1、GRE句子填空（冲刺班）,北京新东方学校国外考试部 杜昶旭,课程大纲,GRE填空的能力要求GRE填空解题基本原则和“六步法”GRE填空快速解题的“七种模式”最新模考练习题题目分析,GRE填空的能力要求,ETS的官方说明 The verbal ability measure is designed to test the ability to reason with words in solving problems. Reasoning effectively in a verbal medium depends primarily upon the ability to discern, c
2、omprehend, and analyze relationships among words or groups of words and within larger units of discourse such as sentences and written passages.,GRE填空的能力要求,ETS的官方说明 The purpose of the sentence completion questions is to measure the ability to use the various kinds of cues provided by syntax and gram
3、mar to recognize the overall meaning of a sentence. In deciding which of five words or sets of words can best be substituted for blank spaces in a sentence, you must analyze the relationships among the component parts of the incomplete sentence. You must consider each answer choice and decide which
4、completes the sentence in such a way that the sentence has a logically satisfying meaning and can be read as a stylistically integrated whole. Sentence completion questions provide a context within which to analyze the function of words as they relate to and combine with one another to form a meanin
5、gful unit of discourse.,GRE填空的能力要求,输入（Input）,输出（Output）,句子结构,逻辑关系,语义认知,词汇理解,逻辑完整性,语义完整性,相关背景知识,句子结构,任何句子都是一种层次化的结构无论多复杂的句子都是由基本句型成长起来的 基本句型普通简单句非简单句,句子,句子结构,简单句分析 定义：只有一套主谓结构的句子 简单句分析的核心：谓语 谓语谁发出的动作（主语）谁承受的动作（宾语）或者主语有什么状态（表语）修饰限制成分（定语、状语、同位语） 分析重点：成分之间的关系,句子结构,非简单句分析 关联元素：连词、关系代词、冒号和分号 非简单句分析的核心：关联元
6、素 关联元素若干分句分句类型及它们之间的关系 分析重点：分句类型和关系,句子结构,Far from viewing Jefferson as a skeptical but enlightened intellectual, historians of the 1960s portrayed him as a doctrinaire thinker, eager to fill the young with his political orthodoxy while censoring ideas he did not like.,句子结构,The Chinese, who began sys
7、tematic astronomical and weather observations shortly after the ancient Egyptians, were assiduous record-keepers, and because of this, can claim humanitys longest continuous documentation of natural events.,The Chinese were assiduous record-keepers, and because of this, can claim humanitys longest c
8、ontinuous documentation of natural events.,Who began systematic astronomical and weather observations shortly after the Egyptians.,句子结构,Yellow fever, the disease that killed 4,000 Philadelphians in 1793, and so decimated Memphis, Tennessee, that the city lost its charter, has reappeared after nearly
9、 two decades in abeyance in the Western Hemisphere.,Decimate: to cause great destruction or harm to,“十一抽杀律”,公元前471年，罗马共和国早期战争中，罗马人与沃尔斯奇人战斗，用这种方法处罚背叛的士兵。,charter: 特许状,Yellow Fever: 黄热病 美国的黄热病大流行（1793和1879）,Yellow fever, the disease, has reappeared after nearly two decades in abeyance in the Western H
10、emisphere.,That killed 4,000 Philadelphians in 1793, and so decimated Memphis, Tennessee.,The city lost its charter.,句子结构的练习方法,把非简单句拆分为若干个简单句 以关联元素为拆分点 标记各个分句的类型 参考各种从句形式 对所有简单句进行成分划分和分析，并明确成分之间的关系 注意句子的谓语动词 写出各分句及整句的中文意思,逻辑关系,逻辑关系真的那么难判断么？需要搞清楚三个问题 逻辑关系的识别和广义的同义/反义关系 逻辑关系的层次 收敛逻辑推断,逻辑关系的识别,表示逻辑关系的标
11、志 连词、关系代词、动词、冒号、分号、介词短语、分词短语、不定式、副词、固定搭配,广义的同义/反义关系,广义的同义关系 同义词 上/下义词 感情色彩相同的词 正负方向相同的词 逻辑相关的词（动作-结果、人物-特征等） 广义的反义关系 反义词 感情色彩相反的词 正负方向相反的词 与极端词相对的中性词,上/下义词,词A和词B为上/下义词的条件 若A is a kind of B,则A是B的下义词，B是A的上义词。 举例：apple/fruit; chemistry/science 上/下义词之间的关系 思考：男人能做的事儿，人一定能做；人能做的事儿，男人不一定能做。对吗？ GRE填空的句子是一个有
12、限定范围的语境，所以上/下义词等价。,与极端词相对的中性词,“好”的反义词是什么？ 坏 不好不坏 既有好又有坏任何词的反义词都是直接对该词进行否定后的结果,逻辑关系的层次,三个层次的逻辑关系 句子与句子的逻辑关系 关联元素：只需要判断同义或者反义即可 原则：有反义逻辑关联元素的就是反义，其余的就是同义。 词汇和句子之间的逻辑关系 修饰和解释：定语/状语/同位语从句 动宾：宾语从句/表语从句 主谓：主语从句,逻辑关系的层次,三个层次的逻辑关系 词汇之间（包括空格）的逻辑关系 语义逻辑：并列、修饰和解释、动宾、主谓、递进、复指 方向逻辑：同义和反义 判断原则 一般情况下，词汇之间的方向逻辑与句子的
13、逻辑一致。 否定词改变词汇之间的方向逻辑。,逻辑关系判断的方法： 是否有反义？ 是否有否定？ 有几个否定？,基于收敛逻辑的推断,GRE填空教程是由_编写的。十五岁的小张_。越直接的逻辑关系越正确！背景知识不能作为题目的判断依据!,本书编写组,今年十五岁,逻辑分析实例,Although the feeding activities of whales and walruses give the seafloor of the Bering Shelf a _ appearance, these activities seem to be actually beneficial to the ar
14、ea, enhancing its productivity.,逻辑分析实例,Heavily perfumed white flowers, such as gardenias, were favorites with collectors in the eighteenth century, when _ was valued much more highly than it is today.,逻辑分析实例,Carruthers latest literary criticism _ her reputation for trenchant commentary; despite its
15、intriguing title and the fulsome praise on its dust jacket, it is nothing more than a collection of_.,逻辑分析实例,Because no comprehensive _ exist regarding personal reading practices, we do not know, for example, the greatest number of books read in an individual lifetime.,逻辑分析实例,A good doctor knows tha
16、t knowledge about medicine will continue to _ and that, therefore, formal professional training can never be an _ guide to good practice.,语义认知,语义场的表现形式 重复 原词重复 同义重复 上下义词重复 衍生词重复 相关概念重复 指代 代词指代：代词和被指代对象的数、性、性质必须一致。 关系连词指代（when, where, why),语义认知,Dreams are _ in and of themselves, but, when combined wi
17、th other data, they can tell us much about the dreamer. Dreams are _ in and of themselves, but, when combined with other data, they can tell us much about the dreamer.,语义认知,The spellings of many old English words have been _ in the living language, although their pronunciations have changed. The spe
18、llings of many old English words have been _ in the living language, although their pronunciations have changed.,语义认知,重要概念 正负评价 正负动作 重要方法 正负假定法 题目中有两个空格，且每个空格都没有语义与之对应。 符号简化法 句子偏长且概念交织较多时使用 方法：用相同的符号替换语义等价的内容；不同的内容用不同的符号替换。,语义认知,In the machinelike world of classical physics, the human intellect appe
19、ars _, since the mechanical nature of classical physics does not _ creative reasoning, the very ability that had made the formulation of classical principles possible.,语义认知,In the machinelike world of classical physics, the human intellect appears _, since the mechanical nature of classical physics
20、does not _ creative reasoning, the very ability that had made the formulation of classical principles possible. In A, B appears _, since A does not _ B.,语义认知,Natures energy efficiency often _ human technology: despite the intensity of the light fireflies produce, the amount of heat is negligible; on
21、ly recently have humans developed chemical light-producing systems whose efficiency _ the fireflys system.,语义认知,Natures energy efficiency often _ human technology: despite the intensity of the light fireflies produce, the amount of heat is negligible; only recently have humans developed chemical lig
22、ht-producing systems whose efficiency _ the fireflys system. A often _ B: ; only recently have humans developed B whose efficiency _ A.,语义认知,A good doctor knows that knowledge about medicine will continue to _ and that, therefore, formal professional training can never be an _ guide to good practice
23、.,语义认知,A good doctor knows that knowledge about medicine will continue to _ and that, therefore, formal professional training can never be an _ guide to good practice. A knows that B will continue to _ and that, therefore, B can never be an _ guide to A.,词汇理解,常用的查词词典 Merriam Webster Collegiate Dicti
24、onary (the 11th Edition) American Heritage Dictionary 什么时候需要查韦氏词典？ 参考答案无法理解时 句子含义无法理解时 查完字典以后用新的解释覆盖旧的记忆,词汇理解,重点掌握的词汇 四级词汇（语言基础） 动词 形容词（尤其是修饰抽象名词的） 抽象名词 表示逻辑关系的副词 不重要的词汇 程度副词 实体名词,相关背景知识,填空题目的解答和背景知识是无关的 Hydrogen is the _ elements of the universe in that it provides the building blocks from which th
25、e other elements are produced. (A) steadiest (B) expendable (C) lightest (D) final (E) fundamental,相关背景知识,背景知识和科学常识 填空涉及自然科学、人文科学、社会科学的很多知识 科学常识对于解题是必需的 It has been argued that politics as_, whatever its transcendental claims, has always been the systematic organization of common hatreds. (A) a theo
26、ry (B) an ideal (C) a practice (D) a contest (E) an enigma,相关背景知识,The First World War began in a context of jargon and verbal delicacy and continued in a cloud of _ as _ as language and literature, skillfully used, could make it. （Ex.22-7, P.44) (A) circumlocutionliteral (B) clichlucid (C) euphemism
27、impenetrable (D) particularitydeliberate (E) subjectivityenthralling,单词解释,Context: the interrelated conditions in which something exists or occurs : ENVIRONMENT, SETTING Circumlocution: 累赘、迂回的表达 Euphemism: the substitution of an agreeable or inoffensive expression for one that may offend or suggest
28、something unpleasant Impenetrable: incapable of being comprehended,同义词总结,Jargon: 行话，黑话，术语 Argot; Dialect; Cant; TermEnthralling: 令人着迷的，令人销魂的 Charming; Enchanting Attractive; Intriguing; Appealing; Riveting Alluring; Seductive,背景知识,什么是战争中的委婉语？ 战争中为什么要出现委婉语？ 哪些战争中出现了什么样的委婉语？ 参考文献 浅谈美国新闻报道中关于战争的委婉语的背景
29、Euphemism and American Violence 浅谈委婉语和伊拉克战争,课程大纲,GRE填空的能力要求GRE填空解题基本原则和“六步法”GRE填空快速解题的“七种模式”最新模考练习题题目分析,题目设计的基本原则,正确答案“合理且必然” 题目解答与知识、记忆、背景无关 空格判断要逻辑收敛 Queen Elizabeth I has quite correctly been called a _ of the arts. (A) connoisseur (B) critic (C) friend (D) scourge (E) judge,题目设计的基本原则,Queen Eliza
30、beth I has quite correctly been called a _ of the arts, because many young artists received her patronage. (Ex.27-5, P.54) (A) connoisseur (B) critic (C) friend (D) scourge (E) judge,Friend: One who supports, sympathizes with, or patronizes a group, cause, or movement,题目解答的基本原则,题目分析 逻辑定正反，语义定内容。 逻辑判
31、断 越直接的逻辑关系越是正确的逻辑关系 “十五岁的小张今年十五岁” 语义判断 遇到重复立刻标记 遇到代词立刻明确其指代对象,题目解答的基本原则,The transition from the Paleolithic to the Neolithic era is viewed by most art historians as a _, because, instead of an increasingly _ pictorial art, we find degeneration. (Ex.54-2, P.107) (A) milestonedebased (B) consolidation
32、diverse (C) calamityaberrant (D) regressionsophisticated (E) continuationimproved,题目解答的基本原则,The transition from the Paleolithic to the Neolithic era is viewed by most art historians as a _, because, instead of an increasingly _ pictorial art, we find degeneration. (Ex.54-2, P.107) (A) milestonedebas
33、ed (B) consolidationdiverse (C) calamityaberrant (D) regressionsophisticated (E) continuationimproved,题目解答的基本原则,The disjunction between educational objectives that stress independence and individuality and those that emphasize obedience to rules and cooperation with others reflects a _ that arises f
34、rom the values on which these objectives are based. (Ex.55-2, P.109) (A) conflict (B) redundancy (C) gain (D) predictability (E) wisdom,题目解答的基本原则,The disjunction between educational objectives that stress independence and individuality and those that emphasize obedience to rules and cooperation with
35、 others reflects a _ that arises from the values on which these objectives are based. (Ex.55-2, P.109) (A) conflict (B) redundancy (C) gain (D) predictability (E) wisdom,题目解答的基本原则,What is most important to the monkeys in the sanctuary is that they are a group; this is so because primates are inveter
36、ately _ and build their lives around each other. (Ex.47-1, P.93) (A) independent (B) stable (C) curious (D) social (E) proprietary,题目解答的基本原则,What is most important to the monkeys in the sanctuary is that they are a group; this is so because primates are inveterately _ and build their lives around ea
37、ch other. (Ex.47-1, P.93) (A) independent (B) stable (C) curious (D) social (E) proprietary,Social: Living together in organized groups or similar close aggregates,常规解题步骤,因为小王是一个好人，所以人们都认为他_。 思考过程 空格要填的是形容词，描述“他”的特性。 “他”对应“小王”；已知部分对小王的描述是“好人”，与空格构成语义对应。 句子中无反义逻辑，无否定词，故空格与对应语义为同义关系。 空格填入“好”的意思。,好,常规的
38、解题步骤,确定句子中空格的功能 功能：词性、作用（修饰、限制、说明、动作） 先确定哪个空格都可以 确定与空格相关的概念 形容词：被修饰的名词性概念 动词：被谁修饰、发出和承受动作的主体 名词：修饰它的成分、发出和承受的动作、对谁做了动作以及谁对它做了动作 副词：被修饰的动词、形容词、副词、句子等,常规的解题步骤,确定与空格相关的逻辑关系 注意体现逻辑关系的标志：关联词、动词、修饰（解释）成分等 注意不同层次的逻辑关系：同义和反义 注意否定词对词汇方向逻辑的改变 注意使用正负假定法判断两个空格之间的逻辑关系,常规的解题步骤,确定与空格相关的语义 根据关系寻找对应元素 注意使用符号简化法判断语义对
39、应关系 选择与自主判断一致的词汇进行填空 可以根据含义、感情色彩和正负关系进行判断,常规的解题步骤,理解句意 检查逻辑和语义是否契合,填空题解答“六步法”,功能 概念 逻辑 语义 词汇 句意,背单词&句子结构分析,关系识别&收敛训练,语义场分析,背单词&查字典,句子分析&背景扩充,填空题解答“六步法”,While scientists dismiss as fanciful of the idea of sudden changes in a genetic code (spontaneous mutation), it is possible that nature, like some m
40、aster musician, _ on occasion, departing from the expected or predictable.,填空题解答“六步法”,While scientists dismiss as fanciful of the idea of sudden changes in a genetic code (spontaneous mutation), it is possible that nature, like some master musician, _ on occasion, departing from the expected or pred
41、ictable. 功能：动词 概念：nature, departing from 逻辑：反义（while）,填空题解答“六步法”,While scientists dismiss as fanciful of the idea of sudden changes in a genetic code (spontaneous mutation), it is possible that nature, like some master musician, _ on occasion, departing from the expected or predictable. (A) repeats
42、(B) improvises (C) ornaments (D) corrects (E) harmonizes,填空题解答“六步法”,词汇解释 Dismiss as Regard/view/seeas. Fanciful: imaginary, unreal Improvise: to invent, compose, or recite without preparation Genetic code 在一个染色体的脱氧核糖核酸分子中的核苷次序，其决定蛋白质合成物中氨基酸的次序。它是遗传的基础,填空题解答“六步法”,句子含义 尽管科学家把遗传密码中突变（自发重组）的想法视为是幻觉，但是，生
43、物界就像一个音乐大师一样，有的时候就可能是在搞即兴创作，既不能期待，也不能预测。,填空题解答“六步法”,Despite the _ of time, space, and history, human societies the world over have confronted the same existential problems and have come to remarkably _ solutions, differing only in superficial details. 功能：空格1填名词，表示时间、空间和历史的的状态；空格2填形容词，表示人类社会对问题解决方案的修
44、饰 概念：differing 逻辑：反义（despite）,填空题解答“六步法”,Despite the _ of time, space, and history, human societies the world over have confronted the same existential problems and have come to remarkably _ solutions, differing only in superficial details. (A) continuityidentical (B) uniformitydiverse (C) actualiti
45、esvaried (D) contingenciessimilar (E) exigenciesunique,填空题解答“六步法”,词汇解释 The world over: throughout the world Existential: Of or as conceived by existentialism or existentialists Confront: to face especially in challenge Contingency: The condition of being dependent on chance; uncertainty Exigency: cr
46、isis, urgent situation,填空题解答“六步法”,句子含义 尽管时间、空间和历史具有一定偶然性，但是，人类社会依然会面临同样的经验主义问题并且能找到明显类似的解决方案，它们只在一些小细节上有区别。,填空题解答“六步法”,Although he was known to be extremely _ in his public behavior, scholars have discovered that his diaries were written with uncommon _. 功能：空格1填形容词，表示他在公共行为中的特征；空格2 表示他日记中表现的特征。 概念：p
47、ublic behavior, diaries, extremely, uncommon,填空题解答“六步法”,Although he was known to be extremely _ in his public behavior, scholars have discovered that his diaries were written with uncommon _. (A) reservedfrankness (B) politetenderness (C) modestlucidity (D) reticentvagueness (E) withdrawnsubtlety 使用
48、正负假定法判断空格关系,填空题解答“六步法”,词汇解释 Frankness: marked by free, forthright, and sincere expression. Tender: 柔弱的；脆弱的；嫩的；慈爱的 Reticent Silent Restrained or reserved Reluctant, unwilling,填空题解答“六步法”,句子含义 尽管大家都知道他在公开场合是非常保守的，但是学者们却发现他的日记写得异常开放。,填空题解答“六步法”,With the _ of scientific knowledge, work on the new edition
49、 of a textbook begins soon after completion of the original. 功能：空格要填名词，表示科学知识的状态。 概念：scientific knowledge, begins soon after,填空题解答“六步法”,With the _ of scientific knowledge, work on the new edition of a textbook begins soon after completion of the original. (A) limitation (B) culmination (C) veneration (D) certainty (E) burgeoning,
