1、第二部分基础语法此部分为初中阶段必须掌握的语法，讲解较为详细，共分为15个专题。每个专题由常考点知识清单和巩固训练组成。常考点知识清单对所涉及考点，精讲细析。巩固训练是针对所讲考点进行巩固性地针对训练，有助于学生夯实考点。一、构词法历年来构词法在中考中也占有一定比例，它主要考查的是一些派生词，即前缀和后缀，同时也考查一些合成词。了解一些构词法的知识有助于我们快速扩大词汇量，提高阅读能力和解题速度。下面我们就一起来学习一下吧！常考点知识清单（研习考点）几种主要的构词法1. 合成法合成法即把两个单词连在一起合成一个新词，前一个词修饰或限定后一个词。例：fireman 消防员， babysit 照看
2、婴孩，man-made 人造的2. 派生法在词根前面加前缀或在词根后面加后缀构成一个与原单词意义相近或截然相反的新词叫做派生法。例：unhappy 不开心的，retell 复述，reader 读者3. 转化法把一个单词从一种词性转化成另一种词性而词形不变的方法叫作转化法。例：orange n. 橘子orange adj. 橙色的answer n. 答案answer v. 回答4. 缩略法：缩略法是指将单词省略一部分，使其缩短，在读音和写法上呈现新的形式。例：laboratorylab 实验室refrigeratorfridge 冰箱5. 缩写法：缩写法是取一个词或几个词的代表部分再进行组合的一
3、种构词方法。例：United NationsUN 联合国Very Important PersonVIP 贵宾常见的前后缀考点一：前缀意义 前缀 例 词dis- disappear 消失，disagree 不同意il- illegal 不合法的表示否定意义im- impossible 不可能的，impolite 无礼的意义 前缀 例 词in- incorrect 不正确的，independent 独立的ir- irregular 不规则的，irresponsible 不负责任的mis- mistake 弄错，misunderstand 误解un- unnecessary 不必要的 ，unfai
4、r 不公平的表示重复 re- rewrite 重写，rebuild 重建表示“使” en- enable 使能够， enrich 使丰富对点集训：用所给单词的适当形式填空。1. Dont tell lies. Nobody likes those _ (honest) people.2. The boy doesnt show good manners to others. Hes _ (polite).3. Your password is _ (correct). Please try again.4. They didnt actually break the rules. It was
5、 _ (fair) to punish them.5. The Internet _ (able) us to know whats happening in the world.6. It is _ (legal) for children under 18 to drink in a bar or buy any alcohol in a store in America.考点二：后缀词性 后缀 例词-er farmer 农民，stranger 陌生人-or director 导演， inventor 发明家-ess actress 女演员，waitress 女服务员-ist artist
6、 艺术家，scientist 科学家-cian physician 医师，musician 音乐家-ese Chinese 中国人，Japanese 日本人-an American 美国人， European 欧洲人-th truth 事实，youth 青年-y difficulty 困难，discovery 发现-ship friendship 友谊， leadership 领导权名词后缀-hood childhood 童年 ，neighborhood 附近词性 后缀 例词-ment achievement 成就，development 发展-al arrival 到达， refusal 拒
7、绝-ion/-sion/-ation/-action/-cation/-itioneducation 教育，decision 决定invitation 邀请，competition 竞赛-ing building 建筑物，meeting 会议-ity electricity 电力，activity 活动-ance/ence appearance 外貌，difference 差异-dom freedom 自由，kingdom 王国-ness kindness 仁慈，illness 疾病-en widen 加宽，weaken 使变弱-ify beautify 使变美，simplify 使简易动词后
8、缀-ize/-ise realize 意识到，modernize 使现代化-able/-ible comfortable 舒适的，responsible 负责的-al cultural 文化的，musical 关于音乐的-ic/-ical scientific 科学的，historical 历史的-ish foolish 愚蠢的，childish 孩子气的-ful careful 仔细的，thankful 感谢的-less homeless 无家可归的，endless 无止境的-ly friendly 友好的，lively 活泼的-en wooden 木制的，golden 金黄色的-ern w
9、estern 西部的，northern 北部的-y snowy 多雪的，lucky 幸运的-ous/-ious famous 著名的，serious 严肃的-ant/-ent pleasant 令人愉快的，excellent 极好的-ive active 积极的，expensive 昂贵的-ed excited 兴奋的，pleased 高兴的形容词后缀-ing interesting 有趣的，surprising 令人惊讶的-ly quickly 迅速地 ，suddenly 突然地副词后缀 -ward eastward 向东， forward 向前对点集训：用所给单词的适当形式填空。1. It
10、s _ (danger) to play football in the street.2. There are _ (different) between the twins.3. Look! How _ (happy) Mary is laughing!4. He hopes his son will become a _ (music).5. They plan to _ (building) a hotel here.6. Be _ (care) when you cross the street.巩固训练（夯实考点）I. 按要求写出下列单词的词形变化i. 写出下列单词的名词形式1.
11、kind _ 2. foreign _3. agree _ 4. safe _5. meet _ 6. know _7. arrive _ 8. important _ii. 写出下列单词的形容词形式1. friend _ 2. China _3. luck _ 4. success _5. north _ 6. pride _7. sun _ 8. wood _II. 单句语法填空（用所给单词的适当形式填空）1. Maria Sharapova is an outstanding tennis _ (play).2. Many foreigners enjoy Chinese fashion
12、, _ (especial) the Tang costume.3. My grandfather thinks that kids have too much _ (free) these days.4. We cant go out to have a picnic because it is raining _ (heavy) outside.5. The doctor said that her mother needed an _ (operate).6. It was _ (fool) of you to take a taxi when you could walk there
13、in five minutes.7. The City Council has a detailed plan to _ (beauty) the city.8. Anna had a fever yesterday, so she was _ (able) to go to school.9. Such an important problem should be discussed _ (serious).10. The lecture was so _ (bore) that some people fell asleep while listening.11. To improve y
14、our writing skills, youd better _ (development) a habit of reading.12. This pair of shoes is made by hand, and it feels very _ (comfort).13. The time is too short. Its _ (possible) for Jack to finish the work.14. You must be _ (hunger) after the long walk. Help yourself to some cakes.15. A lot of tr
15、ees are planted around here every year, and we can _ (enjoyable) fresher air now.二、名 词常考点知识清单（研习考点） 考点一：可数名词的复数形式1. 规则变化情况 构成方法 例 词一般情况 加 -s pen pens; doctor doctors; map maps 以s, x, ch, sh 结尾 加 -es bus buses; box boxes; watch watches; brush brushes 以辅音字母加y结尾将y变为i再加 -es factory factories; family fam
16、ilies 以元音字母加y结尾 只加 -s boy boys; day days 加 -es Negro Negroes; hero heroes; potato potatoes; tomato tomatoes巧记：黑人英雄喜欢吃土豆和西红柿。（两人两菜）以o结尾加 -s photo photos; radio radios; piano pianos 将f或fe变为v再加 -eswife wives; thief thieves; shelf shelves; knife knives; wolf wolves; half halves; leaf leaves; life lives巧
17、记：妻见小偷架下藏，手拿小刀想杀狼，谁知落下半片叶，砸在头上一命亡。 以f或fe结尾加 -s roof roofs 2. 不规则变化(1) man men; woman women; child children;foot feet; tooth teeth; goose geese; mouse mice巧记：男女孩子脚步牙鹅加老鼠。(2) 单复数相同：sheep sheep; deer deer; fish fish注意：fish强调鱼的条数的时候，单复数同形；强调鱼的种类的时候，复数形式要加 -es，即fishes。(3) 某国人变复数的歌诀：中日不变英法变，其余 -s加后面。Chine
18、se Chinese; Japanese Japanese;Englishman Englishmen; Frenchman FrenchmenAmerican Americans(4) 有 些 名 词 本 身 是 复 数 形 式 ， 如 ： clothes; pants; trousers; jeans; shorts; glasses; people等 。注意：people当“ 人们”讲时，本身是复数形式；当“民族”讲时，是单数形式，其复数要在末尾加 -s。如：a people; 56 peoples3. 复合名词的数(1) 一般情况下把后面一个名词变为复数，作定语的名词不变。a girl
19、 student five girl students; an apple tree ten apple trees(2) 由man和woman构成的复合名词，变复数时要把名词和 man/woman同时变为复数。a man doctor three men doctors; a woman teacher six women teachers(3) sport作定语修饰其他名词时，无论主题词是单数还是复数，sport通常用复数形式。a sports club; sports shoes注意：时间名词作定语有两种形式：两天的假期 a two-day holiday 或 two days holi
20、day十分钟的路程 a ten-minute ride 或 ten minutes ride 对点集训：I. 汉译英。1. 五个西红柿 five _ 2. 两把刀 two _3. 八个桃子 eight _ 4. 一些女作家some _5. 许多小孩 a lot of _ 6. 四名美国人 four _II. 用所给单词的适当形式填空。1. The little baby has two _ (tooth) already.2. There are three _ (bedroom) in this house.3. His parents work in different _ (factor
21、y).4. There are many_ (sheep) on the hill. 考点二：不可数名词1. 不可数名词没有复数形式，前面不能用不定冠词a/an修饰，但可用much, a lot of / lots of, plenty of, some, little, a little等修饰。作主语时谓语动词用单数形式。There is some tea in the cup. 茶杯里有些茶。2. 不可数名词还常用“ 数词/不定冠词 + 量词 + of + 不可数名词”来表示不可数名词的量。a piece of paper一张纸，two cups of tea两杯茶，a glass of
22、water一杯水，three bottles of pop三瓶汽水。作主语时，谓语动词的数取决于of前面的名词的数。There are three glasses of orange juice on the table. 桌子上有三杯橘子汁。对点集训：I. 用所给单词的适当形式填空。1. a little _ (milk)2. some _ (meat)3. a lot of _ (time)4. three _ (cup) of coffee5. much _ (money)6. two _ (pair) of trousersII. 根据括号内的汉语提示完成句子。1. There is
23、some _ (面包 ) on the table.2. I have some good _ (消息) for you.3. I have a lot of _ (作业) to do today.4. We can get a lot of _ (信息) from the Internet. 考点三：名词所有格1. s所有格情况 方法 例子单数名词 加 s my friends uncle 我朋友的叔叔以s结尾的复数名词 加 Teachers Day 教师节 不以 s 结尾的复数名词加 s Childrens Day 儿童节 表示两人共有在 最 后 一 个名 词 后 加 sLucy and
24、Lilys mother 露西和莉莉的妈妈表示各自所有在每个名词后分别加 s Lucys and Lilys rooms 露 西 的 房 间 和 莉 莉 的 房间 2. of 所有格主要用于表示无生命事物的所有关系。the name of the film 电影的名字the cover of the book 书的封面3. 双重所有格“名词 + of + 名词性物主代词/ 名词所有格”构成双重所有格形式。a friend of hers 她的一个朋友a friend of Mikes 迈克的一个朋友对点集训：I. 汉译英。1. 妇女节_ Day2. 汤姆的朋友_ friend3. 我父亲的书
25、my _ book4. 房间的门 the door _ the house5. 今天的报纸 _ newspaper6. 十分钟的休息 ten _ restII. 用所给单词的适当形式填空。1. The _ (city) scenery is very beautiful.2. At last, he arrived at the _ (doctor) at twenty to five.3. The boy in blue is a friend of _ (Lucy).4. We should learn those _ (players) team spirit. 考点四：专有名词专有名词
26、是指人、地方、团体、机构等特有的名称。它的第一个字母必须大写。专有名词前一般不加冠词。1. 表示人名、尊称和头衔的专有名词Einstein 爱因斯坦President Obama 奥巴马总统Doctor Lin 林博士/林医生Queen Elizabeth II 伊利莎白女王二世Mr Brown 布朗先生注意：人名的前面若有尊称或头衔，如 Mr (先生)，President (总统)等时，其第一个字母也要大写。2. 表示国名、地名、山河名的专有名词Korea 韩国 Paris 巴黎 Pacific Ocean 太平洋Mississippi 密西西比河Mt. Qomolangma 珠穆朗玛峰3.
27、 表示团体、机构和报刊的专有名词Museum of Postal History 邮政博物馆China Daily 中国日报Sydney Opera House 悉尼歌剧院Harvard University 哈佛大学4. 表示星期、月份和节日的专有名词Monday 星期一 March 三月 National Day 国庆节5. 由普通名词构成的专有名词the North Pole 北极 the River Nile 尼罗河the Forbidden City 紫禁城 the Bund 上海外滩the Great Wall 长城 the Temple of Heaven 天坛the White
28、 House 白宫 the Terracotta Warriors 兵马俑the Peoples Republic of China 中华人民共和国注意：上面列举的由普通名词构成的专有名词前要用定冠词“the”，但它的首字母不大写。巩固训练（夯实考点）I. 选出可以替换划线部分的最佳选项1. What present will you buy for your sisters birthday?A pair of shoes.A. gift B. advice C. date2. Jack, I have difficulty remembering new words.You are not
29、 alone. I have such a problem, too.A. fun B. time C. trouble3. We had a conversation in the living room last night.A. lesson B. rest C. talk4. The H7N9 bird flu is a(n) disease which can be very dangerous.Thats right. It may cause people to die.A. animal B. illness C. rule5. Can you find a better wa
30、y to earn more money?A. truth B. method C. path6. Where is the statue?Well, its in the centre of the square.A. middle B. back C. front7. The author changed his views after he talked to a farmer.A. opinions B. topics C. articles8. We should not judge a person by his appearance.I agree with you.A. voi
31、ce B. behavior C. looks9. Is it Mike who made the mistake?Yes. He has admitted it.A. error B. wish C. name10. Do you have any suggestions for me?Yes. I think you should be careful with your diet.A. examples B. advice C. agreementsII. 选出恰当的词汇完成句子1. It is an English _ to have afternoon tea.A. menu B.
32、festival C. tradition2. I hear you have to get up early every morning.Right. Its one of the _ of my family.A. plans B. jobs C. rules3. I am tired. This is not the right _ to ask me to go for a walk.I see. Then lets make it another day.A. moment B. chance C. place4. More and more people come to visit
33、 Mount Huangshan.Thats true. It has become the _ of Anhui.A. pride B. effort C. courage5. When Peter comes, please ask him to leave a _.OK, I will.A. notice B. message C. sentence6. The two cities have reached an _ to develop science and technology.Thats great!A. education B. agreement C. invitation
34、7. Lets go to the Rose Restaurant.OK. I hear it is a restaurant with good _.A. balance B. service C. experience8. Youd better read the _ first before you use the camera.A. websites B. expressions C. instructionsIII. 单句语法填空（用所给单词的适当形式填空）1. This kind of suit will be sold for $600, which is far more th
35、an its real _ (valuable).2. This is _ (Lucy and Lily) bedroom. The twin sisters like it very much.3. Uncle Wang bought two _ (watch) for me yesterday.4. Look, my shirt is the same as your _ (brother).5. My teacher gave me much _ (advise) on how to study English well when I had some trouble.6. There
36、are twenty _ (man teacher) in our school.7. I saw lots of Americans and several _ (Japanese) in the hall.8. Can you make _ (room) for the old man?9. Mr. Kings and Mr. Whites _ (wife) are so nice.10. There are many _ (Frenchman) visiting this place.11. It is a _ (please) for me to stay with you.12. O
37、ur school will have a _ (sport) meeting next weekend.13. Thanks for giving me so much _ (information).14. Its five _ (minute) walk from here to my home.15. Whats the _ (long) of this river?IV. 语篇填空阅读下面短文，按照句子结构的语法性和上下文连贯的要求，在空格处填入一个适当的词或使用括号中词语的正确形式填空。Trees are one of the oldest citizens (公民) of our
38、 earth. Just like us, trees change a lot when they grow. At one to three years old, young trees learn how to protect themselves. For example, many 1. _ (tree) grow thorns (刺) to tell animals not to go near. Most young trees have large, deep green 2. _ (leaf) so that they can catch enough 3. _ (sunli
39、ght) and change it into their food and 4. _ (energetic).When trees are 4 years old, they begin to grow very fast and become strong enough to face challenges (挑战) in 5. _ (live).At the age of l5, trees become young adults. They grow more slowly and begin to produce 6. _ (flower) and fruit.It is not u
40、ntil the trees are 20 to 25 years old that they become real adults. The trees reach their largest sizes. Adult trees give us many things such as oxygen (氧气) and natural 7. _ (beauty). If we give them good 8. _ (careful), they will go on to live healthily for many years.As time goes on, trees begin t
41、o grow older and older and even die. At this time, they still have their important place in 9. _ (natural). In many ways, the life 10. _ trees is like our own life experience. Enjoy every minute of the life of the trees and take care of them!三、代 词常考点知识清单（研习考点） 考点一：人称代词1. 人称代词的分类主 格 宾 格人称单数 复数 单数 复数第
42、一人称 I we me us 第二人称 you you you you he him she her 第三人称it they it them 2. 人称代词的用法人称代词的主格在句中作主语，宾格作动词或介词的宾语。We are middle school students. 我们是中学生。I wrote a letter to him last week. 上周我给他写了一封信。注意：人称代词作表语时，在口语中常用宾格。3. 人称代词的语序几个人称代词并列作主语时，其顺序是：单数：二、三、一；复数：一、二、三。You, she and I will study in a group. 你、她还
43、有我将在一个组里学习。We, you and they are all students. 我们、你们还有他们都是学生。巧记：人称代词的排列顺序人称代词并列观，注意顺序礼貌见。单数并列二、三、一，复数并列一、二、三。对点集训：根据括号内的汉语提示完成句子。1. _ (他) knows a lot about Chinese history.2. To tell you the truth, I dont like _ (她).3. I lost my book. Now I am looking for _ (它).4. Do _ (你) want to have a try?5. _ (我们
44、) should work hard.6. The box is too heavy. Can you help _ (我)? 考点二：物主代词1. 物主代词的分类形容词性物主代词 名词性物主代词人称单数 复数 单数 复数第一人称 my our mine ours 第二人称 your your yours yours his hisher hers 第三人称itstheir its theirs 巧记：物主代词分两家，形、名词性各一霸。his，its无变化， my，mine 牢记它。其余变化规律化，形容词性后面加尾巴(-s)2. 物主代词的用法(1) 形容词性物主代词放在名词前作定语。That
45、 is our classroom. 那是我们的教室。注意：在某些固定短语中，形容词性物主代词要随人称而变化。如：do/try ones best, change ones mind, do ones homework, on ones way to, save ones life 等。(2) 名词性物主代词相当于“形容词性物主代词 + 名词”，可作主语、表语或宾语。This is your pen. Mine is in my pencil case. 这是你的钢笔。我的在我的铅笔盒里。(3) 用于双重所有格中，即“a/an + 名词 + of + 名词性物主代词”。He is a frie
46、nd of mine. 他是我的一个朋友。巧记：物主代词的用法物主代词两类型，形容词性、名词性。形容词性作定语，后面定把名词用。名词性，独立用，主宾表语它都充。对点集训：用所给单词的适当形式填空。1. _ (you) dress is very beautiful.2. The girl in red is _ (she) elder sister.3. I have a dog. _ (it) name is Strong.4. Thats not my dictionary. _ (I) is on the desk.5. My computer is cheaper than _ (he).6. The gloves are _ (their). 考点三：反身代词1. 反身代词的单复数形式数人称 单 数 复数第一人称 myself ourselves 第二人称 yourself yourselves 第三人称 himself, herself, it
