1、：句子是有不同的各部分组成的，这些部分就叫做句子成分。句子成分可以是单词、词组或句子（从句） 。在句中起主要作用的是主语、谓语，称为主要成分；起次要作用的有宾语、宾语补足语、定语、状语和表语，称为次要成分。所有的句子都是在简单句的基础上展开的，所以我们首先讨论简单句的五种基本句型。一、简单句的五种基本句型(Five kinds of simple sentences)（一） 主语 + 不及物动词（主、谓结构）eg. 1）He is working.2）He cooks.（二） 主语+ 及物动词 + 宾语（主、谓、宾结构）eg. 1）We study English every day.2）Th
2、ey are playing football（三） 主语+ 连系动词 + 表语（主、系、表结构）eg. 1）Trees turn green.2）He is happy.常见的连系动词有：be ; become ; get（“天气”变得） ; turn（“颜色”变得）; feel（觉得 /摸起来）; look(看起来)；smell(闻起来); sound(听起来)；taste(尝起来)；seem(似乎).特别注意：a) 连系动词后常接形容词常作表语 ；b) be / become 后常接名词或相当于名词的短语（不定式 /动名词）做表语。c) seem + 形容词 = seem to be +
3、 形容词eg.1)He is a teacher (名词做表语)2)His job is to feed animals (不定式做表语)3)His hobby is reading. (动名词做表语)4)He seems happy = He seems to be happy（四） 主语 + 及物动词 + 间宾（人）+ 直宾（物）=主语+ 及物动词 + 直宾（物）+ to / for + 间宾（人）常用的此类动词有：give ; pass ; show ; lend ; buy. 但 buy 与 for 连用eg.1)I gave him a book.= I gave a book to
4、 him.2)My mother bought me a pen yesterday.= My mother bought a pen for me.（五） 主语 + 及物动词 + 宾语 + 宾补注意作宾补的词：1）名词（指宾语是谁/什么） ；2 ）形容词；3）不定式；4）动词的 ing 形式。eg.1)We call him Jim.（名词做宾补）2)We must keep the window open.（形容词做宾补）3)The news makes me happy (同上)4)I found it hard to get to sleep (同上)5)I think it usef
5、ul to learn English well (同上)6)He told me to wash the plates.（不定式做宾补）7)I saw a thief going into your room. （动名词做宾补）特别注意：1)动词不定式作宾补A: ask / want / tell sb to do sth.其否定式为：ask/want/tell sb not to do sth2)省 to 不定式作宾补，即：(l, m, n; 3h; 2 看; 1f) sb do sthllet, mmake, nnotice; 3hhear, have , help; 2 看see, w
6、atch; 1ffeel.eg.1)The boss made the workers work 12 hours every day.2)I often hear him sing.2)区别省 to 不定式作宾补与动词 ing 形式作宾补.hear / see sb do: 听见/看见某人做了某事hear / see sb doing: 听见/看见某人在做某事二、词类和句子成分的关系。（一）词类相互间的关系。1形容词、数词通常修饰名词（有时名词也可以修饰另外一个名词） ，形容词还可修饰代词。例如：1)The three tall and strong men are all basket-
7、(定语) (主) (谓) (定语)ball players.（“主系表”结构）(表语)数词 three 和形容词 tall , strong 修饰名词 men; 名词 basketball 修饰名词 players.2)The writer often writes something interesting (主) (壮) (谓) (宾) (定)about children. （“主胃宾” 结构）(定)形容词 interesting 修饰不定代词 something2副词常修饰动词、形容词和其他副词。例如：(副词 well 修饰 plays，副词 quite 修饰另一副词 well.)(副词
8、 very 修饰形容词 interesting)以上的名词、代词、数词、形容词、动词、副词称为实词，可以在句中单独做一定的成分。3冠词、介词、连词称为虚词，在句中不能单独构成句子成分。冠词只能用于名词前；介词与它后面的名词或代词构成介词短语，才能作一定的成分（定语、状语和表语） 。例如：（介词短语 of Class Two 作定语，修饰 the League members. 介词短语 in the school yard 作地点状语,修饰 are having）连词只起连接词、词组和句子的作用。He is so young that he cant go to school.（that 连接
9、两句子）（二）词类和句子成分的关系：1主语：是句子要说明的人和物，是句子的主体，一般放在句首。名词、代词常在句中作主语。此外，动名词、动词不定式、主语从句也可作主语。例如：1)Mr. Chen is a greadt scientist. (名词作主语)2)He reads newspapers every day. (代词作主)3)Smoking is harmful to the health. (动名词作主语)4)To swim in Kuming Lake is a great pleasure. (动词不定式作主语)5)What we shall do next is not yet
10、 decided. (主语从句作主语)来源:学优高考网2谓语：说明主语的动作和状态。动词在句中作谓语，一般放在主语之后。例如：1)The new term begins on September 1st .(行为动词作谓语)2)She seems tired. (连系动词作谓语)3)He has gone to Beijing. (行为动词作谓语 )3宾语：及物动词涉及的人或物称为动词宾语。宾语一般放在及物动词（或相当于及物动词的短语）后。介词后的名词或代词称为介词宾语。名词、代词在句中常作宾语。此外，动词不定式、动名词和从句也可作宾语。例如：1)Wang Ling lent me a nov
11、el. (代词 me 作间接宾语；名词 a novel 作直接宾语)2)The medicine is good for a cough. ( 名词 a cough 作介词宾语)3)My little sister always likes to ask questions. (不定式 to ask questions 作动词 likes 的宾语)4)His brother is good at playing chess. (动词名词 playing chess 作介词宾语)5)Would you mind coming earlier tomorrow? (coming 作动词宾语)4宾语
12、补足语（复合宾语的第二部分）：在宾语后补充说明宾语的动作、状态、特征的成分称为宾补。名词、形容词、动词不定式和动名词可作宾补。 （见前面简单句的五种基本句型五）5表语：在连系动词后用来说明主语的身份、状态或特征的成分是表语。可作表语的有：名词、代词、形容词、介词短语、不定式、动名词以及表语从句。 （参见简单句的五种基本句型三）1)Wang Lins father is a doctor. (名词 a doctor 作表语，说明主语的身份是 doctor)2)He is from America. （介词短语 from America 作表语，说明主语的特征是“来自美国“）3)The baby
13、is asleep. (形容词 asleep 作表语，说明主语的状态是“睡着的”)4)His work is teaching English. (动名词短语 teaching English 作表语，说明主语特征是“教英语”)5)This is why he was late for school(表语从句 why he was late for school 作表语。)6定语：用来修饰名词或代词的成分是定语。单词作定语通常放在它所修饰的词前；但修饰复合不定代词（nothing, anything, everything, something , somebody , anybody, ）时
14、，则放在这些不定代词之后。短语和从句作定语时，也放在被修饰词之后。形容词、名词、代词、数词、副词、介词短语、动词不定式、现在分词、过去分词和定语从句等都可作定语。1)He is reading an interesting book. (形容词 interesting 作定语,修饰名词 book)2)I have something important to tell you. (形容词 important 以及不定式 to tell you 作定语，修饰不定代词 something)3)There are few women workers in the factory. (形容词 few
15、以及名词 women 作定语修饰名词workers)来源:学优高考网 gkstk4)The oil workers here come from Daqing. (名词 oil 以及副词 here 作定语修饰名词 workers)5)We have got ten desks in the room. (数词 ten 修饰名词 desks)6)Yesterday the scientist made a report on modern science. （介词短语 on modern science 作定语修饰名词 report.）7)The girl playing the piano i
16、s my younger sister. (现在分词短语 playing the piano 作定语修饰名词 girl)8)This is the new dictionary which I bought yesterday. (定语从句 which I bought yesterday 作定语修饰名词 dictionary)7状语：修饰动词、形容词、副词或全句的成分是状语。修饰形容词的状语通常放在它所修饰的词之前，修饰动词的状语通常放在动词后。但有些副词（如：often , always , usually等作状语放在事义动词之前，be /助/情之后） 。副词、介词短语、名词词组、动词不定
17、式、分词短语和状语从句都可以作状语。1)He knows how to learn English well. (副词 well 作状语，修饰动词 learn)2)My parents often tell us about their hard life in the past. (副词 often 作状语，修饰动词 tell)3)Her mother usually goes out to do some shopping on Sundays. (副词 usually 以及介词短语 on Sundays 作状语，修饰动词 goes)4)He will leave for Shanghai
18、 the day after tomorrow. (名词词组 the day after tomorrow 作状语，修饰动词 will leave)5)He came here to see you. (动词不定式 to see you 作目的状语，6)He sat there reading a novel (现在分词短语 reading a novel 作状语修饰动词 sat)7)If I have some free time, I will study German. (条件状语从句 If I have some free time 作状语)三、用分析法确定一个单词在句中的词性和成分。
19、在英语中，一个单词往往有多种意思，应根据一个词在句中的位置确定它的词性、词义、和在句中的成分。1)Excuse me. I dont want to listen to you any more. I dont think its a good excuse for being late for school第一个 excuse 是动词“原谅” ；第二个 excuse 有冠词 a 修饰，它是一个名词“借口” ，在此作表语）2)The scores are hard to believe. Team A has scored eight goals.第一个 score 作主语，是一个名词 “分数
20、” ；第二个 score 作谓语，是一个动词“进球”3)The guide pointed to a red point on the map to show us where the tomb is.第一个 point 作谓语，是一个动词“指着” ；第二个 point 作动词 pointed to 的宾语，在此是一个名词“（红）点”4)When I felt some rain drops dropping on my face, I put on my raincoat.第一个 drop 作动词 felt 的宾语，是一个名词“（雨）滴” ；第二个 drop 是一个现在分词短语作宾语 rai
21、n drops 的宾语补足语，是一个动词“落下”5)The sound from the church sounds very beautiful.第一个 sound 作主语，是一个名词“声音” ；第二个 sound 作谓语，是一个连系动词“听起来” 。6)She is a quiet girl. He does everything quietly.第一处的 quiet 作定语修饰名词 girl, 是一个形容词“安静的， 文静的” ；第二处的 quietly作状语修饰动词 does, 是一个副词 “安静地”练 习来源:学优高考网 gkstk一、根据单词所在的位置和句子成分，判定下列划线部分单
22、词的词性。1. Please close the window before you leave your home. _2. Wang Lin is one of my close friends._3. We must keep the window open _4. I forgot to mend my watch. _5. They are watching TV now. _6. I would like a bottle of water. _7. He often waters the flowers _8. She will go to Nanjing on a fast t
23、rain _9. His brother swims very fast. _10. Let me have a swim. _二、下列划线部分的句子成分。1.My father was a teacher来源:学优高考网 gkstk2. The milk tastes fresh3.I am in a hurry to find a job4.I found your shoes under the bed5.She gave her a present.6.The people all over the world are hoping for peace.7.The little gir
24、l can dress herself now.8.The man asked me not to play in the street.9.The book is very interesting10.There is a truck collecting rubbish outside.三、把下列句子译成英语。 （注意句子成分） 。1我们已成功地完成了那项工作。_2我们的英语老师手里那着一本书走进了教室。 _3吉姆开中国有三年了。_4那是“再见”的另一种说法。_5.说完这些话，他匆匆地去寻找那个失踪的孩子_6这种特殊的恐龙是我们国家发现的。来源:学优高考网_7我没有笔写字。_8照片中的王太太看起来很年轻。_9学好英语最好的方法是尽可能多的说。_
