1、动词不定式,不定式由“to+动词原形”构成,其否定形式是“not/never to do”,不定式可以带宾语或状语构成不定式短语,没有人称和数的变化,但有时态和语态的变化。不定式可以作主语、宾语、状语、表语和定语，但不能单独作谓语。不定式的逻辑主语有时用“for+名词或代词宾格”构成。,不定式,结构 : to do (否定) not/never to do,二. 时态与语态,不定式,to do,to be done,to be doing,to have done,to have beendone,to have been doing,-,-,(1).They pretended not to
2、 see us.,(2). He pretended to be sleeping.,(3).She pretended to have known it before.,(一般式表示与谓语的动作同时/几乎/发生在 它之后.),(在谓语动词发生的同时,不定式的动作也正在进行),(完成式表示动作发生在谓语动作之前),(4).Were happy to have been working with you.,(完成进行式表示谓语动作发生之前,不定式的 动作一直在进行而且可能之后也继续),1. 作主语,2. 作宾语,3. 作宾语补足语,4. 作定语,5. 作状语,6. 作表语,7. 作独立成分,8.
3、 与疑问词等连用,三. 用法/ 功能,To see is to believe. Its important to learn English well .,(1). 主语,单个不定式作主语时,谓语动词用单数 若不定式太长,往往用it作形式主语,不定式置后.,My job to help the patient. Your task to clean the classroom.,is,is,(2). 表语,I want to go home. The workers demanded to get better pay. I found it necessary to talk to him
4、 again.,(3) 宾语,think/ consider/ find it + adj.+ to do,常用动词不定式作宾语的动词有： hope, refuse, learn, set out choose, decide, agree, manage,pretend, plan.,The teacher told me to clean the blackboard. I expect you to give me some help.,(4). 宾补,五看,watch,see,look at,observe,notice,三使,let,make,have,二听,listen to,he
5、ar,一感觉:,feel,warn, tell, allow, help, ask, force等,e.g. I made him do his work.,He was made to do his work (by me).,注意,1 help 后面的“to”可省去,e.g. They often help the grandma (to)carry water.,2 see, hear, watch, feel, notice, look at等表示感觉和let, make, have等表示使役的动词后面，不定式作宾语时要省“to” （注：被动语态不省to）,3 不定式用在介词but,
6、except, besides 后时,如果这些介词前有行为动词do的 各种形式,那么介词后的不定式不带to, 相反则带to.,(1). She could do nothing but cry. (2). I have no choice but to go. (3).What do you like to do besides sleep.,I have something to say. He has a lot of homework to do . He is looking for a room to live in . There is nothing to worry about
7、.,(5). 定语,(如果不定式中的动词是不及物动词, 则不定式中要有介词.),请给我一支写字的笔.,Please give me a pen to write with.,不定式作定语时，应放在被修饰词的后面，而且放在其他后置定语之后。,1. 不定式做定语与所修饰的词之间有三种关系：,(1)动宾关系 I have a lot of work to do.我有很多工作要做。 (2)主谓关系 He is always the first to come.他总是第一个来。 (3)同位关系 We all have a chance to go to college.我们都有上大学的机会。,2. 作定
8、语的不定式如果是不及物动词，或者不定式所修饰的名词或代词是不定式动作的地点工具等，不定式后面须有相应的介词。,3. 不定式所修饰的名词如果是time, place或way，不定式后面的介词习惯上要省去。,e.g. He is looking for a room to live in.他在找一个房间住。,e.g. He had no money and no place to live.他没钱没地方住。,4. something, anything, nothing, everything等复合不定代词常用不定式做后置定语。,e.g. Do you have anything to send?
9、你有什么东西要寄吗,I came here to see you. He got up early to catch the train.,(6) 状语（表示目的或结果）,in order to , so as to , enough to , only to , too.to.,在一些短语中也有体现,(7).独立结构,to be frank, to be honest,To tell the truth, I dont agree with you.,类似的结构,(8)不定式与疑问词who,which, when, how, what等连用，在句中起名词作用，可充当主语、表语、宾语等。,He
10、 didnt know what to say.他不知道说什么。(宾语) How to solve the problem is very important.如何解决这个问题很重要。(主语) My question is when to start.我的问题是什么时候开始。(表语),注意：,在与why连用时，只用于why或why not开头的简短疑问句中，后面紧跟的动词不定式不带to。Why not have a rest?,关于不定式中的小品词to,(1).不定式中的动词上文已出现过,下文要省略该动词.,eg: Would you like to go with me ? Id like
11、to .,(2). 不定式是to be 结构, be 不可省.,eg: Would you like to be a teacher?Id like to be.,exercise,My teacher was made _ his teachingbecause of poor health. giving up B. to give up C. give up D. given up2.The sentence wants _ once more. explained B. to explain C. being explained D. explaining3.The Arctic is
12、 considered _ the northern part of the Atlantic. having been B. to have been C. to be D. being,B,D,C,4.The Emperor ordered the wonderful cloth_ for him without delay. to have woven B. to be woven C. to be weaving D. to weave5.I found the German language hard _. learned B. learning C. to be learned D
13、. to learn6.The light in the office is still on.- Oh, I forgot _. turning it off B. turn it off C. to turn it off D. having turned it off,B,D,C,几对易混淆的词组： stop to do sth. 停止去做某事doing sth.停止正在做 forget to do sth. 忘记去做doing sth. 忘记已做了 remember to do sth. 记得去做doing sth. 记得曾经做,7.-How do you deal with the
14、disagreementbetween the company and the customers?-The key _ the problem is to meetthe demand _ by the customers. to solving, making B. to solving, made C. to solve, making D. to solve, made8. -What do you think of the school?-It is a very good _. school to study in B. school for children to study C
15、. studying school D. school to study,B,A,9. -Did you get a job?- No, I _ , but its no use. expected B. tried to C. managed to D. planned10.We find it impossible for the work _ahead of time. to finish B. finishing C. being finished D. to be finished11.-I usually go to Shanghai by train.-Why not _ the
16、re by boat for a change? to try to go B. try going C. to try going D. try to go,B,D,B,12._ a living, she had to work from morning till night. To make B. Made C. Making D. To have made13. I would rather starve to death than _for food. beg B. begging C. begged D. to beg14.The boy pretended _ when his
17、motherentered. reading B. to read C. to be reading D. being read,A,A,C,Exercise,1. Robert is said _ abroad, but I dont know what country he studied in. to have studied B. to study C. to be studying D. to have been studying2. The purpose of new technologies is to make life easier, _ it more difficult
18、. not make B. not to make C. not making D. dont make3. Ive worked with children before, so I know what _ in my new job. expected B. to expect C. to be expecting D. expects,4. Having a trip abroad is certainly good for the old couple, but it remains _ whether they will enjoy it. to see B. to be seen
19、C. seeing D. see5. It is said in Australia there is more land than the government knows _. it what to do with B. what to do with it C. what to do it with D. to do what with it6. The mother didnt know _ to blame for the broken glass as it happened while she was out. A. who B. when C. how D. why,7. Pa
20、ul doesnt have to be made _. He always works hard.A. learn B. to learn C. learned D. learning8. We agreed _ here but so far she hasnt turned up yet.A. having met B. meeting C. to meet D. to have met9. The boy wanted to ride his bicycle in the street, but his mother told him _.A. not to B. not to do
21、C. not do it D. do not to,10. The patient was warned _ oily food after the operation.A. to eat not B.eating not C. not to eat D.not eating11. I would love _ to the party last night but I had to work extra hours to finish a report.A. to go B. to have gone C. going D. having gone12. Charles Babbage is
22、 generally considered _the first computer.A. to invent B. inventingC. to have invented D. having invented,13. Little Jim should love _ to the theatre this evening.A. to be taken B. to takeC. being taken D. taking14. _ late in the afternoon, Bob turned off the alarm.A. To sleep B. SleepingC. Sleep D.
23、 Having sleep15. The teacher asked us _ so much noise.A. dont make B. not makeC. not making D. not to make,1爱和被爱都是最大的幸福。 _ are both great happiness. 2中国人民决不会征服。 The Chinese people refuse _ 3据说他已经完成了他的工作。 He is said _. 4 根据报道他们已安全到达。 They are reported _,To love and to be loved,to give in/ be conquere
24、d,to have finished/completed his work,to have arrived safely,5 我想叫人立刻修理这辆自行车。 I want this bike _. 6 玛利仿佛已经告诉这件事了。 Mary seemed _. 7众所周知，奥运会上他被授予了一枚金牌。 He is known _ a gold medal at the Olympic.,to be repaired at once/ immediately,to have been told about it,to have been given,He was overheard to say t
25、hat he hoped John would resign. Peter was made to wait outside. He was heard to unlock the door and go out. The man was seen to shoot the woman on the street. The old lady was noticed to wipe her face with a handkerchief.,I forgot to ask you to go to the bank. It is very important to turn off the el
26、ectricity before you check the machine. I know how to make a mouse out of my handkerchief. Luckily, we dont have much more work to do. She was very pleased to have the opportunity to travel while she was young. She has been very successful in her work, and now her greatest wish is to get married and
27、 have a child., started pushing/ to push promised to go advise you to eat began shouting/to shout avoid falling forget to call felt like throwing let them stay,a. to tell b. spendinga. putting b. to checka. talking b. to make c. to drinka. to get b. thinking,Revision of The passive Infinitive,不定式被动式
28、讲与练,不定式语法 不定式的时态和语态,不定式有时态和语态的变化，时态共四种，即一般式、完成式、进行式和完成进行式。语态分为主动语态和被动语态，如下表所示。,当动词不定式的逻辑主语是动词不定式所表示的动作的执行者时用主动语态；当动词不定式的逻辑主语是动词不定式所表达的动作的承受者时用被动语态。进行式和完成进行式没有被动语态。,一、 不定式的被动形式有下列用法,1作主语：It is an honour for me to be asked to speak here. 2作宾语：She asked to be sent to work in Xinjiang.,一 当不定式的逻辑主语是不定式所表
29、示的动作的承受者时，不定式一般要采用被动形式。 ,3构成复合宾语：He wanted the letter to be typed at once.She didnt like herself to be praised like that. 4构成复合谓语：The books are not allowed to be taken out of the room.,5作定语：Are you going to the meeting to be held in the teachers office? 6作状语：She was too young to be assigned such wor
30、k.,二、不定式有时还可以有完成式的被动式，在句中作主语、宾语、定语，或者构成复合宾语、复合谓语等，如： It is a good thing for him to have been criticized.（主语） She preferred to have been given heavier work to do. (宾语)）,He thought it an honour to have been invited to the party. （复合宾语） The book is said to have been translated into many languages. （复合谓
31、语） She was the first woman to have been elected to such a post. （定语）,三、不定式的主动形式表示被动,1在there be结构中。 例如： There is a lot of homework to do (也可用to be done) There is no time to lose (to be lost).,三、不定式的主动形式表示被动,2在“npron + be + adj + to do”结构中。常用的形容词有easy，difficult，hard，impossible，nice，pleasant，light，heav
32、y，interesting，important，expensive，cheap， fit， dangerous等。,例如： He is hard to convince. He is an impossible person to work with,3.在“tooto do; enoughto”结构中。如： The problem is too difficult to work out (to be worked out) The house is big enough to live in.,4在“with+n+to do”结构中。 例如： With nothing to do，he l
33、ay in bed With so many exercises to do，I cant go to the cinema,5当不定式的逻辑主语在句中出现时。例如： I have a letter to type today(I是to type的逻辑主语) Do you have anything to say?(you是to say的逻辑主语),6当不定式隐含在for sb to do结构中时。 例如： This is the best book to read (=for usyou to read) The important thing to do is to lock the do
34、or when we leave the house,7一些作表语用的不定式的主动形式。常见的这类动词有let(出租)，rent，hire，blame等。 例如： The house is to let I felt l was to blame.,NOTICE,动词不定式主动语态形式的使用要比被动语态形式的使用普遍，有时（尤其在口语中）虽然意思上是被动的，也往往用主动语态形式来表示。I have three motors to repair today. The task is difficult to finish on time.,1. Having a trip abroad is c
35、ertainly good for the old couple, but it remains_ whether they will enjoy it.A. to see B. to be seenC. seeing D. seen,Exercise,B,2. I hurried to the meeting hall, only_ that the meeting had been put off.A. to tell B. to be toldC. telling D. told,B,3. Do let your mother know all the truth, she appear
36、s_ everything.A. to tell B. to be toldC. to be telling D. to have been told,D,4. Little Tom should love_ to the theater this evening.A. to be taken B. to takeC. being taken D. taking,A,5. It is said that plastics can be used to_ many things. Now people are used to_ plastics products.A. make; usingB.
37、 making; usingC. making; useD. make; use,A,6. With a lot of problems_, the newly-elected president is having a hard time.A. settled B. settlingC. to settle D. being settled,C,D,8. The pupils here_ all kinds of exercises every day in the past four weeks.A. kept busy doingB. keep on doingC. have kept
38、busy doingD. have been kept busy doing,D,9. Visitors_ not to touch the exhibits.A. will requestB. requestC. are requestingD. are requested,D,10. In some parts of the world, tea _ with milk and sugar.A. is servingB. is servedC. servesD. served,B,The purpose of new technologies is to make life easier
39、_ it more difficult. A. not make B. not to make C. not making D. do not make,不定式与高考题,2. Ive worked with children before, soI know what _ in my new job. A. Expected B. to expect C. to be expecting D. expects 3. Having a trip abroad is certainly good for the old couples but it remains _ whether they w
40、ill enjoy it. A. to see B. seen C. seeing D. to be seen,4. Allen had to call a taxi because the box was _ to carry allthe way home. A. much too heavy B. too much heavy C. heavy too much D. too heavy much,5._late in the afternoon, Bob turnedoff the alarm. (北京春季高考) A. To sleep B. Sleeping C. Sleep D.
41、Having sleep 6.With a lot of difficult problems _,the newly-elected president is having a hard time.(上海春季高考)A. settled B. settling C. to settle D. being settled,7. She will tell us why she feels so strongly that each of us has a role_in making the earth a better place to live. (上海春季高考)A. to have played B. to play C. to be played D. to be playing,8. In order to gain a bigger share inthe international market, many state run companies are trying_their products more competitive.(上海春季高考)A. to make B. making C. to have made D. having made,
