1、一、状语,Period Four Grammar(1) & Grammar(2),(1)when，while，as 引导的时间状语从句 when引导的从句，表示的动作可以是延续性动词，也可以是非延续性动词；主句和从句发生的动作同时发生，也可以主句所表示的动作发生在从句之后。 When I lived there，I used to go to the seashore on Sundays.当我住在那里时，星期天常常去海边。 When we arrived，the film had just begun. 我们到时，电影刚刚开始。,二、状语从句,1时间状语从句,when作为并列连词，意为“这时
2、，当时，那时候”，常用于下列句型 was/were doing.when. be about to do.when. be on the point of doing.when. had just done.when. hardly.when. 注意：a.when表示条件，意思接近“在情况下” Why do you want a new job when you have got such a good one？在有个好工作的情况下，为什么还要换工作？ bwhenever的含义 I go to the theater whenever I get the chance.(每当，每次) Come
3、 and see me whenever you want to.(在任何时候),while引导时间状语从句 while引导的从句谓语动词必须是延续性动词。常用进行时；作为并列连词，表示“对比”，翻译成“然而”；语气比but弱。 We were listening/listened to the radio while he was reading newspaper.我们在听广播，而他在读报。 as引导时间状语从句 从属连词as 可表示从句和主句的两个动作交替进行或同时发生，可译为 “随着”或者“一边，一边”。,As time goes on，its getting warmer and w
4、armer. 随着时间推移，天气越来越暖和。 He hurried home，looking behind as he went. 他匆匆回家，边走边回头看。 当主句表示的是短暂的动作，而从句用延续性动词的进行时态表示一段时间内正在进行的动作时，when，while，as 可互换使用。 When /While/As I was walking down the street，I came across an old friend of mine. 在街上走时，我碰到了一个老朋友。,(2)as soon as，immediately，directly，instantly，the moment，t
5、he minute，the instant，no sooner.than.，hardly (scarcely) .when.这些从属连词引导的从句的动作一发生，主句的动作随即发生，常译为“一就”。 The moment I heard the voice，I knew father was coming. 我一听到说话声，就知道父亲回来了。 The boy burst into tears immediately he saw his mother. 孩子一看到妈妈就哭了。,在no sooner.than.；hardly/scarcely/barely.when 结构中，主句用过去完成时，从句
6、使用一般过去时。此外，当把no sooner或hardly等提到句首时，应用倒装语序。 表示时间的名词或名词短语也可以引起时间状语从句，如：the day，the year，the month，the moment，the minute，every time，the first time，each time。 till，until 和not.until 在肯定句中，主句谓语动词必须是延续性动词，意为“某动作一直延续到某时间点才停止”。 在否定句中主句谓语动词必须是非延续性动词，意为“某动作直到某时间才开,始”。until可以用于句首，而till不可以。在强调句型中not until 两词在一起
7、不分开；not until放在句首时，主句要倒装。 He remained there until she arrived. 他留在那里直到她回来。 It was not until you told me that I had any idea of it. 直到你告诉我，我才知道它。,引导词为where 和wherever You are free to go wherever you like. 你愿意去哪里都行。 Go back where you came from. 回到你原来的地方去。,2地点状语从句,where从句表示抽象含义时，从句必须放在主句之前。 Where there
8、is a will，there is a way. 有志者，事竟成。 Wherever there is smoke，there is a fire. 无风不起浪。 注意区分where 引导的状语从句和定语从句。where从句前如果有名词或代词，则是定语从句，否则是状语从句。,引导词有because，as，since，now that。 because表示直接的原因，用来回答why提出的问题； as 和since表示显然的，已知的，as 可以翻译成“由于”，since，now that 翻译成“既然”； as 的位置可以在主句前或主句后。 Why were you absent from th
9、e meeting? 你为什么旷会？ Because I was ill. 因为我病了。,3原因状语从句,As it is raining，we shall not go to the park. 因为下雨，我们不去公园了。 Now that/Since everybody is here，lets begin our class. 既然都到齐了，我们开始上课。 for，并列连词，也可表示原因，起推测、补充说明的作用。 It must have rained last night，for it is wet all over. 昨晚一定下雨了，因为地面湿了。,(1)目的状语从句 引导词有从属连
10、词so that，in order that，in case，for fear that。在口语中，so that 引导从句时，that可以省略。for fear that，in case，lest 引导目的状语从句，谓语动词可以使用should 动词原形。 I will speak slowly so that you can understand me. 我会说的慢一点，便于你理解。 In order that we might see the sunrise，we started for the peak early. 为了看到日出，我们早点朝山峰出发。 (2)结果状语从句 引导词有so
11、 that，so/such.that，in case，lest。,4目的状语从句和结果状语从句,soadj./adv.that从句； somany/ few可数名词复数that从句； somuch/little(少)不可数名词that从句； soadj.a/an可数名词单数that从句； suchadj.不可数名词或可数名词复数that从句； sucha/an adj.可数名词单数that从句； 当so或such置于句首时，主句要用倒装语序。 So clever a student was he that he was able to work out the difficult proble
12、m.,(1)条件状语从句 引导条件状语从句从属连词if，unless，once，while，when，in case，lest，for fear that等。 You will fail the exam unless you study hard. 如果你不努力学习，考试会失败。 You will fail the exam if you dont study hard. Only if you dont lose heart，will you succeed. 只有不灰心，你才能成功。,5条件状语和方式状语从句,条件状语从句中如果前后主语一致，并且是be动词，或者主语是it，可以省略主语和
13、be动词。 在条件状语从句中，通常用一般现在时表示将来。 Come tomorrow if (it is) possible. 如果可能，明天来。 You will find a way if you use your head. 动动脑子，你就会找到办法的。 当if从句的条件不是真实的或是难以实现的条件时，要用虚拟语气。 If I knew his address，I would tell you. 如果我知道他的地址，我就告诉你了。,(2)方式状语从句 方式状语从句引导词有as if，as though，as。 as if 或 as though 引导的从句有时需要用虚拟语气。 Do as
14、 you are told to，or you will be fired. 按照告诉你的去做，否则你会被解雇。 I feel as if I have a fever. 我感到好像感冒了。 方式状语从句中也可以采用省略形式，看下面例句。 She stood at the gate，as if (she was)waiting for someone. 她站在大门口，好像在等人。,让步状语从句和比较状语从句 (1)让步状语从句 引导让步状语从句的从属连词有though，although，while，as。 He is unhappy，though/although he has a lot o
15、f money. 尽管他很富有，但是仍然不幸福。 Even if I were busy，I would go. 即使我很忙，我也会去。,6,as/though引导让步状语从句时，从句中的表语，状语，或动词原形置于句首，需用倒装语序。although引导的从句不倒装。 while 在正式文体中，也可以引导让步状语从句。 While I admit that there are problems，I dont agree that they cant be solved. 尽管我承认有很多问题，但是我不认为不能解决。 Child as/though he is，he knows a lot. 尽
16、管他是孩子，她却懂得很多。,no matter 疑问词或疑问词ever，都表示“无论”， 可以引导让步状语从句。 Whatever you said，he would not follow you. 无论你说什么，他都不听。 (2)比较状语从句 比较状语从句常用引导词是than，as.as 。 He is taller than I (am)他比我高。 Tom is as old as his brother (is) 汤姆和他哥哥一样大。 than为从属连词，引导比较状语从句，因此后面跟人称代词的主格形式，谓语动词通常省略。than作介词，则可以跟人称代词的宾格。,【完成句子】 当你以为自己
17、一无所知的时候，你就是在开始知道一些事情了。 _，then you begin to know something. 纵然你读得快，你也不能这么快读完这本书。 _，you cant finish the book so soon. 我们老板离开北京有五个月了。 It_five months since our boss _in Beijing.(用延续性动词),1,2,3,你本来应该把书放回原来的地方。 You should have put the book_. 正如打扫房屋一样，我们也要扫除我们头脑中落后的东西。 _we sweep our rooms，so we should sweep
18、 backward ideas from our minds. 答案 1.When you think you know nothing 2.Fast as/though you read 3.is；was 4.where you found it 5Just as,4,5,【写作内容】 假设你是主持人，请你根据以下表格的信息为以“Should we give money to beggars？”为题的班会写一个总结。,对比类议论文,正反对比类作文,注意：1词数100左右；2参考词汇：弱势群体 inferior group。 _ _ _ _,【写作分析】 第一步：认真审题 一审体裁：本文是一篇
19、对比性文章，是属于议论文范畴。 二审格式：本文没有特别的格式要求。时态用一般现在时，用第一、三人称较合适。 三审结构：这种对比性作文一般要求“三段论”。即：提出问题，正反方论点，最后是作者的态度观点。 第二步：提炼要点 1live on ones own,2drop out of school 3on the other hand 4in general 第三步：扩点成句 1We have had a class meeting today on whether we should give money to beggars and we have different opinions. 2T
20、hey think most of the beggars beg not because they are poor but because they want to make money more easily. 3Besides，to give money would encourage them to be lazy even if they have the ability to work.,【品味佳作】 We have had a class meeting today on whether we should give money to beggars and we have d
21、ifferent opinions. Some believe that we should give money to beggars because some of them are old people，who cant live on their own.Among them are also some students who have dropped out of school because their families are so poor.And we can also see some disabled people.So we should give money to
22、those who need our help badly.,On the other hand，however，many more students think we shouldnt give them money.They think most of the beggars beg not because they are poor but because they want to make money more easily.They are not real beggars.Besides，to give money would encourage them to be lazy e
23、ven if they have the ability to work. In general，we should help the people of the inferior group but when we give money we should be careful.,【名师点津】 1本文是一篇典型的正反对比写作。本文能够根据所给的内容，围绕主题，展开正反两方面论述，开篇语简洁明快，直接切入主题。接下来展开正反两方面论述，最后发表自己的观点。整篇文章，语句通顺，结构清晰，层次分明，是篇佳作。文中运用了一些对比性很强的短语，譬如：some believe that.，on the
24、other hand，however，此外一些表示进一步论证的词语如：not.but.，besides的运用，更使文章增色不少。,2亮点句式 We have had a class meeting today on whether we should give money to beggars. Among them are also some students who have dropped out of school because their families are so poor. On the other hand，however，many more students think
25、 we shouldnt give them money because most of the beggars beg not because they are poor but because they want to make money more easily. Besides，to give money would encourage them to be lazy even if.,【写作模板】 We have had a class meeting today on_(讨论的问题) Some believe_(正方观点)Among them are also some stude
26、nts_(正方论据一)And we can also see_(正方论据二)So we should give money to those who need our help badly. On the other hand，however，_(反方观点)They think most of the beggars beg not because_ _(反方论据一)but because_,_(反方论据二)They are not real beggars.Besides，to give money would encourage them to_(反方论据三) In general，_(作
27、者自己的观点),判断强调句型的关键在于把强调结构“It is/was.that.”去掉后，主句的意思和结构是完整的。 It was about 600 years ago_the first clock with a face and an hour hand was made. Athat Buntil Cbefore Dwhen,定语从句与其他结构的比较,一、与强调句型的区别,It was an exciting moment for those football fans this year, _for the first time in years their team won the
28、 World Cup. Athat Bwhile Cwhich DWhenthat引导的限制性定语从句与同位语从句的区别 区别在于：(1)定语从句对先行词起着修饰、限定作用；而同位语从句对先行词起着解释、说明的作用。(2)引导词that在从句中的作用不同。在定语从句中，that既起连接作用，又须在定语从句中充当句子成分，如主语、宾语等。而在同位语从句中，that只起连接作用，不充当句子,二、,成分。(3)翻译方法不同。限制性定语从句通常翻译成“的”，而同位语从句通常翻译成“即”，也可用冒号或破折号表示。 Theres a feeling in me _we will never know wh
29、at a UFO isnot ever. Athat Bwhich Cof which Dwhat,与表语从句的区别 The place_the bridge is supposed to be built should be_the crossriver traffic is the heaviest. Awhich；where Bat which；which Cat which；where Dwhich；in which,三、,状语从句通常是没有先行词的，整个从句在复合句中作时间、地点或原因等状语。而定语从句是对先行词起修饰限定或解释说明作用的。 Why do you want a new
30、 job_youve got such a good one already? Athat Bwhere Cwhich Dwhen After the war，a new school building was put up _there had once been a theatre. Athat Bwhere Cwhich Dwhen,四、与状语从句的区别,when引导并列句时，意思是“这时”，相当于and then或and at that time；while 引导一个并列句时，意思是“然而”，表示“对比”或“转折”。 She thought I was talking about he
31、r daughter，_，in fact，I was talking about my daughter. Awhom Bwhere Cwhich Dwhile,五、与while或when引导的并列句的区别,如果两个句子之间是分号，或有and，but，so等连接词，则这两个句子为两个并列句；如果两个句子之间是逗号，且没有上述的连接词，则这两个句子之间就是主从关系，须有一个引导词引导定语从句。尤其值得注意的是，逗号后面也许根本就不是一个句子，而只是一个同位语。 Meeting my uncle after all these years was an unforgettable moment, _I will always treasure. Athat Bone Cit Dwhat,六、定语从句与简单句等的区别,They have more than 100 books；most of _are English. Awhich Bthat Cwhose Dthem 答案 A D A C D B D B D,
