算在最近或将来要做某事，这种打算往往经过事先考虑，甚至已做了
17、某种准备；shall / will do表示未事先考虑过，即说话时临时作出的决定。be going to 表将来，不能用在条件状语从句的主句中；而 will则能，表意愿。如：If it is fine, well go fishing.(正确)If it is fine, we are going to go fishing.(错误)be to do sth.表按计划、安排即将发生的动作，还可表示吩咐、命令、禁止，可能性等。A meeting is to be held at 3:00 oclock this afternoon.be about to do sth.表示“即可，就要” ，后面
18、不能接时间状语或状语从句。Autumn harvest is about to start.（4）现在进行时考点分析。表示说话时正在发生着的一个动作；表示现阶段但不一定是发生在讲话时；表近期特定的安排或计划；go、come 等起止动作可用进行时代替将来时。如：It is raining now.He is teaching English and learning Chinese.I am meeting Mr. Wang tonight.We are leaving on Friday.At six I am bathing the baby.(I start bathing the bad
19、y before six.)The girl is always talking loud in public.(与 always、often 等频度副词连用，表经常反复的行动或某种感情色彩)下面四类动词不宜用现在进行时。 （A）表示心理状态、情感的动作：like, love, hate, care, remember, believe, want, mind, wish, agree, mean, need。 （B）表存在的状态的动词： appear, exist, lie, remain, seem belong to, depend on。 （C）表示一时性动作的动词：allow, ac
20、cept, permit, promise, admit, complete。 （D）表示感官的动词：see, hear, notice, feel, smell, sound, taste, look。（5）过去完成时考点分析（考核重点） 。常用过去完成时的几种情况：（A）在 by、by the end、by the time、until、before、since 后接表示过去某一时间的短语或从句以前发生的动作。如：By the end of last year, we had produced 20,000 cars. The train had left before we reache
21、d the station. (B)表示曾实现的希望、打算、意图、诺言等。常用 had hoped / planned / meant / intended/though / wanted / expected等或用上述动词过去式接不定式完成式表示即：hoped / planned + to have done。 （C） “时间名词 + before”在句子中作状语，谓语动词用过去完成时；“时间名词 + ago”在句中作状语，谓语动词用一般过去式。如：He said his first teacher had died at least 10 years before. Xiao Hua le
22、ft school 3 years ago.（D）表示“一就”的几个句型：Hardly / No sooner / Scarcely had + 主语 + 过去分词 + when / than / before + 一般过去时。如：We had no sooner been seated than the bus started. = No sooner had we been seated than the bus started.在 before或 after引导的时间状语从句中用一般过去时态代替过去完成时。After he (had)left the room, the boss cam
23、e in.We arrived home before it snowed.（6）过去将来时考点分析。参照一般将来时对比：用 would do、was / were going to do sth.表过去将来；come、go、leave 等过去进行时表过去将来时；was / were to do sth.和 was / were about to do sth.表过去将来。（7）过去进行时考点分析。过去某一时刻正在进行的动作或某一阶段内发生或频繁发生。某一动作发生时另一动作正在发生，其中一个在由 when或 while引导的时间状语从句中。（8）现在完成时考点分析。现在完成时除可以和 for、
24、since 引导的状语连用外，还可以和下面的介词短语连用：during / in /over the last(past)few years (months, weeks)、in recent years等。下列句型中常用现在完成时It is (has been) + 一段时间 + since 从句This(That / It)is the first(second)time that + 完成时This(That / It)is the only + that + 完成时This(that / It)is the best / finest / most interesting + that
25、 从句 + 完成时在时间或条件状语从句中，现在完成时可以代替一般将来时。如：I shall post the letter as soon as I have written it.If you have done the experiment, you will realize the theory better.Dont get off the bus until it has stopped.（9）注意几组时态的区别：一般过去时与现在完成时：时间上有差异：凡有过去时间的均用过去时态，不能用完成时态，如含有 ago、last year、just now、the other day 等。结果
26、上有差异：现在完成时强调的是对“现在”的影响和结果，动作到现在刚完成或还在继续；一般过去时强调的是动作发生在“过去” ，和现在毫无关系。过去完成时与一般过去时：过去完成时强调的是“过去的过去” ；如出现同一主语连续几个动作（“连谓” ）形式则只用一般过去时即可。2、被动语态考查要点简述被动语态的构成方式：be + 过去分词，口语只也有用 get / become + 过去分词表示。被动语态的基本用法：不知道或没必要提到动作的执行者是谁时用被动语态。强调或突出动作的承受者常用被动语态（by 短语有时可以省略） 。（1）使用被动语态时应注意的几个问题。主动变化被动时双宾语的变化。看下列例句。My
27、friend gave me an interesting book on my birthday.An interesting book was given to me(by my friend)on my birthday.I was given an interesting book (by my friend)on my birthday.主动变被动时，宾补成主补（位置不变） ；（作补语的）不定式前需加to。The boss made him work all day long.He was made to work all day long(by the boss)短语动词变被动语态
28、时，勿要掉“尾巴” 。The children were taken good care of (by her).Your pronunciation and spelling should be paid attention to.情态动词和 be going to、be to、be sure to、used to、have to、had better等结构变被动语态，只需将它们后面的动词原形变为 be +过去分词。当句子的谓语为say、believe、expect、think、know、write、consider、report 等时，被动语态有两种形式：（A）谓语动词用被动语态，动词不定
29、式作主补。 （B）用 it作形式主语，真正的主语在后面用主语在后面用主语从句来表示。如：People say he is a smart boy.It is said that he is a smart boy.He is said to be a smart boy.People know paper was made in China first.It is known that paper was made in China first.Paper was known to be made in China first.类似句型有：It is said / known / sugges
30、ted / believed / hoped/ thought that （2）不能用被动语态的几种情况。所有的不及物动词或不及物动词词组不能用于被动语态之中。表示状态的谓语动词，如：last、hold、benefit、contain、equal、fit、join、mean、last、look like、consist to 等。表示归属的动词，如 have、own、belong to 等。表示“希望、意图”的动词，如：wish、want、hope、like、love、hate 等。宾语是反身代词或相互代词时谓语动词用主动语态，不能用被动语态。宾语是同源宾语，不定式、动名词等谓语动词不用被动语
31、态。有些动词以其主动形式表示被动意义，特别是当主语是物时，常见的动词有 sell、write、wash、open、lock 等。（3）主动形式表被动意义。当 feel、look、smell、taste、sound 等后面接形容词时；当cut、read、sell、wear、write 等词带状语修饰语时；当动词表示“开始、结束、关、停、转、启动”等意义时。This kind of cloth washes easily.这种布易洗。These novels wont sell well.这些小说不畅销。My pen writes smoothly.我的钢笔写起来很流畅。The door wont
32、 lock.门锁不上。The fish smells good.鱼闻起来香。当 break out、take place、shut off、turn off、work out等动词表示“发生、关闭、制定”等意思时。The plan worked out successfully.The lamps on the wall turn off.want, require, need 后面的动名词用主动表示被动含义。be worth doing 用主动形式表示被动含义。在“be + 形容词 + to do”中，不定式的逻辑宾语是句子的主语，用主动代被动。This kind of water isnt
33、 fit to drink.The girl isnt easy to get along with.另外：be to blame(受谴责)，be to rent（出租）也用主动形式表被动。（4）被动形式表示主动意义的几种情况。be seated 坐着He is seated on a bench.（He seats himself on a bench.）坐在凳子上。be hidden 躲藏He was hidden behind the door.(He hid himself behind the door.)他藏在门后。be lost 迷路be drunk 喝醉be dressed 穿
34、着The girl was dressed in a red short skirt.（5）被动语态与系表结构的区别被动语态强调动作；系表结构表主语的特点或状态。如：The book was sold by a certain bookstore.(被动语态)The book is well sold.(系表结构)二、精典名题导解选择填空1. Visitors _not to touch the exhibits.(NMET 2001)A.will request B.are requested C.are requesting D.request解析：答案为 B。此题的时态是不难判断的，因为
35、说的是一条规定，所以用一般现在时，而 visitor与 request之间是动宾关系，即 request visitors not to touch the exhibits,究竟是谁要求他们这样做呢？不清楚，也不必知道，因此需要用被动语态。分析 visitors与 request之间的关系是此题的解题关键。2. Selecting a mobile phone for personal use is no easy task because technology _ so rapidly.(NMET 2001)A.is changing B.has changed C.will have c
36、hanged D.will change解析：答案为 A。此题考查现在进行时态的用法。句意为“选择一部移动电话不是一件容易的事，因为科技发展得十分迅速。 ”本句的主句一般现在时表达的是目前的情况，而“科技发展迅速”也是现阶段正存在的一种状态，不是在过去，也不是在将来，因此只能用现在进行时表达。3. All the preparations for the task _, and were ready to start.（2000 年春季高考）A.completed B.completeC.had been completed D.have been completed解析：答案为 D。现在完成
37、时表示过去年做的事对现在的影响。从 and were ready to start句意可知，一切准备工作已经就绪，可以开始工作了。complete是及物动词，与句子的主语是被动关系，所以需要用被动语态表达。注意分清 complete与主语之间的关系；结合语境选择正确时态。4.My mind wasnt on what he was saying so Im afraid I half of it.A. was missing B. had missed C. will miss D. missed解析：答案为 D。本句考时态和语境。全句意思是；我的心没在他说的话上，所以恐怕他说的话我有一半没听
38、到。整个事情是过去的事，且是做过的事，所以选一般过去时 D。5.The discussion alive when an interesting topic was brought in. A. was coming B. had come C. has come D. came解析：答案为 D。come alive“变得活跃” 。照顾时间状语从句时态一致时。6.I hear Jane has gone to the Holy Island for her holiday.Oh, how nice! Do you know when she ?A. was leaving B. had lef
39、t C. has left D. left解析：答案为 D。考查动词时态，由现完成时的用法，可知动作发生在过去，故选 D。动词时态、语态专练1.The maths problem can be_.A.easy worked out B.easy to be worked out C.easily worked out D.easily to work out2.Every possible means_,but none proves successful.A.has been tried B.tried C.is being tried D.has tried3.The girl is to
40、_a rich man.A.marry with B.be married C.marry to D.be married to4.He received a telegram that_“Mother sick”.A.wrote B.says C.reads D.read5.Who can you imagine_to his wedding party?A.inviting B.being invited C.was invited D.to be invited6.I_ten minutes to decide whether I should reject the offer.(NME
41、T)A.gave B.was given C.was giving D.had given7.Will somebody go and get Dr.White?Hes already been_.(NMET)A.asked for B.sent for C.called for D.looked for8.A conductor_to keep us in time in the singing yesterday.A.needs B.is needing C.was needed D.has been needed9.When and where to build the new fact
42、ory_yet.A.is not decided B.are not decided C.has not decided D.have not decided10.Ways_to stop pollution by now.A.must find B.will be found C.are found D.have been found11.I dont want anything_about it.A.to say B.said C.saying D.having said12._that the sports meet might be put off.Yes,it all depends
43、 on the weather.A.Ive been told B.Ive told C.Im told D.I told13.A library with five thousand books_to the nation as a gift.(NMET)A.is offered B.has offered C.are offered D.have offered14.Betty has never been heard _ill of others.A.speak B.spoken C.to speak D.was said15.Tom_to have delivered the spee
44、ch in their theatre room.A.said B.says C.is said D.was said16.What do you think of the book?Oh,excellent.Its worth_a second time.(NMET)A.to read B.to be read C.reading D.being read17.Little Jim should love_to the theatre this evening.(NMET)A.to be taken B.to take C.being taken D.taking.18._more atte
45、ntion,the trees could have grown better.(NMET)A.Given B.to give C.Giving D.Having given19.where_the book?I cant see it anywhere.I_it right here but now its gone.A.did you put;have put B.have you put;put C.had you put;was putting D.were you putting;have put20.He would not fail so long as he_hard the
46、next term.A.studied B.would study C.had studied D.studies21.How long_the English party_?A.has;been lasted B.did;last C.was;lasted D.will;be lasted22.What_you_this time next Friday?A.will;do B.have;been doing C.are;doing D.will;be doing23.Hardly_the bell_when the teacher came in.A.did;ring B.would;ri
47、ng C.has;rung D.had;rung24.It_and the streets were still wet.A.had been raining B.rained C.had been rained D.would rain25.The book_on the ground for ten minutes but no noe has picked it up.A.is lying B.has lain C.lay D.has been lying26.We_there when it_to rain.A.were getting;would begin B.were about to get;beganC.had got;had begun D.would get;began27.The teacher said we_ten l
