1、船舶与海洋工程 专业英语,徐 航 博士,Ship Design,The various aspects of naval architecture are all facets of the design problem.,船舶(建造) 的各个方面都涉及到设计问题,The determination of the scantlings（构件尺寸） of the structure so as to ensure that the ship is sufficiently strong to withstand（承受，抵挡） the imposed loads（施加载荷） is concerne
2、d with structural design. 结构设计中要考虑如何确定船体结构的构件尺寸,使船舶能够承受施加载荷的作用(而不致损坏).,Similarly the development of a suitable form which will give as low a value of the resistance（抵抗，抵抗力） as possible is another aspect of design.类似地, 新船型开发, 即开发一种船舶阻力尽可能小的新船型也是(船舶)设计的一个部分.,What is generally referred to as ship desig
3、n, however, is the synthesis of all these different considerations inorder to produce a ship of given dimensions and suitable layout（规划） to fulfill specified requirements.,综合，合成,然而,船舶设计通常是指对(待造)船舶各个侧面进行综合考虑,以便能生产出能够满足指定要求船舶.,The starting point of any design must therefore be these specified requirem
4、ents and generally they are not under the control of the ship designer.,因此,设计之初必须考虑这些指定的要求,应为 他们往往不是船舶设计师所能够决定的.,The requirements of a ship or a fleet of ships could be looked at from an overall point of view（整体的观点） as the transport of a given quantity of particular commodity from one place to anoth
5、er.,一特定数量的,总的来说, 可以根据在两地之间运输某种一定数 量的货物的来确定船舶或船队的设计要求.,For example, suppose that country A has a consumption（消费） of X tonnes of oil per annum and this quantity is to be obtained from country B.,例如,假定国家A每年要消耗X吨的油,这些数量的 油可以从国家B获得.,The overall question is, how can this transportation problem be solved m
6、ost economically?,经济地,首要问题是,我们需要采用什么样的方式才能使运输成本最低?,In other words, how many ships should be employed and what should be their dimensions and speeds so that transportation costs can be minimized?,换句话说,我们需要多少船, 采用船的尺寸和 航速该如何确定才能使运输成本最小?,The problem can be further complicated（复杂的，难解的） by the fact that
7、there may be more than one source of the product.,经济地,如果我们需要运输两种以上的货物,这个问题就 会变得更加复杂.,Also, they may be constraints such as limitations on draught at the terminal ports（起讫港）, in which case the design of the ship may be influenced by these factors and the total problem becomes one of transport, of whi
8、ch the design of the ship is only one part.,也有其他的因素限制(船舶设计),如港口的吃水限制,在这种情况下,船舶设计 就必须要考虑这些因素, 问题也就变成了运输问题之一, 船舶设计仅仅 能解决该问题的一个部分.,This is well illustrated in the case of the container ship, where the design of suitable port facilities is necessary to enable the rapid turn around of the ship made possi
9、ble by the use of containers.,集装箱船就是一个很好的 例子, 港口的辅助设施 可以帮助船舶迅速的调头, 使得集装箱的使用成 为了可能.,The ship owner, in deciding what type, size and speed of the ship he wants, will not usually be faced with this overall problem but will come to a decision on more limited considerations.,船东在决定船舶类型, 大小, 航速的时候通常 不考虑 这些
10、问题,但可能提出更苛刻的条件.,One will be the particular market which he proposes to enter or in which he intends to expand his fleet or replace obsolete tonnage.,荒废的，陈旧的,为了进入某个市场船东可能增加船的数量或 替代旧船.,The question of the speed of the ship must be given careful consideration. High speed has been seen to require high p
11、ower, with correspondingly（相应地） high fuel consumption. 必须认真考虑航速问题。因为高航速意味着(所采用的)主机功率要大，相应地，燃油消耗也大。,燃料消耗,This means that the weights of fuel and machinery will also be high and the consequence is that less of the available displacement will be available for cargo, with a reduction in earning capacity
12、. 这意味着燃油和主机的重量也要增加，（这样做的）后果是有效放置货物的空间减小，即降低了（船舶的）经济能力（赚钱能力）。,The most economical speed, i.e. that which would give the greatest annual return（岁入） on the capacity investment（投资）, is not easily determined and would require a detailed economic analysis 可产生最大投资回报的最经济航速不容易被确定，必须要进行详细的经济分析（才能确定）。,Often, f
13、or non-perishable（不易损坏的） cargoes the speed could be quite low, but there is a trend nowadays towards higher speeds in cargo ships. 通常，运输不易腐烂的货物（的船舶）的航速可以很低，但现在的趋势式这样的货船的航速也提高了。,For ships carrying perishable cargoes such as meat, fruit, etc., there is an obvious advantage in speed and the speeds of s
14、uch ships have always tended to be higher than in other type of dry cargo ships.对运输肉类、水果等易腐烂货物的货船来说，航速高有很大的优势，这类货船的航速往往比其他类干货船的航速要高。,To sum up, as far as cargo ship is concerned the basic information which will be available to the designer is the type of ship, the required deadweight or deadmass, th
15、e speed and the radius of action. 总之，对设计者来说，需要知道货船的主要信息包括船舶类型、载重量或总重量，航速和航程。,In passenger ships additional information which is required will include the number of passengers to be catered for（供应伙食，迎合） and the facilities to be provided, which will dictate the size and number of public rooms.,对于客船来说，
16、需要提供的附加信息包括旅客数量和拟提供的（服务）设施，并需要规定这些公共房间的大小和数量。,These ships like the oil tankers have machinery aft and from outward appearance there is little to distinguish one from another.,这些船舶如油轮是尾机型，从外观上相互之间很难区分。,Other cargoes which would determine the type of ship are refrigerated（冷冻的，冷却的） goods such as meat o
17、r fruit, which would require insulated holds（绝热舱壁） with refrigerating machinery, and liquid gas carriers which require to be fitted with special tanks capable of maintaining the gases at low temperatures。,能决定船型的其他货物为冷藏货物，如肉或水果，需要绝热舱壁和制冷装置才能储存这些货物，此外，液化气船也需要安装一些能够维持气体在低温状态下运输的专用罐。,Having decided the
18、type of ship to be built the next step as far as the designer is concerned is to determine the principal dimensions（主尺度） so that the ship is capable of carrying the specified cargo.,确定待建的船型后，下一步设计者将确定船舶主尺度，使船舶能够运输指定的货物。,The total mass of the ship is made up of lightmass（空载质量） and deadmass. The forme
19、r is simply the mass of the ship which in turn can be split up into three major parts, the steel mass, the mass of the machinery and the mass of the outfit（舾装，配套设备） and fittings（安装件）.,船舶总重量由空船重量和载重量组成，前者为船舶自身的重量，分别为钢材重量，机器重量和舾装重量。,The dead mass will include the cargo mass, the fuel mass and the mass
20、ed of stores, fresh water, crew and effects, and passengers and baggage if any.,载重量包括货物重量，燃料重量和备品，淡水，船员及财物，旅客和行李。,The designer is assisted in this by recording data for ships which have already been built. If such data are systematically recorded and classified for different types of ships then it i
21、s possible to choose suitable coefficients which can be applied to the type under consideration. By this means it is possible to obtain a preliminary estimate of the total mass of the ship.,系数,初步估计,设计者可从利用已建造好的船舶数据（进行船舶设计）。如果这些数据是按船型分类并系统地记录，则可能选择合适的船型系数来确定待建船舶的船型系数。通过这种手段，可以对船舶初步设计的总重量进行初步估算。,Consi
22、der the block coefficient first, this will dependmainly upon the speed of the ship. If the mass of the cargo to be carried is the primary consideration it is clear that the fuller the block coefficient the greater will be the available displacement.,首先考虑方形系数，这与船速密切相关。如果需要首先考虑运输的货物重量，则需要考虑选取大的方形系数以便获
23、得大的放置货物的空间。,Having decided upon a suitable block coefficient the three dimension, length, breadth, and draught（吃水）, have to be decided upon. Breadth in relation to draught will depend upon stability（稳定性） considerations mainly.,确定了方型系数之后，船舶主尺度，如船长、船宽和吃水也需要确定。如考察船舶稳定性，就要考虑宽度与吃水比。,A breadth/draught rat
24、io below about 2.25 will not usually be possible from a stability point of view but the actual value will depend very much on the ship type, and particularly if there are loads to be carried high up in the ship resulting in（导致） a high position of the centre of gravity (or centre of mass) .,重力,从稳定性观点
25、考虑宽度与吃水比小于2.25通常是不可行的，但实际值依赖于船型，特别地，如果船上货物堆积很高就会导致船舶重心也很高。,Having determined draught it is necessary next fix the depth of the ship. This will be governed largely by freeboard considerations. It has been seen that the statutory freeboard required by the Load Line Regulations depend upon the length o
26、f the ship and the length/depth ratio,干舷,法令的，规定的,确定吃水之后，下一步要确定型深。这时设计干舷就非常重要。满足载重线规则的规定干舷需要依靠船长及船长型深比来确定。,Having arrived at the depth, the length/depth ratio should be checked since if it is too large it may be necessary to put an excessive（过多的） amount of material in the structure to obtain the requ
27、ired section modulus of the midship section.,剖面模数,船中,确定型深后，应校核船长型深比，因为如果型深太大，则需要在结构中使用更多的材料才能获得必要的船中剖面模数。,Depending upon the cargo to be carried, the cubic capacity which it occupies（占有，占据） may be more important than its actual mass. Thus, while in ships such as ore carriers or ships carrying grain
28、themass may be important quantity, in ships carrying refrigerated cargoes, for example, the cubic capacity available is the important factor.,矿砂船,依赖于运输的货物，货物装载容积可能比其实际重量更重要 。因此，如运输矿砂或谷物的船舶，重量很重要，如运输冷藏货物的船舶，可用的装载容积更重要。,Ships of this type may often not be loaded down to the maximum draught available u
29、nder the Load Line Regulations when all the holds are full. Such ships are often designed for a reduced draught, which means that lighter scantlings are possible thus leading to a reduction in the steel mass.,轻构件,这类船舶所有的货舱满载时，还没有达到载重线规则下可用的最大吃水。在设计中就可以减少这类船舶的吃水，这意味着可以使用轻的构件，从而降低了船舶用钢的重量。,Having obta
30、ined preliminary dimensions（初步尺寸）, the next stage in the design process is to obtain more accurate estimates（估计，评估） of the masses making up the lightmass of the ship.,确定了初步的船舶主尺度后，设计的下一步要求是对船舶空船重量进行更准确估计。,The major items which are concern of the designer are the steel and outfit massed. It is often
31、useful when calculating these quantities to have a rough general arrangement（粗略总布置） of the ship showing the approximate layout of the various spaces such as cargo holds and machinery space, master and crew（船员） accommodation and passenger accommodation if any.,设计者主要关心的是钢材和舾装重量。可以显示各个位置的大概布局，如货舱和主机室，船
32、长和船员住处及旅客住处的船舶粗略的总布置图对计算这些量很有用。,The steel mass lends itself fairly easily to calculation and to facilitate such calculation data collected for previous ships are very useful.,使容易，促进,母型船,钢铁自身的重量容易计算，已有的母型船数据对这些计算是有用的。,It is the practice to list for finished ships the invoiced weights from the steel m
33、ills of all the plates and sections making up（组成） the total mass of the ship. Various methods can be used for estimating the steel mass for the design.,按照惯例对于建造完成的船舶，需要列出从钢铁公司得到的船舶所有分段和钢板重量的清单。设计中，可以使用各种各样的办法估计船舶的钢材重量。,Alternatively, if a higher degree of accuracy is required each individual item su
34、ch as shell, decks, bulkheads, etc., may be proportioned on the basis of dimensions and scantlings.,外板,舱壁,此外，如果需要高精确的估算，每一个独立的条目如外板，甲板，舱壁等都要与主尺度和构件成比例。,The calculation of the mass of the outfit and fittings is generally much more difficult. Many of the items making up the total are brought into the
35、shipyard from subcontractors and the designer is dependent on information they supply for these items. Lifeboats, davits, winches, windlass, etc., are items which come into this category.,救生艇,吊艇架,绞盘,卷扬机,舾装重量的计算通常更加困难，舾装部分的许多小部件来自于船厂的转包商，这些小部件的重量需要他们的设计者提供。救生艇，吊艇架，绞盘，卷扬机等，都是这样的情况。,The machinery mass
36、can then be calculated from accumulated data, usually on the basis of power per tonne. Associated with the power requirement is the amount of fuel to be allowed for, which can be estimated from the specific fuel consumption for the particular type of machinery, the power, and the range which the shi
37、p is required to cover without refueling.,联合,补给燃料,机器重量可通过累积数据来计算，通常基于每吨的功率。与功率需求相关的是的燃料的需要量，它可以通过燃料消耗量或特定机器类型、功率来 估算，没有补充燃料的航程也是必须考虑的因素。,Having made estimates of all the masses making up the total mass of the ship it is now possible to check if the dimensions originally（最初，原先） fixed are satisfactory
38、. It is unlikely that an exact balance would be achieved at this stage, so that some changes might have to be made in the original dimensions.,估算完组成船舶总重量的所有重量后，就能够校验最初确定的主尺度是否合适。目前这一阶段还不能精确得到空船重量，因此可能需要对最初估计的主尺度进行进一步调整。,From these, further estimates of the various massed could be made and again the
39、dimensions checked. It will be seen that the process is an iterative（反复的，迭代的） one, several iterations being necessary to achieve exact agreement between available buoyancy on given dimensions and fullness and the sum of the various masses.,对各种重量需要进行进一步估算并再次校验主尺度。这个过程需要重复几次才能得到浮力和总重量一致的满足设计要求的船舶主尺度和丰满度。,专业词汇,Ship design 船舶设计 Deadweight 载重量 Draught 吃水 Block coefficient 方型系数 Length of the Ship 船长 Breadth of the Ship 船宽 Length between perpendiculars 垂线间长 Gross displacement tonnage总排水量 Length over all 总长,Thank You !,
