1、高三英语总复习语法系列训练,分 词,河北望都中学 郑长年,现在分词与过去分词,1 构成,2 功能,3 时态,4 语态,5 独立结构,6 区别,一、构成形式, 过去分词只有一种形式(v+ed)。, 现在分词（否定式not +分词）：,二、 语法功 能,1作表语 2作定语 3作状语 4作宾语补足语,现在分词多表示主语所具有的特征或属性；过去分词多表示主语所处的状态。现在分词表示“令人的”，过去分词表示“感到”, 如：The news was exciting.He appeared satisfied with my answer.,表语,注：已经成为形容词的分词，可以用 very 修饰；没有完全
2、成为形容词的分词宜用 much 或 quite，有时也可用very much，如：Im very much pleased.Hes very much worried about his health.,注意,注意,注：过去分词作表语时，应注 意与被动结构的区别。,系表结构说明主语的状态或具有的性质、特点；,被动结构强调谓语动作，指主语所承受的动作。,The small village is surrounded by trees. (状态) The small village was soon surrounded by enemy soldiers. (动作),系表结构：a. 常用一般现在
3、或一般过去时态；b. 一般不带状语；c. 可以有不及物动词的过去分词。,被动结构：a. 有多种时态，常与主动语态的时态一致；b. 可以带时间、方式或 by 短语作状语；c. 必须是及物动词。,Im interested in chess. I was interested by what you told me.,定语, 单独作定语，应放在被修饰的名词之前，,1.Barking dogs seldom bite. 2.Soon our respected and beloved leaders entered the banquet hall., 在更多情况下，可以用分词短语作定语，这时分词短
4、语应放在被修饰的名词之后，在意义上也相当于一个定语从句，如：,They built a highway leading into the mountains. They are problems left over by history.,注意,分词作定语时，意义上接近于一个定语从句，如：,developing countries = countries that are developing a growing city = a city that is growing liberated areas = areas that have been liberated Who is the m
5、an standing (= that is standing) by the door? Have you read any short stories written(who was written) by Lu Xun?,注意,能够作后置定语的单个过去分词是非 常有限的，它们是concerned(有关的)used (用过的)，given(给予的)，involved(所涉及的)等。这些词也可作前置定语，但所表达的意思有所不同。,a concerned look 关切的神情 the comrade concerned 有关的 同志 a used car 旧车 the textbooks us
6、ed 用过的教科书 the given time 特定的时间 the time given 给予的时间 the involved problems 复杂的问题 the problem involved 所涉及的问题,b. 表示经常性的动作, 或现在 (或当时) 的状态, (变为从句时, 用一般时态), 如： They lived in a room facing (= that faced) the south. The house standing (= that stands) at the corner of the street was built in 1955., 作定语的现在分词
7、所表示的动作发生的时间有两种情况：,a. 表示正在进行的动作, (变为从句时要用进行时态), 如：Tell the children playing there (who are playing there) not to make so much noise., 过去分词作定语时，过去分词所表示的动作可以在谓语所表示的动作之前发生，也可以是没有一定的时间性，如：,1.Is this the book recommended by our teacher? 2.The meeting held last week is very important. 3.He is a man loved b
8、y all. 4.I hate to see letters written in pencil.,注意,注：如果所表示的动作现刻正在发生，或是与谓语所表示的动作同时发生，可以用现在分词的被动形式来表示,The meeting being held is very important. We must keep a secret of the things being discussed here.,注：如果所表示的是一个未来的动作，可以用一个不定式的被动形式来表示,The meeting to be held next week is very important. Please tell
9、me the subjects to be discussed at the next meeting., 分词还可以作非限制性定语（相当于一个非限制性定语从句），这时，它和句子的其他部分用逗号隔开,试比较： All my brothers living in Shanghai are scientists. All my brothers, living in Shanghai, are scientists. All the letters in the drawer written in pencil are from my sister. All the letters in the
10、drawer, written in pencil, are from my sister., 本节值得注意的问题：现在分词短语作定语时，所表示的动作不能先于谓语所表示的动作，也不可以表示将来。另外，一般不用现在分词的完成式作定语,下列句子都是错的： Here is Mr. Li coming from Beijing. (应改为who has come from Beijing) Those having finished their work can go home now. (应改为who have finished) The man giving us a lecture last w
11、eek left for Shenzhen this morning. (应改为who gave us), 系动词的现在分词形式不可用作后置定语，此时要用从句来表示，如： Those being busy dont have to go. (应改为Those who are busy dont have to go.) His brother being a PLA man is 18 years old. (应改为who is), 不及物动词的过去分词不可用作后置定语，若要表示这个意思要用从句，如： The lion died in this zoo the other day was a
12、mother lion. (应改为which/that died),状语,1、分词作状语说明谓语动词表示的动作发生的时间、原因、条件、结果、伴随情况、行为方式或对谓语加以补充说明等。,2、作状语的分词(短语)通常放在句首或句尾，有时也可插在句子的主谓语之间。,3、分词作状语时，它的逻辑主语必须与句子的主语保持一致。,4、有时为了明确时间、条件或结果，分词前可加when, while, if, thus等连词。,(一) 现在分词作状语, 现在分词作伴随状语，表示陪衬性的动作或伴随情况,例如： The children ran out of the room, laughing and talki
13、ng merrily. They stood there for an hour watching the game. She sat at the desk reading a newspaper.,注意,a. 分词表示的必须是主语的一个动作；,b. 分词表示的动作和谓语表示的动作（或状态）是同时发生的；,c. 分词表示的是比较次要的动作，对谓语表示的动作或状态加以说明；,d. 大部分放在谓语之后；,e. 分词有时可以与句子的其他部分用逗号隔开。,作伴随状语时：, 现在分词作方式状语，表示行为方式或手段（这类状语可以放在句首，也可以放在句末，有时还可以放在句中。其他参考上述a-c ），如：,
14、Following the guide, they started to climb. Working this way, they greatly reduced the cost. Travelling by jeep, we visited a number of cities., 现在分词作原因状语，表示原因或理由,如：Seeing nobody at home, she decided to leave them a note.Not knowing her address, we couldnt get in touch with her.Being so poor in thos
15、e days, we couldnt afford to send the boy to hospital.,注意,如果分词表示的动作在谓语所表示的动作之前发生，则要用完成形式,Having worked among the peasants for many years, he knew them very well. Not having received an answer, he decided to write another letter. Having lived in Berlin many years, he knew the city well., 现在分词作时间状语（相当
16、于 when 引导的从句），如：,Turning around, she saw a police car driving up. Hearing the news, they all jumped with joy. Seeing those pictures, he couldnt help thinking of those days in Yanan.,注意,注：这里分词表示的是一个极短暂的动作，这动作一发生，谓语动词所表示的动作立即发生。这类分词一般放在句首。如果两个动作是完全同时发生的，多用 when 或 while + 分词这种结构,如： Be careful when cros
17、sing the street. Dont mention this while talking to him.,注意,注：如果要强调谓语动词的动作发生时，分词的动作已经完成，这个分词要用完成形式(having done),如：Having arrived at a decision, they immediately set to work.Having heard this, the woman astronaut expressed her satisfaction.,如： Her husband died in 1942, leaving her with five children.
18、 (结果) The bus was held up by snowstorm, thus causing the delay. (结果) Working hard, you will succeed. (条件) Turning to the left, you will find the path leading to the site. (条件) Weighing almost one hundred jin, the stone was moved by him alone. (让步), 现在分词作状语还可以表示结果、条件和让步,(二) 过去分词作状语, 过去分词短语作状语，可以修饰谓语，
19、说明动作发生的背景或情况,Built in 1192, the bridge is over 700 years old. Led by the party, the people have improved their living conditions greatly. Surrounded by a group of pupils, the old teacher walked into the room. The trainer appeared, followed by six little dogs., 过去分词短语表示原因（相当于一个原因状语从句）,The children, e
20、xhausted, fell asleep at once. He soon fell asleep, exhausted by the journey. (= as he was exhausted), 过去分词短语有时可以表示时间（相当于时间状语从句）和条件（相当于条件状语从句）,United, we stand; divided, we fall. (=When / If we are united ) Heated, water changes into steam. (=When / If water is heated ) Seen from the hill, the park
21、looks very beautiful.,过去分词短语作状语时，前面有时可以加上when, if, while, though, as if 等连词，这种结构可以看作是一种省略的状语从句（省略部分多为 “主语 + be 的多种形式”）。需要注意的是，省略的主语必须和主句的主语相同,If / When heated, water changes into steam. Even if invited, I wont go. We will not attack unless attacked. The girl is very shy, and never speaks until spoke
22、n to.,宾补,1.要求分词或分词短语作补足语的多是一些“感觉”和“使役”动词。包括：feel, see, hear, notice, watch, smell, let, get, have, make, want, find, keep, imagine, 等。,2.现在分词作宾补说明宾语是动作的发出者，形成逻辑上的主谓关系；过去分词作宾补，表示宾语是动作的承受者，形成逻辑上的动宾关系。, 现在分词做宾语补足语，如：Im sorry to have kept you waiting for so long.I could feel the cold wind blowing on my
23、face.He tried to start the engine running.The words immediately set us all laughing. 注意：现在分词做宾语补足语表示动作与谓语同时发生或正在进行，强调动作过程。, 过去分词做宾语补足语 He watched the TV set carried out of the room. Last year they had the house rebuilt. When you speak English, be sure to make yourself understood. Youd better have yo
24、ur shoes mended.注意：过去分词做宾语补足语表示动作完成结果，并有被动意义。, 现在分词做宾语补足语时，与宾语有着逻辑上的主谓关系，宾语补足语一般为宾语所做的动作；过去分词做宾语补足语时，与宾语有着动宾关系，宾语是过去分词所表示的动作的承受者， He saw an old man getting on the bus. (was getting on ) I once heard this song sung in Japanese. (was once sung ) I dont want the children taken out in such weather. (wer
25、e taken out), 以上句子可以变为被动结构，这时，宾语补足语就成了主语补足语，与谓语一起称为“复合谓语”，如：We were kept waiting for quite a long time.She was never heard singing that song again.One of the glasses was found broken., 有些动词既可以用不定式作宾语补足语，又可以用现在分词作宾语补足语，有些动词只能用现在分词作宾语补足语，这些动词是：catch, keep, mind, prevent, remember, stop, start, smell,
26、excuse, spy, send 等，,She caught her son smoking a cigarette. I dont mind you joking. I like it. The heavy rain prevented us coming here on time. I dont remember him ever saying anything like that.,6. have/get 后面要求宾补的两种情况,1. have sb. doing sth.让人（老是）做某事,She had us working day after day. I dont have y
27、ou speaking so rudely to me.,2. Have sth.(sb.) done 使某事发生（被做），请或让别人做,Youd better have/get your hair cut. They should have him examined by a good doctor. They two had a wedding picture taken yesterday.,三、现在分词的时态,现在分词的一般形式(doing)现在分词的一般式所表示的动作与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生，或在谓语动作之前发生。,1.When I entered the room, I fo
28、und him reading. 2.The teacher came in ,holding a flower in her left hand. 3. Examining the patient carefully, the doctor paid special attention to the pain in his chest.,2.现在分词的完成式(having done)现在分词的完成式表示分词的动作发生 在谓语动作之前。完成时态的现在分词在句中经常作状语。,Not having made adequate preparation, we postponed the sports
29、 meet.Having examined the patient carefully, the doctor went out of the ward to have a consultation with other doctors.,四、现在分词被动形式, 在表示一个被动的动作时，如果这个动作是现刻正在进行的，或是与谓语表示的动作同时发生的，就可以用现在分词的被动形式。这种形式可以作定语、状语或构成复合宾语,That building being repaired is our library. （定语） He asked who was the man being operated o
30、n. （定语） Youll find the topic being discussed everywhere. （宾语补足语） As we entered the village, we saw new houses being built. （宾语补足语）, 有时还有完成被动形式，如：Having been examined carefully, the patient was sent to the operation room.,Being asked to give a performance, she couldnt very well refuse.（状语） Being exam
31、ined by the doctor, the patient felt a pain in the chest. （状语）,五、独立结构,在用分词短语作状语时, 它逻辑上的主语一般必须与句子的主语一致, 否则它必须有自己独立的逻辑上的主语, 这种结构称为:独 立 结 构,独 立 结 构,独立结构可以表示伴随动作或情况, 表示时间、原因、条件等, 例如： He rushed into the room, his face covered with sweat. (伴随情况) The shower being over, we continued to march. (时间) So many s
32、tudents being absent, we decided to put the meeting off. (原因) Weather permitting, well have an outing tomorrow. (条件) All things considered, her paper is of greater value than yours. The job done, we went home. The composition written, he handed it to the teacher.,六、分词的用法比较、区别,过去分词在时态上强调动作已经完成，在语态上侧重
33、于被动；而现在分词在时态上强调动作正在进行，在语态上侧重于主动。 这种根本的区别具体体现在两种分词分别充当的各种句子成份中。细述如下：,定语,表语,宾补,状语,五,六,七,（一）、分词作定语,共同点：分词作定语时，如果分词只是一个单词，那么，该分词就位于其所修饰的名词之前；如果是分词短语，那么，该短语就位于其所修饰的名词之后，它的作用相当于一个定语从句。不同点：分词作定语时，被分词所修饰的名词就是该分词的逻辑主语。但现在分词与逻辑主语之间是主动关系，所表示的动作一般与句中谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生；而过去分词则表示被动关系，所示动作一般发生在谓语动词之前或同时发生。,1.There was
34、a terrible noise _ the sudden burst of light. A. followed B. following C. to be followed D. being followed2.The Olympic Games, _ in 776 B. C., didnt include women until 1912. A. first playing B. to be first played C. first played D. to be playing3.Whats the language _ in Germany?A. speaking B. spoke
35、n C. be spoken D. to speak,简析：首先，根据语法分析可知，句子后半部分是一个作定语、修饰 noise 的分词短语；再根据句意“一阵闪电之后，接着就是一声巨响。”可知，巨响应是主动，紧接在闪电之后的。因此，该题应选B。,简析：首先，根据语法分析可知，待选部分是一个作定语、修饰 The Olympic Games 的后置分词短语；再根据 The Olympic Games 对于动词 play 来说只能是被动承受，且已完成 (in 776 B. C.)。因此，该题应选C。,简析：该题应选B。测试过去分词作后置定语表达被动，等于定语从句 which is spoken,4.M
36、ost of the people _ to the party were famous scientists.A. invited B. to invite C. being invited D. inviting简析：该题应选A。测试过去分词作后置定语表达被动，等于定语从句 who were invited 5.Most of the artists _ to the party were from South Africa.A. invited B. to invite C. being invited D. had been invited简析：该题应选A。测试过去分词作后置定语表达被
37、动，等于定语从句who were invited 6.The computer centre, _ last year, is very popular among the students in this school.A. open B. opening C. having opened D. opened简析：该题应选D。测试过去分词短语作定语放在所修饰的名词后，可以用非限制性定语从句“which was opened last year”代替 7.The first textbooks _ for teaching English as a foreign language came
38、out in the 16th century.A. having written B. to be written C. being written D. written简析：该题应选D。测试过去分词作后置定语表达被动，等于定语从句which were written,（二）、分词作表语,共同点：分词作表语时，它起着形容词的作用。不同点：分词作表语时，句子的主语就是该分词的逻辑主语。但现在分词作表语时，与其逻辑主语之间是主动关系，所表示的动作的一般与句中谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生；而过去分词则表示被动关系，所示动作一般发生在谓语动词之前或同时发生。,1.This news sounds _
39、.A. encouraging B. encouraged C. encourage D. to encourage简析：首先，根据语法分析可知，待选部分在句中应作表语，因为 sounds 在此句中用作连系动词；再根据 The news 对于动词 encourage 来说应是主动关系，即这个消息本身就鼓舞人心。因此，该题应选A。 2. -How did Bob do in the exams this time? -Well, his father seems _ with his results.A. pleasing B. please C. pleased D. to please简析：
40、首先, 根据语法分析可知, 待选部分在句中应作表语。因为 seems 在此句中用作连系动词; 再根据 his father 对于动词 please 来说应是被动关系, 即这个结果使他的父亲高兴; 换言之, 他的父亲因为受到这个结果的刺激而感到高兴。因此, 该题应选C。 3. -How did the audience receive the new play? -They got very _.A . excite B . excited C . excitedly D . exciting简析：该题应选B。测试他们被那出新戏所打动。,（三）、分词作宾语补足语,共同点：分词在复合宾语中可作宾语
41、补足语，对句子的宾语起补充或说明作用。不同点：分词作宾语补足语时，句子的宾语就是该分词的逻辑主语。但现在分词与其逻辑主语之间是主动关系，所表示的动作一般与句中谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生；而过去分词则表示被动关系，所示动作一般发生在谓语动词之前或同时发生。,1.The next morning she found the man _ in bed, dead. A. lying B. lie C. lay D. laying简析: 首先, 根据语法分析可知, 待选部分在句中应作宾补, 补充说明宾语 the man; 再根据宾语 the man 对于动词 lie 来说应是主动关系, 而且, li
42、e 这个动作与谓语动词 found 同时进行。因此, 该题应选A。 2. -Good morning. Can I help you?-Id like to have the package _, madam.A. be weighed B. to be weighed C. to weigh D. weighed简析: 首先, 根据语法分析可知, 待选部分在句中应作宾补, 补充说明宾语 the package; 再根据 the package 对于动词 weigh 来说, 只能是被动关系。因此，该题应选D。,3. I can hardly imagine Peter _ across the
43、 Atlantic Ocean in five days.A. sail B. sailing C. to sail D. to have sailed简析: 该题应选B。测试动词 imagine 后要求跟动名词, Peter 是动名词的逻辑主语。 4.If you wave your book in front of your face, you can feel the air _ against your face.A. moved B. moving C. moves D. to move简析: 该题应选B。测试使役动词后用现在分词作宾补表示宾语正发出的动作。,（四）、分词作状语,共同
44、点：分词作状语时，一般在句子中作时间、原因、方式或伴随等状语。不同点：分词作状语时，句子的主语就是该分词的逻辑主语。但现在分词作状语时，与其逻辑主语之间是主动关系，所表示的动作一般与句中谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生；而过去分词则表示被动关系，所示动作一般发生谓语动词之前或同时发生。,1.European football is played in 80 countries, _ it the most popular sport in the world.A. making B. makes C. made D. to make简析：首先，根据语法分析可知，待选部分在整个句中应作状语；再根据
45、European football 对于 make 来说应是主动关系，即欧洲足球使之本身成为一项最受世人欢迎的运动。因此，该题应选A。 2._ a reply, he decided to write again.A. Not receiving B. Receiving notC. Not having received D. Having not received简析：该题应选C。 测试非谓语动词的否定式是在其前直接加 not 。若动作发生在主句动作之前时用非谓语的完成式。 3.The visiting Minister expressed his satisfaction with th
46、e talks, _ that he had enjoyed his stay here.A. having added B. to add C. adding D. added简析：该题应选C。测试现在分词可以作补充说明的状语。,4. “Cant you read?” Mary said _ to the notice.A. angrily pointing B. and point angrilyC. angrily pointed D. and angrily pointing简析：该题应选A。测试现在分词作伴随状语，通过副词 angrily 进行干扰。若B 答案为 and pointe
47、d angrily 时也对。另外，分词作状语时，如果其逻辑主语与整个句子的主语不一致时，需要独立主格结构或 with 复合结构来替代。(此时，也可把该分词看成介词的宾语补足语。)例: The murderer was brought in, with his hands _ behind his back.A. being tied B. having tied C. to be tied D. tied简析：很显然，待选部分的逻辑主语是 his hands，而不是句子的主语 The murderer , 而 his hands 对于动词 tie 来说，只能是被动承受。因此，该题应选D。,（五
48、）、作表语的分词与时态、语态中的分词区别,作表语的分词表示主语所处的状态或特征； 构成进行、完成时态和被动语态的分词强调的是动作。,The weather this summer is disappointing. （表语） The present situation is encouraging us to continue our research. （进行时态） The window was broken. （表语） The window was broken by Tom. （被动语态）,（六）、现在分词的被动与过去分词的区别,过去分词表示动作已经完成，不强调时间概念；现在分词的被动式强调某一个正在进行的被动动作。,The building repaired is our library. （完成）The building being repaired is our library. （进行）,（七）、延续性动词和终止性动词的现在分词在时间含义上的区别,延续性动词的分词相当于一个过去进行时态的从句；而终止性动词的分词结构相当于一个一般过去时的从句。,
