1、题型二 短文改错,专题一 第一部分 题型解读,命题特点 短文改错主要考查语法基础知识，语篇通常取材于考生自己的习作或类似于考生的随笔，且话题常见，篇章结构的难易程度符合高中生的认知水平，即通俗易懂，基本上无生僻的语言障碍和怪、偏、难的语法结构。短文词数通常与书面表达一样，也是100词左右。设题从词法、句法和语篇三个角度考查。 解题原则：错、加、删。多、缺词的数量为23个，思考点为be的各种形式、介词、冠词、不定式符号、三大从句引导词、代词、副词、固定搭配中的虚词等；错词数量为78个，思考点为连词、三大从句引导词、动词、名词、代词、形容词、副词等。,三大着眼点：,解题策略,真题诊断,专项训练,内
2、容索引,考点突破,解题策略,1.两大原因改不对 短文改错失分原因主要体现在以下两个方面： (1)句子结构成分分析能力不足，常见考点不熟； (2)做题信息提炼，分析解决问题能力差：第一遍，走马观花；第二遍，雾里看花；第三遍，草木皆兵；第四遍，滥杀无辜。 2.四大原则须坚持 (1)改动处以最少为原则。短文改错题要求每句最多有两处错误。改动的方法可以是增词、删词或换词，但无论作何种改动，只能是增加一词、减少一词或将一个词改成另一个词。 (2)实词以改变词形为原则。在短文改错题中，一般只是改变实词的形式，而不能改变实词的词义，也不能将其改换成另一个实词，更不能随便增删。,(3)虚词以添加或删除为原则。
3、历年的短文改错题中需要添加或删除的地方差不多有2至3处。这些需要添加或删除的词一般都是虚词(如冠词、介词等)，而不是实词(如动词、名词等)，否则会改变句子的原意。 (4)以保持句子原意不变为原则。做短文改错题时，一般不应改变句子的原意。改错时，应该针对短文中的用词错误、语法错误、逻辑错误加以改正，不应更改作者的原意，做到“换词不改意，加词不增意，去词不减意”。如有多种改法，应以保持原意为条件，择其佳者而从之。,3.三步骤步步为营 第一步：从语篇入手，理解大意，着眼时态和语态。 短文改错主要考查考生在篇章结构中对英语语言知识的综合运用能力，所以考生在做短文改错题时，首先应浏览全文，弄清短文大意，
4、迅速对以下几个问题作出判断： (1)文章的主体时态。 浏览全文，圈定其主体时态到底是现在时、过去时还是将来时。然后在进一步解题的过程中，凡是和该主体时态发生冲突的局部时态，都有可能存在问题，需要引起警惕。,(2)文章的叙事逻辑。 在篇章改错的语境中，个别单句在语法上可能是完全正确的，但它的逻辑却和全文的整体逻辑出现重大分歧。 (3)文章的叙事角度。 短文是作者对自我事件的描述，还是对一般话题的阐述？这直接关系到短文改错题中经常出现的代词指代问题。在浏览的同时要注意两个问题：一是要改出那些较明显的错误；二是要对语意不通的地方，即有行文逻辑错误的地方初步作好记号。,第二步：从句子入手，逐句分析，推
5、敲语法。 注意几乎每年都考查的动词、名词、形容词和副词、冠词和介词类错误，同时注意其他语法类错误。 第三步：从行文逻辑入手，兼顾上下，审查连代。 通过前两步仍有错误没能找出，这时要重读短文，从上下文逻辑关系进行排查，放眼全篇去思考。,4.“四看法”得分有保障 (1)看每句有无“词法”错误； (2)看每句有无“搭配”错误； (3)看每句有无“一致性”错误； (4)看每句有无“逻辑意义”错误。,真题诊断,语篇解读 本文是一篇记叙文。文章主要讲述了作者的爷爷奶奶生活的巨大变化。,During my last winter holiday，I went to countryside with my f
6、ather to visit my grandparents.I find a big change there.The first time I went there，they were living in a small house with dogs，ducks，and another animals.Last winter when I went here again，they had a big separate house to raise dozens of chicken.They also had a small pond which they raised fish.,【1
7、】(2018全国), the,found,other,there, in,或They also had a small pond which they raised fish.,where,答案,chickens,解析71,解析72,解析73,解析74,解析75,语篇解读,71.考查冠词。go to the countryside表示“去乡下”，是固定搭配。,72.考查时态。文章讲述的是过去发生的事，故用一般过去时。,73.考查代词。another意为“另一个”，修饰可数名词单数；此处表示“其他的”动物，应用other可数名词复数(animals)。,74.考查副词。去乡下看望爷爷奶奶，应该是
8、“远指”而非“近指”，故用there。,75.考查名词单复数。chicken作“小鸡”讲时，为可数名词；dozens of许多，修饰可数名词复数。,My grandpa said last summer they earned quite a lot by sell the fish.I felt happily that their life had improved.At the end of our trip，I told my father that I planned to return for every two years，but he agreed.,selling,happy
9、,and,答案,解析76,解析77,解析78,解析79,解析80,76.考查定语从句的引导词。引导表示地点的名词pond，后面的定语从句主、谓、宾成分齐全，故用where或“介词which”引导定语从句；表达“在池塘里”用介词in。,77.考查非谓语动词。by是介词，后接动名词作宾语。,78.考查形容词。feel此处是连系动词，后接形容词作表语。,79.考查介词。every two years是时间状语，可独立使用，不需要介词。,80.考查连词。“我告诉爸爸我打算每两年回乡下的爷爷奶奶家一次”与“他同意”之间是顺承关系，故用并列连词and连接。,解析75,解析78,【2】(2018全国),Wh
10、en I was little，Fridays night was our family game night.After supper，we would play card games of all sort in the sitting room.As the kid，I loved to watch cartoons，but no matter how many times I asked to watching them，my parents would not to let me.They would say to us that playing card games would h
11、elp my brain.Still I unwilling to play the games for them sometimes.,Friday,sorts,watch,a,me, was,were,答案,解析74,解析76,解析77,解析73,解析72,解析71,语篇解读,语篇解读 本文是一篇记叙文。文章讲述了作者小时候父母不愿意让他看动画片，而是鼓励他参与玩纸牌游戏的故事。,71.考查名词。Friday morning/afternoon/night星期五的上午/下午/晚上。,72.考查名词单复数。of all sorts各种各样的。,73.考查冠词。此处表示泛指而非特指。,74.考
12、查非谓语动词。ask to do sth. 要求做某事。,75.考查情态动词。would (not)表示“意愿”时后面直接跟动词原形，不需要加to。,76.考查代词。根据行文逻辑可知，此处说的是“我”的事情，所以用对应的宾格代词me作介词to的宾语。,77.考查固定短语。be unwilling to do sth. 不愿意做某事。此处说的是过去的事情，主语是I，所以be动词用was。,78.考查介词。for为了，表示目的，而此处表示“和某人一起玩游戏”，故用play games with sb. 。,80.考查状语从句的连词。I was a child表示的是时间而非地点，故应用when引导
13、时间状语从句。,答案,解析79,解析80,I didnt realize how right my parents are until I entered high school.The games my parents taught me where I was a child turned out to be very useful later in my life.,were,when,79.考查时态。根据主句的谓语didnt realize和until引导的时间状语从句的谓语entered可知，此处说的是过去的事情，所以are应改为were。,考点突破,一、动词形式 动词形式的错误设置
14、一般包括以下三个方面： (1)动词的时态和语态错误。 (2)主、谓不一致的错误。 (3)非谓语动词的误用。,典例1 It was Monday morning，and the writing class had just begin.Everyone was silent，wait to see who would be called upon to read his or her paragraph aloud.(2018全国) 答案1 第一句：beginbegun 本文讲述的是过去的事。由“写作课刚刚开始”可知，动作发生在过去的过去，因此谓语动词应用过去完成时，即had done。begi
15、n的过去分词为begun。 答案2 第二句：waitwaiting 分析句子结构可知，was为谓语动词，中间无and连接，故wait应用非谓语形式。主语everyone与wait为主动关系，故用现在分词作状语，因此将wait 改为waiting。,典例2 When I look at this picture of myself，I realize of how fast time flies.I had grown not only physically，but also mentally in the past few years.About one month after this ph
16、oto was took，I entered my second year of high school and become a new member of the school music club.(2017全国) 答案1 第一句：删除realize后的介词of realize认识到，意识到，为及物动词，可直接跟宾语。 答案2 第二句：hadhave 根据文章第二句中的“in the past few years”可判定应用现在完成时，故将had改为have。,答案3 第三句：tooktaken “was took”是一个明显的错误，根据this photo与take之间的被动关系可判定
17、用被动语态“bedone”，而take的过去分词为taken，故将took改为taken。 答案4 第三句：becomebecame 该部分的整体时态为一般过去时，根据连词and前后时态的一致性可判定become应改为became。,二、名词的数 名词单复数的错误设置一般包括以下三个方面： (1)可数名词单复数的错用：一般考查错把复数用作单数，有时也考查错把单数用作复数。 (2)不可数名词单复数的错用：不可数名词没有复数形式。 (3)可数名词与不可数名词混淆：有些词既可用作可数名词也可用作不可数名词，应注意具体语境。 解题时要理清可数与不可数名词之间的区别与联系；记清一些用于固定词组中名词的特
18、殊用法。,典例3 Besides，they often get some useful informations from the Internet.(2017全国) informationsinformation information为不可数名词，无复数形式，故将informations改为information。 典例4 The classroom is a place for learning and that includes learning from textbooks，and mistake as well. (2018全国) mistakemistakes 句意为：从书本和错
19、误中学习。mistake是可数名词，此处所指的“错误”不止一个，应用复数形式。,三、注意形和副 形容词和副词的错误设置一般包括以下两个方面： 1.形容词和副词的误用。 2.原级、比较级和最高级的误用。 典例5 Immediate，I raised my hand.(2018全国) ImmediateImmediately 词法错误。放于句首，作句子状语，要用副词。 典例6 I was afraid to speak in front of a larger group of people. (2018全国) largerlarge 词法错误。由语境可知，前后没有比较的意味，故用原级。,四、代词
20、的格与数 代词的错误设置一般包括以下两个方面： (1)人称代词、物主代词、反身代词等。 (2)不定代词的误用及混用。 典例7 At first，I thought I knew everything and could make decisions by yourself. yourselfmyself 句意为：起初，我认为我什么都知道，可以自己拿主意。根据主语I可知，应用myself。,典例8 At last，I will be on my own，but I still want to have my parents to turn to whenever need help. whene
21、ver后加I whenever引导让步状语从句，从句缺主语，根据句意可知，“我”需要父母的帮助，故在whenever后加I。,五、介词短语须关注 介词的错误设置主要考查介词短语和习惯用法的搭配。 典例9 This picture often brings back me many happy memories of my high school days.(2017全国改编) back 后加to bring back to意为“带回到”，为固定搭配。,六、连词、从句常光顾 1.连词but，and，or，because，so的用法错误 考生应认真分析句子结构，如果是并列句或复合句，要特别注意前后
22、分句或主从句的关系，确保在意义和结构上通顺流畅。 典例10 At the end of our trip，I told my father that I planned to return every two years，but he agreed.(2018全国) butand “我告诉爸爸我打算每两年回去一次”与“他同意了”是顺承关系，不表示转折，故将but改为and。,2.各大从句细揣摩 典例11 The games my parents taught me where I was a child turned out to be very useful later in my life
23、.(2018全国) wherewhen I was a child表示的是时间，而非地点，所以此处应用when引导时间状语从句。 典例12 They also had a small pond which they raised fish.(2018全国) whichwhere或which前加in 本句是含有定语从句的复合句，先行词是pond，是表示地点的名词，而后面的定语从句中主、谓、宾成分齐全，故关系词在从句中作状语，表地点，所以应用where或“介词which”引导定语从句；表达“在池塘里”用介词in。,典例13 My classmates and I are talking about
24、 how to do during the holiday. howwhat 句意为：我和我的同学正在谈论假期做什么。about之后为“疑问词不定式”结构，该结构中缺少do的宾语。,专项训练,【1】 (2018山东淄博一模),答案,This afternoon，our class invited an old craftsman teach us about Chinese papercut art. On arriving at our classroom，he was given a warmly welcome.First of all，he told us that Chinese p
25、apercut is a traditional art form or its a kind of folk culture with the long history.Then，he showed us that the basic steps and skills of papercut.We all listened and watched attentive., to,warm,and,a,attentively,答案,After that，we began to create their own works.The old craftsman walked around us，gu
26、iding us patiently.Finally，he praised the students who do well.Admiring our works，we were all very exciting.We learned a lot from this activity.I hope we can have more activity of this kind in the future.,our,did,excited,activities,【2】 (2018河北衡水金卷四调),After visited the Beijing Normal School，Madame Pe
27、ng took Sasha，Malia，my mother，and me the Forbidden City，which is located right in the heart of Beijing.As a name suggests，the Forbidden City is larger enough to be a city of its ownit includes nearly 1,000 building and nearly 10,000 rooms.In 1925，the Forbidden City was turning into a museum so much
28、that visitors like us from all over the world can stroll through many of the beautiful rooms and outdoor space.,答案,visiting, to,the,large,buildings,turned,答案,The Forbidden City is far very large to fully experience in a single visit. While we love our visit to the Forbidden City，we only wish we have more time to see everything.And again，Im not sure whether there could ever be enough time to fully appreciate all of the art and history within this extraordinary place.,too,had,But,
