1、【英语】八年级下册教材全梳理（Unit4 He said I was hard-working）知识巧学生词巧解【词析】 音析:元音字母 a 读 。形析:形近词 sad(忧愁的;悲哀的) 义析:angry and crazy【典句】 He was mad with joy.他欣喜若狂。【拓展】 固定搭配：be mad at/with=be angry with/at 生的气【词析】音析:元音字母 a 发,ore 在词尾读作 。形析:any(任何)+more(更多)义析:any longer,from now on【典句】 He doesnt come here anymore.他再也不到这儿来
2、了。【拓展】 可构成 not.anymore 词组,也可写成 no more。表达“不再” 的词组还有 not.any longer/no longer,no more 和 no longer 用于句末。【辨析】 not.anymore/no more 与 not.any longer/no longernot.anymore/no more 指做某事次数不再增加 ,多与瞬间动词连用 ;not.any longer/no longer 指时间上不再延续,多与持续性动词连用。first of all 首先【词析】 形析:first(第一)+of+all(所有)义析:at first,the be
3、ginning 【典句】 First of all,you should think,and then speak.你应该先考虑,后开口。【拓展】 first of all 的同义词为 at first,反义词为 at last,in the end,finally 等。【词析】 音析:元音字母 e 发e,a 发I 。形析:mess(混乱)+age(年龄) 义析:information,news sent to sb.in writing or speech 【典句】 Will you take this message to your brother?把这个便条捎给你哥哥好吗?【拓展】 与
4、message 有关的词组有:give sb. a message 给传个口信 take a message for sb. 为捎个口信leave a message 留言pass on 传递【词析】 义析:take sth.to different places【典句】 Let us now pass on to the next subject.现在让我们看看下一个题目。学优中考网 【拓展】 后接宾语时可以构成 pass on sth. to sb./pass on sb. sth.,当宾语为代词时只能用前一种。【词析】 音析:重读开音节词 ,u 读作 ,元音字母 o 发本音 。形析:su
5、p (超)+pose(姿态)义析:think about sth.that is not real now【典句】 Lets suppose (that) the news is true.让我们假定这消息是真的。【拓展】 固定搭配:be supposed to 被期望或被要求do well in 在方面做得好【典句】 I do well in drawing.我擅长画画。【拓展】 be good at 相当于 do well in,意思为“擅长”。be good at 的比较级为 be better at,do well in 的比较级为 do better in。be in good he
6、alth 身体健康【词析】 形析:be+in( 在状态下)+good( 好的)+health(健康)义析:keep healthy,keep fit【典句】 I hope you are in good health.我希望你身体健康。【拓展】 表示身体健康的其他短语有:be healthy 健康的stay/keep healthy 保持健康【词析】 形析:er 读作 ,ou 读作 。形析:nerv(e)(神经的)+-ous(形容词后缀)义析:not relaxed,not comfortable【典句】 I felt very nervous when I went into his off
7、ice.当我走进他的办公室时,我感到很紧张。【拓展】 固定搭配：be nervous about 对感到紧张【词析】 音析:重读闭音节词 ,字母 u 读作 ,i 和 y 读作 I 。形析:lucky(幸运的)变 y 为 i+-ly(副词后缀)义析:fortunately【典句】 Luckily,the police came right away.很幸运,警察马上就来了。【拓展】 1)同根词：luck n. 运气;lucky adj.幸运的2)反义词：unluckily【词析】 音析:元音字母 u 读作 ,词尾的 e 不发音。 形析:形近词 blue(蓝色)义析:right,not again
8、st【典句】 Is it true that you are rich?你很富有是真的吗?【拓展】 同根词：truth n.真理；truly adv. 真实地【词析】 音析:ow 读作 。形析:形近词 town(城镇) 义析:belong to oneself【典句】 She makes her own clothes. 她自己做衣服。【拓展】 own 作为形容词意为 “自己的”,常用在表示所有格的词后起强调作用。作为动词意为“拥有”,名词为 owner(主人)。轻轻告诉你 Every heart has its own sorrow.各人有各人的苦恼。get over 克服;恢复;原谅【词析
9、】 形析:get(得到)+over(在上面)义析:recover,forgive sb.【典句】 Can we get over this difficulty?我们能克服这个困难吗?【拓展】 与 get 有关的词组有: get to 到达 get on 上车get off 下车get ready for 为作准备get up 起床【词析】 音析:第一个 a 读作 ,第二个 a 读作I。义析:person who finish the study in a college【典句】 Two thirds of the graduates find jobs.三分之二的毕业生找到了工作。【拓展】
10、作为动词意为“毕业”可构成 graduate from“毕业于”。【词析】 音析:闭音节词,字母 i 读作I。形析:形近词 than(比)义析:not dense or concentrated【典句】 The air there is very thin.那里的空气很稀薄。【拓展】 作“稀薄的” 讲时反义词为 thick,作“瘦的” 讲时反义词为 fat。【词析】 音析:字母 e 和 i 均读作I,sion 读作 。学优中考网 形析:deci(de)( 决定 )+ sion(名词后缀 )义析:something you must make a choice at one time【典句】 S
11、he could not make a decision about the dresses.她对(买不买) 这衣服下不了决心。【拓展】 make a decision to do sth.=decide to do sth.(决定做某事 )【词析】 音析:ar 读作 。形析:star(星星)+t义析:begin 【典句】 If you are ready,you may start your work.如果你准备好了,你可以开始工作了。【拓展】 start 作为动词“ 开始” 时与 begin 同义,其后可接动名词或动词不定式。【辨析】 begin 与 start一般情况下,这两个词都可接动
12、名词或动词不定式,二者用法相同。以下两种情况下只能用start,而不用 begin。1)当机器“开动、发动”时。2)作为“ 旅途”开始时。care for 照顾,照料【词析】 形析:care(关心)+for(为了) 义析:take care of,look after【典句】 The boy is too young to care for himself.这个男孩太小,不能照顾自己。【词析】 音析:元音字母 a 发本音eI,字母组合 er 发 。形析:d+anger (愤怒)义析:risk;a source or an instance of risk or peril【典句】 In war
13、,life is full of danger for everyone.在战争中,每个人的生活都充满了危险。【拓展】 1)与 danger 有关的词组有:in danger 在危险中out of danger 出险;脱险2)danger 的形容词形式： dangerous例句精讲Section ALana thinks shes coming to my house to study.拉娜以为她要到我家来学习。【巧解句构】 这是一个含有宾语从句的主从复合句,主句为一般现在时态,从句是用趋向性动词 come 的现在分词表将来。【拓展延伸】 宾语从句的时态必须与主句呼应:当主句中谓语是现在或将来
14、时态,从句谓语不受主句谓语时态的影响,可以按需要使用任何时态,例如:She says that she has never been to Mount Tai.1)当主句谓语为过去时态,从句中的时态一般为过去的某种时态。例如:He said he had finished his homework.2)当从句叙述的是某一客观真理( 事实)时,主句无论是何种时态,从句则用一般现在时。例如:He said that light travels much faster than sound.误区警示 若宾语从句跟在动词 think,believe,suppose,expect 等表示“要,认为” 等
15、的动词后时,句子的否定体现在主句上,这就是“否定转移”现象。例如:I dont think you are right.我认为你不正确。I dont believe he has finished his work.我相信他还没有完成他的工作。Section B 3a1.I was sorry to hear that he had a cold last week.我听说他上周感冒了觉得很难过。【巧解句构】 这是一句包含宾语从句的主从复合句。主句是过去时态,从句也用过去时态。本句中 that 变为了宾语从句 he had a cold last week 的引导词。【要点剖析】 I was
16、sorry to hear that.是表示遗憾的常用语,意为“我听到很遗憾”。have a cold 意为“患感冒 ”还可以写成 catch a cold。类似的词组还有:have a cough 咳嗽have a fever 发烧have a headache 头疼2.I had a really hard time with science this semester,and I wasnt surprised to find that my worst report was from my science(科学)teacher.这学期我的科学课学得确实很吃力,所以当我看到最糟糕的评价来
17、自于科学课老师时,我毫不吃惊。【巧解句构】 这是一句由 and 连接的并列句。前一个分句是简单句,后一个分句是包含宾语从句的主从复合句,主句 I wasnt surprised to find“我毫不吃惊地发 现 ”,不定式的动词 find 后面带一个由 that 引导的宾语从句。【要点剖析】 词组 have a hard time with sth.意为“ 应付某事很费劲”;be surprised to 意为“对感到吃惊” ，不定式后接动词的原形。surprised 为形容词,surprise 为名词构成 to ones surprise(使 惊奇的是)词组。【辨析比较】 surprise
18、d 和 surprising1)当人作主语或修饰与人有关的词时用以 ed 结尾的形容词。 2)当物作主语或修饰与物有关的词时用以 ing 结尾的形容词。例如:We are surprised to hear the surprising news.我们听到那条令人惊讶的新闻感到非常吃惊。3.The good news is that my math teacher said I was hard-working.好消息是数学老师说我很用功。【巧解句构】 这是一句包含表语从句的主从复合句。主句 the good news is 使用的是一般现在时,表示目前的情况。由 that 引导的从句 my
19、math teacher said I was hard working 在句中充当表语,使用的是一般过去时,陈述过去。其中又包含一个从句 I was hard working,作said 的宾语。【拓展延伸】 表语从句于主句中的系动词之后,主要有四类:1)由连词 who,what,which 等引导的表语从句。这些词不但可以起连接作用,还可以在句中作主语、宾语和表语。例如:学优中考网 China is not what she was yesterday.中国已不再是以前的那个中国了。2)由不充当任何句子成分的连词 that,whether 引起的表语从句。例如 :What I mean i
20、s that we should help each other.我的意思是我们应该互相帮助。The problem is whether we can finish the work on time.问题是我们能不能按时完成工作。3)由连接副词 when,where,why,how 引导的表语从句。例如:This is when I really get to know Americans.我这时才开始认识美国人。4)由连词 as,because,as if,as though 引导的表语从句。例如 :It looks as if it is going to rain tonight.看起
21、来好像今晚要下雨。Self Check 2Last week in school we had a big fight,and she didnt talk to me.上周在学校我们大吵了一架,她不和我说话了。【巧解句构】 这是一个 and 连接的前后均是一般过去时态的并列句。【要点剖析】 1)短语 have a fight 意为“吵架”, 后面接宾语时要加上介词 with,即 have a fight with 等同于 fight with sb.(此时的 fight 为动词) 。2)短语 talk to sb.意为“与谈话/交谈”,to 也可以被 with 替换。如果 talk 后面接的
22、是“ 某事”则介词用 about 即 talk about sth.。She said helping others changed her life.1.Teaching high school students in a poor mountain village in Gansu Province may not sound like fun to you.在甘肃省一个贫困山村教中学生,在你听来也许并不有趣。【巧解句构】 该句是个简单句。这句话的主语很长,一个动名词短语(teaching high school students“教中学生”)加上两个地点状语(in a poor moun
23、tain village“贫困山村”和 in Gansu Province“甘肃省”)构成了本句的主语。谓语部分则使用了 sound like 短语,表示“ 听来并不有趣”。【要点剖析】 短语 sound like 意为“听起来像”,sound 是一个系动词,类似的词还有:feel,smell,taste,look,get,turn 等。2.She said that both she and her husband thought this was a good idea.她和她丈夫都认为这是一件很好的事。【巧解句构】 该句是个复合句,said 后面的 that 引导的是宾语从句,是 sai
24、d 的内容;句中的thought 后面也是一个宾语从句,但省略了引导词 that。通常宾语从句由 that 引导时,常可省去 that,但 said 后的 that 常保留。 【要点剖析】 词组 both.and.意为“(两者)都”是并列连词可以连接两个人或物一起作主语。反义词为 neither.nor.,它们的用法不同 :neither.nor.引导的词作主语时谓语动词与 nor 后的词保持一致即就近原则;both.and.无此用法。3.There is no difference between you and them.你和他们之间没有不同。【巧解句构】 该句是一个 there be 句
25、型,名词 difference 作句子的真正主语,no 相当于 not any。There is no difference between.and.意为“在和之间没有区别”。如果表示“有区别”,则使用 There is a difference between.and.或者 There are differences between.and.。【要点剖析】 词组 between.and.表示“在之间”,between 只用于二者之间。【拓展延伸】 there be 句型的一些用法 :1)主谓一致谓语动词要采取就近一致原则,和靠近 be 的主语一致。例如:There is a pen,two
26、rulers in the box.盒子里有一只钢笔,两把尺子。There are two boys and a teacher at the school gate.门口有两个男孩,一个老师。2)主语后的动词形式在 there be 句型中,主语与动词是主动关系时用现在分词;是被动关系时用过去分词。例如:There is a purse lying on the ground.地上有一个钱包。There are five minutes left now.现在还有 5 分钟。3)反意疑问句反意疑问句应与 there be 对应 ,而不是依据主语。例如: There is a radio on
27、 the table,isnt there?桌子上有一台收音机,是吧?There are more than fifty classes in your school,arent there?你们学校有 50 个班,是吧?4)there be 与 have 的替换there be 表示所属时可与 have 替换。There is nothing but a book in my bag.=I have nothing but a book in my bag.在我包里只有一本书。记忆要诀 there be 句型的谓语歌诀 there be 句型可译 “有”,be 动词跟着名词走。名词单数不可数
28、,当用 is 记清楚。 如果名词是复数,用 are 一定要记住。出现并列主语特殊记,“就近原则”用仔细。4.I can open up my students eyes to the outside world and give them a good start in life.我能为我的学生打开眼界看外面的世界,并且给他们的生活一个好的开始。【巧解句构】 该句是一个含有情态动词的一般现在时态的简单句,and 连接前后两个并列谓语。【要点剖析】 1)短语 open up ones eyes 意为“ 使开眼界 ”。2)动词 give 有两种用法:give sb. sth. 和 give sth
29、. to sb.。5.When her year was over,she said that she would return to the area after finishing her studies.一年期满时她说:毕业后她会回到这个地方。 【巧解句构】 该句是个包含时间状语从句和宾语从句的主从复合句。时间状语从句 when her year was over 意为“当她的一年(支教) 期结束时” 。主句是一个间接引语,that.studies作 said 的宾语从句,时态为过去将来时,表明是在“当时” 要离开的时候,杨蕾承诺“将来” 要回到这个地方;在这个宾语从句中 after f
30、inishing her studies 作为一个时间状语,点明了她将要回来的时间为“完成学业后” 。【要点剖析】 1)短语 be over 意为“结束”。学优中考网 2)return to.意为“返回”。语法解读直接引语和间接引语引述或转述别人的话称为“引语”。直接引用别人的原话,两边用引号“” 标出,叫做直接引语;用自己的语言转述别人的话 ,不需要引号,叫做间接引语 ,实际上间接引语大都是宾语从句,其中由祈使句转换的间接引语除外,其转换后是不定式。那么直接引语为陈述句、一般疑问句、特殊疑问句和祈使句,转换为间接引语时,句子的结构,人称、时态、时间状语和地点状语等都要有变化,如何变化呢?一、
31、人称的转变下面有一句顺口溜“一随主,二随宾,第三人称不更新”可以帮助我们记忆。“一随主”是指在直接引语变间接引语时,如果从句中的主语是第一人称或被第一人称所修饰,从句中的人称要按照主句中主语的人称变化。例如: He said,“I am very happy.”He said that he was very happy.“二随宾”是指直接引语变间接引语时,若从句中的主语及宾语是第二人称或被第二人称所修饰，从句中的人称要跟引号外的主句的宾语一致。如果引号外的主句没有宾语，也可以用第一人称,例如:She said to her son,“Ill check your homework tonig
32、ht.”She said to her son that she would check his homework that night.“You should be more careful next time,”my grandfather said.My grandfather said that I should be more careful the next time.“第三人称不更新” 是指直接引语变间接引语时，如果从句中的主语及宾语是第三人称或被第三人称所修饰，从句中的人称一般不需要变化。例如: Mr.Smith said,“Jack is a good student.” M
33、r.Smith said Jack was a good student.总之,人称的转换不是固定的,具体情况、具体对待,要符合逻辑。二、时态的转换直接引语改为间接引语时,主句中的谓语动词如果是过去时,从句(即间接引语部分) 的谓语动词在时态方面要作相应的变化,变成过去时范畴的各种时态(实际也是宾语从句的时态要求), 变化如下:一般现在时一般过去时现在进行时过去进行时现在完成时过去完成时一般将来时过去将来时一般过去时过去完成时过去完成时不变过去进行时不变例如:1.“I am very glad to visit the Great Wall， ”she said.She said she wa
34、s very glad to visit the Great Wall.2.Jim said,“We are listening to the music.”Jim said that they were listening to the music.3.Mother asked,“Have you finished your homework before nine oclock?”Mother asked me whether I had finished my homework before nine oclock.4.He asked the policeman,“Where shal
35、l I find the nearest bookshop?”He asked the policeman where he would find the nearest bookshop.5.“Why did she go there?” the teacher asked.The teacher asked why she had gone there.6.Mother asked me,“Had you finished your homework before supper?”Mother asked me whether I had finished my homework befo
36、re supper.7.Tom said,“We were having a football match this time yesterday.”Tom said that they were having a football match that time the day before.三、结构的转换1.陈述句。用连词 that 引导,that 在口语中常省略。主句的谓语动词可用直接引语中的said,也可用 told 来代替,注意,可以说 said that,said to sb. that,told sb. that,不可直接说 told that。例如:He said,“I hav
37、e been to the West Lake.”He said to us that he had been to the West Lake.He said,“Ill give you an exam next week.”He told us that he would give us an exam the next week.(不可说 told that)此外主句中的谓语还常用 repeat,answer,reply,explain,think 等。例如:He said,“Im late because of the heavy snow.”He explained to us th
38、at he was late because of the heavy snow.2.直接引语为一般疑问句,也称是否疑问句,间接引语用连词 whether 或 if 引导,原主句中谓语动词 said 要改为 asked(me/him/us 等), 语序是陈述句的语序,这一点非常重要。例如：He said,“Do you have any difficulty with this work?”He asked (me) whether/if I had any difficulty with this work.3.直接引语为特殊疑问句,改成间接引语时,原来的疑问词作为间接引语的连词,主句的谓语
39、动词用 ask(sb.)来表达,语序改为陈述句语序。例如 :He asked me,“How many classrooms have been built in your school?”He asked me how many classrooms had been built in our school.4.直接引语为祈使句时,改为间接引语,用带 to 的不定式表达,谓语动词常是ask,advise,tell,warn,order,request 等。如 ask sb.to do,(由肯定祈使句变成)ask sb.not to do(由否定祈使句转变),并且在不定式短语中的时间状语、地点
40、状语、人称及时态都作相应的变化。例如: He said,“Be quiet,please.”He asked us to be quiet.“Dont touch anything in the lab,” the teacher said.The teacher warned the students not to touch anything in the lab.四、时间状语和地点状语的转换在直接引语中 在间接引语中指示代词 thisthesethatthose表示时间的词 nowtodaythis week(month,etc.)yesterdaylast week(month,etc
41、.)three days (a year,etc.) agotomorrownext week (month,etc.)thenthat daythat week (month,etc.)the day before the week(month,etc.) beforethree days (a year，etc.) beforethe next (following) day 学优中考网 the next (following) week (month,etc.)表地点的词 here动词 bringcometheretake go但要注意在以下几种情况,直接引语变为间接引语时,时态一般不变
42、化:1.直接引语是客观真理。“The earth moves around the sun， ”the teacher told me.The teacher told me the earth moves around the sun.2.直接引语如果是一般现在时,表示一种反复出现或习惯性的动作。例如:He said,“I get up at seven every morning.”He said he gets up at seven every morning.3.如果直接引语中的情态动词没有过去时的形式(例如:had better,used to)和已经是过去时的形式时,(例如:co
43、uld,should,would,might)不再变。例如 :Peter said,“You had better come have today.”Peter said I had better go there that day.听说速递1.表达观点I think you are.我想你是 I think you are right.Thank you.I think you are good at English.I think you are lazy.I think you are hard working.2.表达问候Hows it going?一切都顺利吗 ?Does every
44、thing go well?Is everything going well?How are you?Fine,thanks.Best wishes to you.3.表达遗憾Im sorry to hear that.我听到很遗憾。What a pity!Im sorry.Its unfair for you.4.表达希望 I hope that.我希望I hope that you are better now.I hope you are happy.Have a good time!Have a good trip.读写指导如何写好限制性作文【点石成金】 1.仔细审题,明确要求。对题目
45、所提供的信息要认真分析,明确要求,做到心中有数。要对所提供的信息加以分析、整理,使之更加具体化、条理化,为开始动笔作好前期准备工作。还要搞清这则题目的要求是写短文、日记、信件还是便条等,以便根据不同的题材、体裁,写出不同格式、风格各异的文章。此外,也应注意所要求的人称、时间、地点、人物等信息,避免用错。2.抓住重点,寻求思路。根据题目所提供的信息,草拟一个提纲,寻求逻辑次序,确定从何下手,再围绕这一次序,周密选词、选句,以便更加贴近主题;否则,语无伦次的文章将不会被人接受。3.用词恰当,表达流畅。在写作过程中,万一哪个词想不起来了,千万不能空着或不写,最好找一个同义词或用其同义句、同义词组(短
46、语)代替。表达中不写没有把握的句子 ,尽可能用自己熟悉的词和句子来表达意思。表达中,尽可能采用一些简单句,并使前后句、上下文过渡自然。正确使用and,or,but,because,so 等词以便使行文自然流畅,使人读后不至于有“死水一潭”之感觉。还应注意各种时态、语态和各种句式的交替使用,使文章显得得体、大方、错落有致。4.成文之后全面检查全文。着重看是否存在下列问题:格式、拼写、标点、扣题、不规范英文、时态、语态、主谓一致、冠词、介词、单复数、比较级别、顺序、大小写、代词等用法错误或使用不当。【常用词汇】 ever,mad,anymore,pass on,suppose,do well in
47、,in good health,nervous,worst,lucky,hers,own,get over,meter,ate,decision,open up,start,care for,danger【常用句型】1)What did.say?说什么了 ?2)He said I could.他说我能3)He told me he would.他告诉我他将4)Mary said she would.玛丽说她将5)I think you are. 我想你是6)Hows it going?一切都顺利吗?7)Im sorry to hear that. 我听到很遗憾。8)I hope that. 我希望9)Really?Youre lucky.真的? 你真幸运。典题热题例 1 （2010 福建福州模拟）Do you know _?She came by bus.A.when she got to schoolB.why she was late for classC.how she came to
