1、名词,名词的分类,可数名词变复数注意事项,不可数名词,名词的格,名词的分类,可数名词,不可数名词,集体名词,个体名词,物质名词,抽象名词,普通名词,专有名词,teacher, bus,people, crew,.,rice, air,water,knowledge, friendship,名词,China, Bill Gates, the Great Wall,Proper Nouns: 指人名、地名及某些人和事物专有的名称,Eg:Diana; Beijing; Americans;English; May; New Years Day,注意：专有名词的第一个字母要大写,Common Noun
2、s： 专有名词以外的名词都是普通名词,1。Individual Nouns: 指作为个体而存在的人或东西。,可以指具体的人或物。Eg: aunts; a panda; apartments,也可指抽象东西。Eg: a year; fairy tales; a dream,2. Collective Nouns: 表示由个体组成的集体。,Eg: army; audience; crew; family; team; police; government; public,集体名词有时作单数看待，有时作复数看。一般来说，视为整体时作单数看，突出它的成员时作复数看。,Eg: His family is
3、nt large.,Cf: His family are all music lovers.,在不少情况下，集体名词后单复数动词都可以用，没什么差别。,Eg: The audience was (were) excited by the show.,有少数集体名词通常用作单数。,Eg: The gang is being hunted by the police.,Our company is sending him to work in Berlin.,个别集体名词则多作复数看待。,Eg: The police are looking for him.,3. Material Nouns:
4、指无法分为个体的东西。,Eg: beer; cake; cloth; cotton; detergent(清洁剂); fur; ice; paint; paper; soil,一般来说，物质名词是不可数的，因而没有复数形式。但有一些特殊情况：,1)有些物质名词可用作可数名词，表示“一份”、“一杯”、“一种”,Eg: Two strong black coffees, please. ( 两份）,Three beers, please. (三杯）,It was a special tea. (一种）,2)个别物质名词的复数形式可以表示特别的意义。,Eg: rains （雨季）snows (积雪）
5、waters(海域),4.Abstract Nouns: 表示一些抽象的概念。,Eg: education; love; policy; trust; nature; fashion; relief; silence; truth,etc.,多数情况下，这种名词常用于单数形式，不加任何冠词。,Eg: Hes learning French for fun.,I wish you good luck.,有时也可以加冠词。,He works hard for the welfare of the poor.,After a brief peace, war broke out again.,有些名
6、词可以兼作可数名词和不可数名词。,glass ( 玻璃 ) copper ( 铜 ) tin ( 锡 ) paper ( 纸 ) iron (铁 ) wood ( 木头 ) gold (金子 ) youth (青春 ) power ( 力量 ) beauty ( 美 ) pleasure( 愉快 ) relation(关系）,a glass ( 玻璃杯 ) a copper ( 铜币板 ) a tin ( 罐头，听头 ) a paper ( 报纸，证件，论文 ) an iron (熨斗 ) a wood ( 树林 ) a gold (金牌 ) a youth (年青人 ) a power (
7、大国 ) a beauty ( 美人，美的东西 ) a pleasure( 使人感到愉快的事 ) a relation(亲戚）,英语中有许多对词，一个可数，一个不可数。,a poem(一首诗 ) a machine(一台机器 ) a job(一件工作 ) a laugh(一个笑声 ) a permit(许可证 ) a garment (一件衣裳 ) a bag(case) (一件行李 ) a loaf (一只面包 ) a hair(一根头发 ),poetry(诗歌总称 ) machinery(机器总称 ) work(工作 ) laughter(笑声 ) permission(允许 ) clot
8、hing(衣裳总称 ) luggage, baggage(行李 ) bread(面包 ) hair( 头发),可数名词变复数的规则变化,一般在词尾加-s 以-s,-x,-ch,-sh结尾的加-es 以辅音字母加y结尾时，把y变成i，再加-es 以f或fe结尾时，把f,fe改为v,再加es,变复数的几点注意项,以-o 结尾的名词加es在课本中出现的有Negro, hero, potato, tomato；其余以-o结尾的词加-s: (photo, piano, radio, bamboo,zoo, ) 有些以-f或fe结尾的词直接加-s (chief,cliff, belief, safe, g
9、ulf,roof, ) 以元音字母+y结尾的或专有名词以y结尾的直接加-s toys, Germanys, Henrys 在大写字母及大写字母的缩写形式的复数中，加-s,如：three UFOs,但A、I的复数应在其后加s，如： There are two As in this word. 小写字母及数字的复数形式应加s, 如： two 6s three as stomach-stomachs,不规则变化,变内部元音。如：foot-feet, tooth-teeth, goose-geese ,mouse-mice, man-men, woman-women,policeman-policem
10、en 词尾加-en或ren。如：ox-oxen,child-children 单复数相同。如：sheep,deer,aircraft,fish, steelworks, means, Chinese, Swiss, Japanese,. 汉语音译词无复数形式。（表示度量衡，币制等单位的名词）如:five yuan,six jin, two jiao,“某国人”的复数形式： 单、复数相同 Chinese, Japanese, Swiss, 词尾加-s Africans, Asians, Canadians, Australians, Italians, 变man为men Englishman-E
11、nglishmen, Frenchman-Frenchmen但：German-Germans,复合名词的复数,一般将主体名词变为复数。father-in-law fathers-in-law, passer-bypassers-by, looker-onlookers-on, editor-in-chief editors-in-chief 无主体名词的在词尾加复数。如：grown-ups, good-for-nothings（无用的人），go-betweens （中间人），look-outs（守望者） 由man,woman,构成的复合名词应将前后两个词都变成复数。men-doctors, w
12、omen-drivers, women-singers boyfriends,girlfriends, boy students, girl students,常作复数的或复数形式表特别意义的名词：glasses, trousers, gloves, shoes, scissors, socks, handcuffs(手铐), jeans(牛仔裤), earnings(薪水), savings（储蓄),findings（调查结果), clothes, surroundings（环境), greetings（致敬), goods, ruins, twins, resources, woods,
13、forces(军队), arms(军火)， plastics（塑料制品）, manners(礼貌), greens(青菜), times(时代), sands(沙滩), works(工厂,作品）contents(内容), thanks, congratulations, tears, ashes, ,一些物质名词有时以复数形式出现，表示不同的类别。 foods (各种食物), metals(各种金属),fruits(各种水果), fertilizers(各种化肥), silks(各种丝绸),teas(各种茶),在短语中用复数形式的名词。如：do exercises, take turns, t
14、ake notes, make repairs,in high spirits, as follows, hurt ones feelings, in rags, in dozens，make friends with, shake hands with,在有些短语中，名词用单复数均可。如：make faces / a face, play jokes/a joke on sb.,have talkes/a talk with 在有的短语中名词用单复数，意思有差别。如：have a word with sb.（同某人说句话），have words with sb.（同某人吵架）,不可数名词的量
15、的表达-“a(数词)+单位词+of ”,表个数：piece(张，片，块，份) article(件) item(条）block(大块) set(台，套）sheet(张， 块) 如：some articles of furniture, four items of news 以形状表个数： cake(块), bar(条),ear(穗), grain(粒),sheaf(捆),slice(薄片), pile(堆), loaf (块), flight(楼梯的一段), drop(滴) 如：a bar of chocolate, two ears of corn, a grain of rice 以容器表数
16、量：cup,bowl, bucket,box,spoonful(匙) 以行为状态表数量：fit(一阵) flash(闪光，显露) ray(线) 如：a fit of anger(一阵怒火），a flash of lighting (一道闪电), a ray of hope(一线希望),有些名词作不可数名词用时表抽象概念，与不定冠词连用或用作可数名词时表个体事物,beauty(美，美貌)-a beauty(一个美人或美物),danger(危险)a danger,failure(失败)a failure,honour(光荣)an honour(带来荣誉的人或事),must( 必须)a must(一
17、件必要的事或物),pity(遗憾)a pity(一件可惜的事),(一件失败的事或一个失败的人),(一件危险的事或一个危险的人),service(服务)a service(一个服务机构),success(成功)a success,surprise(惊奇)a surprise(一件令人吃惊的事),pleasure(乐趣)a pleasure(一件有趣的事),worry(担心)a worry,experience(经验)an experience(一次经历),(一件成功的事或一个成功的人),(一件令人担心的事或一个令人担忧的人),名词的格,英语中的名词（代词）有三个格：主格、宾格、所有格 所有格表示
18、所有关系，修饰另一名词，作定语，它有两种形式：一种是由名词词尾加s构成，另一种是由介词of加名词构成，前者多用来表示有生命的东西，后者多用来表示无生命的东西。,注意事项：,复合名词的所有格是在其词尾加“s”。如： his mother-in-laws photo the editor-in-chiefs opinion,2. 末尾以s结尾的复数名词，在词尾加“”构成所有格。如：the teachers books 不以s结尾的复数名词，应在词尾加“s”,如：the childrens balls 以s结尾的单数名词的所有格有两种，加“”或“s”,如：my boss/bosss computer
19、,3.如果一样东西为两人共有，则只在最后一个名词后加“s”,如果是分别所有，则两个名词后都要加“s”。如：Tom and Marrys father, Toms and Marrys fathers 4.在表示“某人家”、“店铺”的所有格时，一般省略它所修饰的名词。 at the doctors, at the barbers, at Mr. Greens, to my uncles， at the tailors,5.有些表示时间、距离、国家、城市、团体、机构等无生命东西的名词，也可以加“s”来构成所有格。todays newspaper ten minutess walk Chinas i
20、ndustry the stations waiting-room,6. 在表示所属物的名词前有冠词、数词、不定代词或指示代词时，常使用双重所有格，即“of词组+所有格”结构。这种结构带有一定的感情色彩，表示赞美、厌恶等。a friend of her mothersa few friends of Tomsthat book of Tomssome daughter of Mr.Browns,7.名词原形直接作定语。（不表示所有关系） room number coffee cup shoe factory geography lesson colour film tooth brush po
21、wer plant welcome party heart trouble food industry apple tree physics teacher 但：有的名词习惯于用复数作定语。 parents meeting(家长会) goods train(货车) sales department (销售部) sports meet(运动会),名词所有格(The Possessive Case of Nouns),some patterns:,Ill take the risk for friendships sake. She was at her wits end. Now they co
22、uld sing at their hearts content. We should get the children out of harms way. We had best keep them at arms length. For goodness sake,stop arguing. Jane got the moneys worth out of the coat.,(为了友谊）,（黔驴技穷）,（很合算）,（尽情地）,（不受损害）,（保持距离）,（看在上帝的份上）,（很合算）,1. Try to learn these words by heart: (通常用于复数形式的词）,s
23、cissors剪刀; pants裤子; contents目录 compasses两脚规; cords灯心絨裤; arms武器 earphones耳机; pyjamas睡衣裤; ashes灰烬 scales天平; overalls工装裤; tropics热带 spectacles眼镜; braces背带; stairs楼梯 nail-clippers指甲刀；slacks便装裤; brains头脑 belongings所有物； savings积蓄； tidings消息 doings行为； writings作品； findings调查结果,五、名词的句法功能 1 在句中作主语 This book i
24、s very useful. 这本书很有用。 Mary is to meet you at the airport. 玛丽将在机场接你。 2 作表语 My brother is a worker.我弟弟是个工人She is a writer.她是个作家。 3 作宾语或宾补 He finished his task on time. 他按时完成了他的任务。 We made Tom our monitor. 我们选汤姆为我们的班长（consider, elect, choose,think, find),4 作定语 He got three gold medals at 23rd Olympic
25、Games. 他在第二十三届奥运会上取得了三块金牌。 rain drops 雨点 colour film 彩色电影 注：名词作定语修饰名词，通常表示事物的属性、本质特征、内容、材料、目的等。这些形容词化的名词与形容词作定语在语义上有一定的区别。 a golden medal 金色的奖牌（颜色，非材料） a gold medal 金牌（质地材料为金子） a colourful dress 色彩鲜艳的女装（仅指颜色） a colour film 彩色电影（属性为彩色的） a coffee cup a letter box a vegetable field a car factory,5 作状语
26、The meeting lasted two hours. 会议持续了两个小时。 Wait a moment. 等一会儿。 He was late for class this morning. 今天早晨他上课迟到了。 6 作同位语 Mr. Smith, our leader, is speaking now. 史密斯先生，我们的领导，正在讲话。 We students should study hard. 我们学生应该努力学习。 7 作称呼语 Come here, Mary. 玛丽，到这儿来。 Good morning, ladies and gentlemen. 女士们，先生们，早上好。,
27、例题,1. I wrote a letter to show my _ of his thoughtfulness. A. achievement B. agreement C. attention D. appreciation 2. We all know that _ speak louder than words.A. movements B. performancesC. operations D. action 3. The new law will come into_ on the day it is passed.A. effect B. use C. service D.
28、existence 4. You will find this map of great _ in helping you get round London.A. price B. cost C. value D. usefulness,D,D,C,A,5.My parents always let me have my _ of living. A. way B.method C. manner D. fashion 6.- Who did you spend last weekend with?- _. A. Palmers B. The PalmersC. The Palmers D.
29、The Palmers 7. Ill look into the matter as soon as possible.Just have a little _.A. wait B. time C. patience D. rest,A,C,C,8. _ of Mrs Whites came back home yesterday. She had been in the United States for years.A. A daughter B. The daughter C. Her daughter D. daughter,9.He gained his _ by printing_ of famous writers. A. wealth; work B. wealths; works C. wealths; work D. wealth; works,10. It will be _ to jump into the lake to have a swim on a hot summer day. A. fun B. a fun C. funny D. the fun,_,_,_,
