1、,英，汉的语态都有主动与被动之分，但是英语被动语态的使用频率却比汉语高得多。英译汉时不能过于局限于原文的语态结构，而要根据语言习惯，在语态上做一些必要的变换。英语被动结构的主要译文法有以下几种：,Translation skills 被动语态的翻译,1 译成汉语的主动句,1) It is considered of no use learning a theory without practice. 人们认为脱离实践学理论毫无用处. (增加逻辑主语,将原句的主语译成汉语兼语言式的主语) 2) I remember being taken to Hangzhou by my father.我记得
2、父亲带我去过杭州.(增加句意中隐含的宾语,将被动结构译成主动),2. 译成汉语的判断句,汉语中常用 “是 的”这一句式来说 明人,事物的客观情况.这种结构在语义 上往往有被动的含义,可以与英语中被 动结构相通.一般说来,英语中用来说明 客观情况的被动句都可以转译成汉语 的这一句式.,In ancient times, mirrors were made of metal rather than of glass.古时候,镜子是用金属而不是用玻璃制成的. 2) Many other languages than English are spoken in New York. 在纽约,人们不仅说英
3、语,也说许多其他语言.,3 译成无主句,汉语的句子可以不带主语,因此,当无须说出行为 主体时,可以将英语的被动句译成汉语的无主句. 一般说来,英语中不带by短语并含有情态动词的 被动句多可以采用这种译法.翻译时,将原句的主 语译成宾语,放在动词后面,也可以加“把”, “将”, “对”等词将宾语放在动词之前.英语中有些特殊 的被动句是由短语动词中名词作主语构成的,翻 译时可以将原句的主语和谓语合译成汉语无主 句的谓语.,1) All the data available should be collected and studied with care before one works at a
4、 theory. 在制定理论前,应该认真搜集和研究现有的所有数据资料.(原句的主语译成宾语,放在动词之后.) 2) Attention should be paid to the study of proteins.应该注意对蛋白质的研究.(原句的主语和谓语合译成汉语无主句的谓语.) 3)Water can be shown as containing impurities.可以证明水有杂质.(原句的主语译成汉语兼语式的主语.),4 添加 “受” “使” “把”等译成被动句,当英语被动句在语义上着重谓语动词本身 的意义时,可用汉语的被动结构来翻译.此时, 原文句子的主语一般仍作主语,在谓语动词
5、 前加 “被”,“受”等字来表示被动意义.若原文 句子含有行为主体(动作的发出者),则可在 行为主体前家 “被”, “受”,“由”等,或用“为 所” 来表示被动意义.,Convenient global communications at low cost have been made possible with the rapid development of communication technology.通讯技术的飞速发展使方便而又廉价的全球通讯成为可能. 2) Because of its cost, it is limited in practical use.由于成本问题,它的实
6、际应用受到了限制.(在谓语动词前加 “受”表示被动.为了明确,将原句的状语译成了主语.),1) Seasons are caused by the movement of the earth and the sun. 2) Plenty of example are provided in this book. 3) Petrol is manufactured from the crude oil we take out of the ground. 4) These ancient buildings have been carefully looked after by the auth
7、orities concerned. 5) Childhood is a time of physical and mental development, so efforts must be made to provide an ideal environment for their development.,6) The children were beautifully dressed to celebrate Childrens Day. 7) I was kept at home on account of my fathers illness. 8) Printing was in
8、troduced into Europe from ancient China. 9) Although the town had been attacked by storm several times, little damage was done. 10) He was thrown into confusion by the return of his wife.,11) In a very simple social order, it may suffice（足够） to have the parents carry on the education of their childr
9、en. However, as will be shown later in detail, such method may become entirely untenable（站不住脚的）, and special individuals are entrusted with（委托） the task. These may be hired privately first, but soon the social group, the church, village and the like will be responsible for education. Eventually, special training is required for those who do the teaching, and an agency to control this training is needed.,译文: 在朴素的原始社会制度下，只要家长对孩子进行教育就足够了。然而，正如以后要仔细阐述的那样，这样的方法可能会变得完全难以维持，而要委托一些专职人员来完成这项任务。这些人最初可能是以私人的方式雇佣的，但是，很快社会组织，教会，村镇以及其他类似的组织将会负责教育。结果，就要求对从事教育的人进行专门培训，也需要建立专门机构来管理这种培训。,
