1、1Chinas Energy Conditions and PoliciesBEIJING, Dec. 26 (Xinhua) - The Information Office of the State Council published a white paper titled “Chinas Energy Conditions and Policies“ on Wednesday. Following is the full text: Chinas Energy Conditions and Policies Information Office of the State Council
2、 of the Peoples Republic of China December 2007 Contents Preface I. Current Situation of Energy Development II. Strategy and Goals of Energy Development III. All-round Promotion of Energy Conservation IV. Improving the Energy Supply Capacity V. Accelerating the Progress of Energy Technologies VI. Co
3、ordinating Energy and Environment Development 中国的能源状况与政策中新网 12 月 26 日电 中国国务院新闻办 26 日发表中国的能源状况与政策白皮书，详细介绍了中国能源发展现状、能源发展战略和目标、全面推进能源节约、提高能源供给能力、促进能源产业与环境协调发展、深化能源体制改革，以及加强能源领域的国际合作等政策措施。中国的能源状况与政策白皮书全文如下：中国的能源状况与政策中华人民共和国国务院新闻办公室二七年十二月 北京目 录前 言一、能源发展现状二、能源发展战略和目标三、全面推进能源节约四、提高能源供给能力五、加快推进能源技术进步六、促进能源与
4、环境协调发展2VII. Deepening Energy System Reform VIII. Strengthening International Cooperation in the Field of EnergyConclusion Preface Energy is an essential material basis for human survival and development. Over the entire history of mankind, each and every significant step in the progress of human civ
5、ilization has been accompanied by energy innovations and substitutions. The development and utilization of energy has enormously boosted the development of the world economy and human society. Over more than 100 years in the past, developed countries have completed their industrialization, consuming
6、 an enormous quantity of natural resources, especially energy resources, in the process. Today, some developing countries are ushering in their own era of industrialization, and an increase of energy consumption is inevitable for their economic and social development. China is the largest developing
7、 country in the world, and developing its economy and eliminating poverty will, for a long time to come, remain the main tasks for the Chinese government and the Chinese people. Since the late 1970s, China, as the fastest growing developing country, has scored brilliant achievements in its economy a
8、nd society that have attracted worldwide attention, successfully blazed the trail of socialism with Chinese characteristics, and made significant contributions to world development and prosperity. China is now the worlds second-largest energy producer and consumer. The sustained growth of energy sup
9、ply has provided an important support for the countrys economic growth and social progress, while the rapid expansion of energy consumption has created a vast scope for the global energy market. As an irreplaceable component of the world energy market, China plays an 七、深化能源体制改革八、加强能源领域的国际合作结束语前 言能源是
10、人类社会赖以生存和发展的重要物质基础。纵观人类社会发展的历史，人类文明的每一次重大进步都伴随着能源的改进和更替。能源的开发利用极大地推进了世界经济和人类社会的发展。过去 100 多年里，发达国家先后完成了工业化，消耗了地球上大量的自然资源，特别是能源资源。当前，一些发展中国家正在步入工业化阶段，能源消费增加是经济社会发展的客观必然。中国是当今世界上最大的发展中国家，发展经济，摆脱贫困，是中国政府和中国人民在相当长一段时期内的主要任务。20 世纪 70 年代末以来，中国作为世界上发展最快的发展中国家，经济社会发展取得了举世瞩目的辉煌成就，成功地开辟了中国特色社会主义道路，为世界的发展和繁荣作出了
11、重大贡献。中国是目前世界上第二位能源生产国和消费国。能源供应持续增长，为经济社会发展提供了重要的支撑。能源消费的快速增长，为世界能源市场创造了广阔的发展空间。中国已经成为世界能源市场不可或缺的重要组成部分，对维护全球能源安全，正在发挥着越来越重要的积极作用。35increasingly important role in maintaining global energy security. Guided by the Scientific Outlook on Development, the Chinese government is accelerating its developmen
12、t of a modern energy industry, taking resource conservation and environmental protection as two basic state policies, giving prominence to building a resource-conserving and environment-friendly society in the course of its industrialization and modernization, striving to enhance its capability for
13、sustainable development and making China an innovative country, so as to make greater contributions to the worlds economy and prosperity. I. Current Situation of Energy Development Energy resources are the basis of energy development. Since New China was founded in 1949, it has made constant endeavo
14、rs in energy resources prospecting, and conducted several resources assessments. Chinas energy resources have the following characteristics: - Energy resources abound. China boasts fairly rich fossil energy resources, dominated by coal. By 2006, the reserves of coal stood at 1,034.5 billion tons, an
15、d the remaining verified reserves exploitable accounted for 13 percent of the world total, ranking China third in the world. The verified reserves of oil and natural gas are relatively small, while oil shale, coal-bed gas and other unconventional fossil energy resources have huge potential for explo
16、itation. China also boasts fairly abundant renewable energy resources. In 2006, the theoretical reserves of hydropower resources were equal to 6,190 billion kwh, and the economically exploitable annual power output was 1,760 billion kwh, equivalent to 12 percent of global hydropower resources, ranki
17、ng the country first in the world. - Chinas per-capita average of energy resources is very low. China has a large population, resulting in a low per-capita average of energy resources in the world. The per-capita average of both coal and hydropower resources is 50 percent of the worlds average, whil
18、e the per-capita average of both oil and 中国政府正在以科学发展观为指导，加快发展现代能源产业，坚持节约资源和保护环境的基本国策，把建设资源节约型、环境友好型社会放在工业化、现代化发展战略的突出位置，努力增强可持续发展能力，建设创新型国家，继续为世界经济发展和繁荣作出更大贡献。一、能源发展现状能源资源是能源发展的基础。新中国成立以来，不断加大能源资源勘查力度，组织开展了多次资源评价。中国能源资源有以下特点：能源资源总量比较丰富。中国拥有较为丰富的化石能源资源。其中，煤炭占主导地位。2006 年，煤炭保有资源量 10345 亿吨，剩余探明可采储量约占世界的
19、 13%，列世界第三位。已探明的石油、天然气资源储量相对不足，油页岩、煤层气等非常规化石能源储量潜力较大。中国拥有较为丰富的可再生能源资源。水力资源理论蕴藏量折合年发电量为 6.19 万亿千瓦时，经济可开发年发电量约 1.76万亿千瓦时，相当于世界水力资源量的 12%，列世界首位。人均能源资源拥有量较低。中国人口众多，人均能源资源拥有量在世界上处于较低水平。煤炭和水力资源人均拥有量相当于世界平均水平的 50%，石油、天然气人均资源量仅为世界平均水平的 1/15 左右。耕地资源不足世界人均水平的 30%，制约了生物质能源的开发。35natural gas resources is only ab
20、out one-fifteenth of the worlds average. The per-capita average of arable land is less than 30 percent of the worlds average, which has hindered the development of biomass energy. - The distribution of energy resources is imbalanced. Chinas energy resources are scattered widely across the country, b
21、ut the distribution is uneven. Coal is found mainly in the north and the northwest, hydropower in the southwest, and oil and natural gas in the eastern, central and western regions and along the coast. But, the consumers of energy resources are mainly in the southeast coastal areas, where the econom
22、y is the most developed. Such a great difference of location between the producers and the consumers has led to the following basic framework of Chinas energy flow: large-scale transportation over long distances of coal and oil from the north to the south, and transmission of natural gas and electri
23、city from the west to the east. - The development of energy resources is fairly difficult. Compared with other parts of the world, China faces severe geological difficulties in tapping its coal resources, and has to get most of its coal by underground mining, as only a small amount can be mined by o
24、pencast methods. Oil and gas resources are located in areas with complex geological conditions and at great depths, so advanced and expensive prospecting and tapping techniques are required. Untapped hydropower resources are mostly located in the high mountains and deep valleys of the southwest, far
25、 from the centers of consumption, entailing technical difficulties and high costs. Unconventional energy resources are insufficiently prospected, their development is neither economical nor competitive. Since the reform and opening-up policies were introduced in China in the late 1970s, the countrys
26、 energy industry has witnessed swift growth and made great contributions to the sustained and rapid growth of the national economy, with the following demonstrations: - The energy supply capability has been remarkably enhanced. Thanks to the efforts made over the past few decades, China has built an
27、 energy supply 能源资源赋存分布不均衡。中国能源资源分布广泛但不均衡。煤炭资源主要赋存在华北、西北地区，水力资源主要分布在西南地区，石油、天然气资源主要赋存在东、中、西部地区和海域。中国主要的能源消费地区集中在东南沿海经济发达地区，资源赋存与能源消费地域存在明显差别。大规模、长距离的北煤南运、北油南运、西气东输、西电东送，是中国能源流向的显著特征和能源运输的基本格局。能源资源开发难度较大。与世界相比，中国煤炭资源地质开采条件较差，大部分储量需要井工开采，极少量可供露天开采。石油天然气资源地质条件复杂，埋藏深，勘探开发技术要求较高。未开发的水力资源多集中在西南部的高山深谷，远离负荷
28、中心，开发难度和成本较大。非常规能源资源勘探程度低，经济性较差，缺乏竞争力。改革开放以来，中国能源工业迅速发展，为保障国民经济持续快速发展作出了重要贡献，主要表现在：供给能力明显提高。经过几十年的努力，中国已经初步形成了煤炭为主体、电力为中心、石油天然气和可再生能源全面发展的能源供应格局，基本建立了较为完善的35framework with coal as the main energy resource and electricity as the focus, featuring an overall development of oil, gas and renewable resour
29、ces. A fairly complete energy supply system is now by and large in place. China has built a group of extra-large coalmines each with an annual output of over ten million tons. In 2006, the output of primary energy equaled 2.21 billion tons of standard coal, ranking second in the world. Of this, raw
30、coal accounted for 2.37 billion tons, ranking first in the world. Daqing, Shengli, Liaohe, Tarim and other large oilfields have been successively built as oil production bases, and the output of crude oil has increased steadily, ranking China the worlds fifth-largest oil producer in 2006, with 185 m
31、illion tons in that year. The output of natural gas ballooned from 14.3 billion cu m in 1980 to 58.6 billion cu m in 2006. The proportion of commercial renewable energy in the structure of primary energy keeps rising. The electricity sector also reported speedy growth in 2006. The installed capacity
32、 reached 622 million kw, and the amount of power generated was 2,870 billion kwh, both ranking second in the world. A comprehensive energy transportation system has been developed quickly, with the transport capacity notably improved. Special railways transporting coal from the west to the east and
33、relevant coal ports, and pipelines transporting oil from the north to the south and conveying natural gas from the west to the east have all been built. Now, the power generated in the west can be carried to the east, and the regional power grids have all been connected up. - Energy-saving effects a
34、re conspicuous. During the period 1980-2006, Chinas energy consumption increased by 5.6 percent annually, boosting the 9.8-percent annual growth of the national economy. Calculated at 2005 constant prices, the energy consumption for every 10,000 yuan of GDP dropped from 3.39 tons of standard coal in
35、 1980 to 1.21 tons in 2006, making the annual energy-saving rate 3.9 percent, putting an end to the rising trend of per-unit GDP energy consumption. The comprehensive utilization efficiency in the processing, conversion, storage and end-use of energy was 33 percent in 2006, up eight percentage point
36、s over 1980. Per-unit product energy consumption has dropped noticeably, and the gaps between the overall energy consumption, the net energy consumption rate of electricity generation for steel and cement production as well as synthetic ammonia produced by plants with 能源供应体系。建成了一批千万吨级的特大型煤矿。2006 年一次
37、能源生产总量 22.1 亿吨标准煤，列世界第二位。其中，原煤产量 23.7 亿吨，列世界第一位。先后建成了大庆、胜利、辽河、塔里木等若干个大型石油生产基地，2006 年原油产量 1.85 亿吨，实现稳步增长，列世界第五位。天然气产量迅速提高，从 1980 年的 143 亿立方米提高到2006 年的 586 亿立方米。商品化可再生能源量在一次能源结构中的比例逐步提高。电力发展迅速，装机容量和发电量分别达到 6.22 亿千瓦和2.87 万亿千瓦时，均列世界第二位。能源综合运输体系发展较快，运输能力显著增强，建设了西煤东运铁路专线及港口码头，形成了北油南运管网，建成了西气东输大干线，实现了西电东送和
38、区域电网互联。能源节约效果显著。19802006 年，中国能源消费以年均 5.6%的增长支撑了国民经济年均 9.8%的增长。按2005 年不变价格，万元国内生产总值能源消耗由 1980 年的3.39 吨标准煤下降到 2006 年的 1.21 吨标准煤，年均节能率 3.9%，扭转了近年来单位国内生产总值能源消耗上升的势头。能源加工、转换、贮运和终端利用综合效率为 33%，比 1980 年提高了 8 个百分点。单位产品能耗明显下降，其中钢、水泥、大型合成氨等产品的综合能耗及供电煤耗与国际先进水平的差距不断缩小。35an annual output of 300,000 tons or more a
39、nd the international levels are narrowing. - The consumption structure has been optimized. China is the worlds second-largest energy consumer. In 2006, its total consumption of primary energy was 2.46 billion tons of standard coal. China pays great attention to improving its energy consumption struc
40、ture. The proportion of coal in primary energy consumption decreased from 72.2 percent in 1980 to 69.4 percent in 2006, and that of other forms of energy rose from 27.8 percent to 30.6 percent, with that of renewable energy and nuclear power rising from 4.0 percent to 7.2 percent. The shares of oil
41、and gas have increased. The end-use energy consumption structure is noticeably optimized, and the proportion of coal converted into power increased from 20.7 percent to 49.6 percent. More commercial energy and clean energy are being used in peoples daily life. - The scientific and technological leve
42、l has been rapidly enhanced. China has scored conspicuous scientific and technological achievements relating to energy. The fundamental research findings, represented by the “continental hydrocarbon generation theory and its application,“ have greatly promoted the development of the scientific theor
43、y of oil geology. A fairly complete system of exploration and development technologies has taken shape in the oil and gas industry, with prospecting and development techniques in geologically complicated regions and the recovery ratio of oilfields leading the world. Large coalmines of the worlds adv
44、anced level have been built, and the totally mechanized mining of key coalmines has been noticeably improved. In the power industry, advanced generating technology and units with large capacity and high parameters are widely used, and the designing, engineering and equipment manufacturing of hydraul
45、ic power plants have reached the worlds advanced level. China is now able to independently design and build million-kw pressurized water reactors, and has made outstanding breakthroughs in the development of high-temperature gas-cooled reactors and fast-neutron-breeder reactors. The technologies to
46、deal with pollution such as flue gas desulphurization (FGD) and renewable energy development and utilization are quickly being improved. Models of 500 kv DC and 750 kv AC electricity 消费结构有所优化。中国能源消费已经位居世界第二。2006 年，一次能源消费总量为 24.6 亿吨标准煤。中国高度重视优化能源消费结构，煤炭在一次能源消费中的比重由 1980 年的 72.2%下降到 2006 年的 69.4%，其他能源
47、比重由 27.8%上升到 30.6%。其中可再生能源和核电比重由4.0%提高到 7.2%，石油和天然气有所增长。终端能源消费结构优化趋势明显，煤炭能源转化为电能的比重由 20.7%提高到 49.6%，商品能源和清洁能源在居民生活用能中的比重明显提高。科技水平迅速提高。中国能源科技取得显著成就，以“陆相成油理论与应用”为标志的基础研究成果，极大地促进了石油地质科技理论的发展。石油天然气工业已经形成了比较完整的勘探开发技术体系，特别是复杂区块勘探开发、提高油田采收率等技术在国际上处于领先地位。煤炭工业建成一批具有国际先进水平的大型矿井，重点煤矿采煤综合机械化程度显著提高。在电力工业方面，先进发电技
48、术和大容量高参数机组得到普遍应用，水电站设计、工程技术和设备制造等技术达到世界先进水平，核电初步具备百万千瓦级压水堆自主设计和工程建设能力，高温气冷堆、快中子增殖堆技术研发取得重大突破。烟气脱硫等污染治理、可再生能源开发利用技术迅速提高。正负 500千伏直流和 750 千伏交流输电示范工程相继建成投运，正负 800 千伏直流、1000 千伏交流特高压输电试验示范工程开始启动。35transmission projects have been completed and put into operation, and pilot 800 kv DC and 1,000 kv AC extra-h
49、igh-voltage electricity transmission projects are under way. - Progress has been made in environmental protection. The Chinese government sets great store by environmental protection, and has made it a fundamental state policy to strengthen environmental protection. Public awareness of environmental protection has been raised. After the 1992 UN Conference on the Environment and Development, China worked out its “21st Century Agenda,“ and has reinforced environmental protection in an all-round way through legislative and economic means, making posit
