1、- 1 -七年级语法专项句子结构成份讲解 主语：就是一个句子陈述的对象，或是动作的执行者。它回答的是“谁”“什么”的问题。如：我看书。谁看书？“我”。“我”就是这句子的主语。主语由名词或相当于名词的词充当。（如动词不定式，动名词，代词都可作主语，主语从句）“there be.”句 型 是 存 在 句 的 常 用 基 本 结 构 ， there 在 句 中 处 于 主 语 位 置 ， 起形 式 主 语 的 作 用 ， 真 正 的 主 语 是 随 后 的 名 词 词 组 。主语（ subject） : 句子说明的人或事物。 谓语：说明主语是什么，干什么，怎么样。它回答的是主语“干什么，是什么”的问
2、题。如上句中主语“我”干什么？“看书”。“看书”就是谓语。 一个句子，一般都可分成主、谓两大部分（祈使句是省主句）。再细分又可分成谓语（动词）、宾语，表语，补语（包括宾补和主补），定语，状语，同位语等。 如第一例中谓语部分可划分成谓语（看）和宾语（书）。 谓语部分中心词一定要是一个动词，要么是行为动词，要么是系动词，不同的动词构成不同的句子类型。 句子的各种时态、人称和数的变化都在谓语动词上变。谓语（ predicate） : 说明主语的动作、状态和特征。 宾语：指谓语动词所涉及的对象，由名、代、数，宾语从句等相当于名词的词句充当，但人称代词要用宾格。如：还说上例。谓语动词是“看”，看什么？看
3、“书”，“书”是动词“看”所涉及的对象，是“看”的宾语。 需要说明的是：只有及物动词和介词或相当于及物动词和介词的短语才可带宾语。宾语（ object）： 1）动作的承受者 -动宾2） 介词后的名词、代词和动名词 -介宾Are you afraid of the snake? Under the snow, there are many rocks.3） 双宾语 -间宾（指人）和直宾（指物）He gave me a book yesterday. Give the poor man some money. 表语：是和系动词紧密相连的。在陈述句中系动词后面的就是表语，这就是“主系表”结构。作表语
4、的也是名词性的词，也可以是从句。表语（ predicative） : 系动词之后的成分，表示主语的性质、状态和特征。 He is a teacher. 常见的系动词有: be, sound（听起来）, look（看起来）, feel(摸起来)，smell（闻起来）, taste（尝、吃起来）, remain（保持，仍是）, feel（感觉） .It sounds a good idea. 定语：修饰限定名词、代词的词，说明所修饰词的性质、特征等，如 a tall boy 中，tall 修饰 boy,tall 是 boy 的定语。可作定语的有形容词、名词、副词、定语从句、分词等。不定代词的定语一
5、律后置。定语（ attribute）：修饰或限制名词或代词的词、词组或句子。Ai Yanling is a chemistry teacher. 状语：修饰动词、副词、形容词甚至整句，说明谓语动作发生的时间、地点、方式、伴随状况、目的等等。如：他在灯下看书。“在灯下”是状语。 补语：补充说明主语或宾语的成份,补充说明主语的叫主语补足语，补充宾语叫宾语补足语。如：他把我逗笑了。He made me laugh.主语：he;谓语：made;宾语：me;宾补：laugh.补语和它补充说明的成份之间有逻辑上的主谓关系，这可以把它和其它成份区分开。如：上句宾语 me 和宾补 laugh 之间，laugh
6、 的动作是 me 来做的。这就是一种逻辑上的主- 2 -谓关系。把这两部分单拿出来可以成一句完整的话，即 I laughed, 宾补：对宾语的补充，全称为宾语补足语。 We elected him monitor. 主补：对主语的补充。 He was elected monitor. 句子结构成份练习（一). 指出下列句中主语的中心词 The teacher with two of his students is walking into the classroom. There is an old man coming here. The useful dictionary was give
7、n by my mother last year. To do todays homework without the teachers help is very difficult.(二). 选出句中谓语的中心词 I dont like the picture on the wall.A. dont B. like C. picture D. wall The days get longer and longer when summer comes.A. get B. longer C. days D. summer Do you usually go to school by bus?A.
8、 Do B. usually C. go D. bus There will be a meeting at the library this afternoon.A. will be B. meeting C. the library D. afternoon Did the twins have porridge for their breakfast?A. Did B. twins C. have D. breakfast Tom didnt do his homework yesterday.A. Tom B. didnt C. do D. his homework What I wa
9、nt to tell you is this.A. want B. to tell C. you D. is We had better send for a doctor.A. We B. had C. send D. doctor He is interested in music.A. is B. interested C. in D. music Whom did you give my book to?A. give B. did C. whom D. book(三) 挑出下列句中的宾语 My brother hasnt done his homework.A B C D Peopl
10、e all over the world speak English.A B C D You must pay good attention to your pronunciation.A B C D- 3 - How many new words did you learn last class?A B C D Some of the students in the school want to go swimming, how about you?A B C D The old man sitting at the gate said he was ill.A B C D They mad
11、e him monitor of the class.A B C D Go across the bridge and you will find the museum on the left.A B C D You will find it useful after you leave school.A B C D They didnt know who “Father Christmas“ really is.A B C D(四) 挑出下列句中的表语 The old man was feeling very tired.A B C D Why is he worried about Jim
12、?A B C D The leaves have turned yellow.A B C D Soon They all became interested in the subject.A B C D She was the first to learn about it.A B C D(五) 挑出下列句中的定语 They use Mr. Mrs. with the family name.A B C D What is your given name?A B C D On the third lap are Class 1 and Class 3.A B C D I am afraid s
13、ome people forgot to sweep the floor.A B C D The man downstairs was trying to sleep.- 4 -A B C D I am waiting for the sound of the other shoe!A B C D（六) 挑出下列句中的宾语补足语 She likes the children to read newspapers and books in the reading-room.A B C D He asked her to take the boy out of school.A B C D She
14、 found it difficult to do the work.A B C D They call me Lily sometimes.A B C D I saw Mr. Wang get on the bus.A B C D Did you see Li Ming playing football on the playground just now?A B C D(七) 挑出下列句中的状语 There was a big smile on her face.A B C D Every night he heard the noise upstairs.A B C D He began
15、 to learn English when he was eleven.A B C D The man on the motorbike was travelling to fast.A B C D With the medicine box under her arm, Miss Li hurried off.A B C D She loves the library because she loves books.A B C D I am afraid that if youve lost it, you must pay for it.A B C D The students foll
16、owed Uncle Wang to see the other machine.A B C D(八) 划出句中的直接宾语和间接宾语- 5 - Please tell us a story. My father bought a new bike for me last week. Mr. Li is going to teach us history next term. Here is a pen. Give it to Tom. Did he leave any message for me?- 6 -答案 (一) teacher man dictionary To do(二) B A C A C C D C A A (三) D D B A B D C D A D(四) D B D C B(五) C C A B B D(六) C C C C D B(七) D A D D A D C D(八) us, 间接宾语 a story, 直接宾语 me, 间接宾语 a new bike, 直接宾语 us, 间接宾语 history, 直接宾语 Tom, 间接宾语 it, 直接宾语 me, 间接宾语 message, 直接宾语
