1、第 6 节 社会(二).阅读理解A(2018广东佛山二模)The Van Gogh Museum in Amsterdam has welcomed home two paintings by the Dutch master， more than 14 years after they were ripped(抢) off the museums wall in a nighttime theft.Museum director Axel Rueger called their return “one of the most special days in the history of th
2、e museum.”The paintings were discovered last year by Italian police while they were searching suspected Italian criminals farmhouse near Naples for evidence of drug dealing.The two paintings were wrapped in cotton sheets.They were stuffed in a box and hidden behind a wall in a toilet when they were
3、found.The paintings were considered among the artworks most searched for in the world.After years in darkness，they can now shine again.They are back on display at the museum before being taken to the conservation studio for repair.Fortunately，they suffered remarkably little damage as thieves who had
4、 climbed up a ladder and broken a window to get into the museum in 2004 ripped them out of their frames.“It is not only a surprise that the works have been recovered but its even more surprising that they are in relatively unharmed condition， ” Rueger said.The museum director was on vacation when th
5、e call came last year from Italian authorities who believed they had recovered the paintings.He didnt celebrate right away.Hed had calls like this before.“I was hopeful but also a little hesitant.Over these years，we had so many occasions when people phoned us，contacted us，claiming that they knew som
6、ething about the whereabouts(下落) of the works and each time it was false，the trace went cold， ” he said.“So.the way has been full of disappointment.” But museum experts sent to Italy to check the authenticity(真实性) of the works quickly turned Ruegers doubts into delight.Rueger said the paintings are
7、now back permanently at the museum，which is home to dozens of works by Van Gogh.“Im very confident that everything is safe in the museum from now on， ” he said.语篇解读 本文介绍了梵高的两幅画作在被窃 14 年之后回到了阿姆斯特丹的梵高博物馆。文章叙述了两幅绘画失而复得的经过。1How were the stolen paintings found?AThe police found them by accident.BThe arre
8、sted thieves gave information.CSome drug dealers offered clues.DThe police knew the hidden place.答案 A解析 推理判断题。根据第二段可知，警察在搜查一个嫌犯的农场寻找其贩毒的证据时，碰巧发现了被偷的绘画。故选 A。2What surprised Rueger most about the lost paintings?AThey were stolen at night.BThey were found at last.CThey suffered little damage.DThe searc
9、h took 14 years.答案 C解析 细节理解题。根据第四段中的“It is not only a surprise that the works have been recovered but its even more surprising that they are in relatively unharmed condition”可知，使吕格尔最吃惊的是丢失的绘画几乎没有受到损坏。故选 C。3When Rueger got the call from Italian authorities，he .Adidnt believe themBfelt quite relievedC
10、planned to celebrateDdoubted the news答案 D解析 推理判断题。根据第五段最后两句“He didnt celebrate right away.Hed had calls like this before.”及第六段第一句“I was hopeful but also a little hesitant.”可知，当吕格尔接到意大利当局的电话时，他对这个消息感到怀疑。故选 D。4What does the underlined part in Paragraph 6 probably mean?AReuger gradually lost interest i
11、n the search.BThe number of false calls was greatly reduced.CRueger felt cold because of too many false calls.DThe chance to find the paintings became slim.答案 D解析 词义猜测题。根据第六段中的“Over these years，we had so many occasions when people phoned us，contacted us，claiming that they knew something about the wh
12、ereabouts(下落) of the works and each time it was false.”可推知划线部分的意思是“找到这些画的机会变得渺茫” 。故选 D。B(2018北京 101 中学一模)As anyone who has tried to lose weight knows，realistic goalsetting generally produces the best results.Thats partly because most people who set realistic goals actually work more efficiently，and
13、put more effort ，to achieve those goals.Whats far less understood by scientists，however，are the potentially harmful effects of goalsetting.Newspapers convey daily accounts of goalsetting widespread in industries and businesses up and down both Wall Street and Main Street，yet there has been surprisin
14、gly little research on how the longadvocated practice of setting goals may have contributed to the current economic crisis，and immoral behavior in general.“Goals are widely used and promoted as having really beneficial effects.And yet，the same motivation that can push people to put more effort in a
15、constructive way could also motivate people to be more likely to engage in immoral behaviors， ” says Maurice Schweitzer，an associate professor at Penns Wharton School.His paper，entitled “Goals Gone Wild：The Systematic Side Effects of OverPraised Goal Setting”，appears in the February issue of the Aca
16、demy of Management Perspectives.“It turns out theres no financial benefit to just having a goalyou just get a psychological benefit， ” Schweitzer says.“But in many cases，goals have financial rewards that make them more powerful.” A major example Schweitzer and his colleagues give is the 2004 breakdo
17、wn of energytrading giant Enron(德国安然公司) ，where managers used financial rewards to motivate salesmen to meet specific goals.The problem，Schweitzer says，is that the actual trades were not profitable.Other studies have shown that burdening employees with unrealistic goals can force them to lie， cheat o
18、r steal.Such was the case in the early 1990s when Sears(西尔斯公司) placed a sales quota(销售限额) on its auto repair staff.It inspired employees to overcharge for work and to complete unnecessary repairs on a companywide basis.Schweitzer admits his research runs counter to a very large body of literature th
19、at praises the many benefits of goalsetting.Advocates of the practice have argued with his teams use of such evidence as news accounts to support his conclusion that goalsetting is widely overpraised.In a rebuttal(反驳) paper，Dr.Edwin Locke writes： “Goalsetting is not going away.Organizations cannot g
20、row without being focused on their desired end results any more than an individual can grow without goals to provide a sense of purpose.” But Schweitzer argues the “evidence” linking goalsetting and harmful behavior should be studied to help draw attention to issues that deserve attention and furthe
21、r investigation.“Even a few negative effects could be so large that they outweigh many positive effects， ” he says.The debate is likely to get heated on in future papers，and the practice of setting goals no doubt will continue.For now， though，the lesson seems to be to put more thought into setting g
22、oals.“Goalsetting does help motivate people.My idea would be to combine that with careful management， a strong organizational culture，and make sure the goals that you use are going to be constructive and not significantly harmful to the organization， ” Schweitzer says.语 篇 解 读 文 章 讲 述 了 设 定 目 标 的 坏 处
23、 及 由 此 引 发 的 争 论 。5What does Maurice Schweitzer want to show by mentioning the example of Enron?ASetting realistic goals can turn a failing business into success.BBusinesses are likely to succeed without realistic goals.CCompanies are certain to meet specific goals with financial rewards.DGoals with
24、 financial rewards have strong motivational power.答案 D解析 推理判断题。安然公司的例子是为了解释第四段中的“But in many cases，goals have financial rewards that make them more powerful.”。故选 D。6How did Sears goalsetting affect its employees?AThey had to work more hours to increase their sales.BThey competed with one another to
25、attract more customers.CThey turned to immoral practice to reach their goals.DThey improved their customer service on a companywide basis.答案 C解析 推理判断题。根据第五段“Such was the case in the early 1990s when Sears(西尔斯公司) placed a sales quota(销售限额) on its auto repair staff.It inspired employees to overcharge
26、for work and to complete unnecessary repairs on a companywide basis.”可知，这样造成了员工为达到目标而做出不道德的行为。故选 C。7The underlined words “runs counter to”(Paragraph 6) can be replaced by “ ”Aagrees with Bgoes againstCfits in with Dapplies to答案 B解析 词义猜测题。Schweitzer 的研究是设定目标的坏处，这肯定与大量赞美设定目标的好处的文献背道而驰。runs counter to
27、“违背” ，与 goes against 同义。故选 B。8What is Edwin Lockes argument against Schweitzer?AThe practice of setting goals only helps people to develop.BGoalsetting is of no use motivating people to accomplish their tasks.CThe positive effects of goalsetting outweigh its negative effects.DStudying goalsetting ca
28、n contribute to successful business practices.答案 D解析 推理判断题。根据倒数第三段中的“Goalsetting is not going away.Organizations cannot grow without being focused on their desired end results any more than an individual can grow without goals to provide a sense of purpose.”可知，设定目标能促进商业的成功。故选D。.七选五(2018辽宁大连一模)Do you
29、r socks create joy? How about your old textbooks? How many spare rolls of toilet paper truly make you happy? These are the kinds of questions Ive been wondering about since I first read the bestseller The LifeChanging Magic of Tidying Up by Japanese organization expert Marie Kondo.As people who have
30、 followed her program on tidying know，Kondo suggests we ask ourselves the simple question， “ 9 ” Its these four words that lead to a series of reflections on everyday things and a global movement.10 This could be your clothes，old CDs，photographs or anything else you think you should “let go of”You l
31、ift one object from the pile and hold it in your hands and ask yourself whether it creates joy. 11 Is that scarf your greataunt knitted(织) you too ugly to wear? Our minds can persuade us to hold on to everything，but our hearts are more courageous. 12 Over the course of several months，as I dropped mo
32、re into the donation bag，my chest swelled with joy.Giving away twothirds of my stuff(东西) to various charitiesKondo says that gifting friends and family with our unwanted stuff is unfair and actually prevents us from moving onmeant more to me than just a tidier home. 13 If one day all my clothes，book
33、s，and other things disappeared，I would still be the exact same person I was before，just with fewer things.ADoes this create joy?BLet go of it?CI got to learn more about who I am.DUnbelievably，the answer will most likely always be no.EYou start by creating a pile of things in your home.FMine told me
34、that I could donate them and Id be fine.GIt encouraged us to remove bad memories from the past.语 篇 解 读 本 文 主 要 讲 了 怎 样 用 自 己 的 东 西 来 创 造 快 乐 ，作 者 建 议 捐 出 自 己 不 用 的 东 西 。9答案 A解析 由第一段中的“Do your socks create joy? How about your old textbooks? How many spare rolls of toilet paper truly make you happy？”可
35、知这里意思是“这些可以创造快乐吗？” ，再结合下句中的“these four words”可推知选 A。10答案 E解析 由“This could be your clothes，old CDs，photographs or anything else you think you should let go of ”可知这里的意思是“你可以从在你的家里创造一堆东西开始。 ”选 E。11答案 D解析 由“Is that scarf your greataunt knitted(织) you too ugly to wear？”可知这里的意思是“难以置信的是，答案最可能总是不 。 ”选 D。12答
36、案 F解析 由“Our minds can persuade us to hold on to everything，but our hearts are more courageous.”可知，这里的意思是“我的内心告诉我我可以捐赠它们。 ”故选 F。13答案 C解析 由“If one day all my clothes，books，and other things disappeared，I would still be the exact same person I was before，just with fewer things.”可知，这里是“我更多地了解了自己” 。故选 C。.
37、短文改错(2018安徽江淮十校第三次联考)As a saying go， “Pressure is another form of motive power.”However，many people cant deal with pressure in an appropriate way so that they become more anxiously.Seriously，it may cause many terrible personal problem.But how can you deal with pressure? To begin with，anybody has pre
38、ssure，but you should accept the pressure.If you are in deep pressure，you can distract your attention by doing some interested things like running，crafting or listening to music.Secondly，you should talk to family members and friends to reducing the stress.Maybe they can give you some practical advice
39、.Thirdly，you are need to learn how to selfadjust，that is the most effective way to help yourself.In word，pressure is an inevitable part of your life.You are supposed to make the most of it to promote ourselves.答案 As a saying ， “Pressure is another form of motive power.”However，many people gogoescant
40、 deal with pressure in an appropriate way so that they become more .Seriously，it anxiouslyanxiousmay cause many terrible personal .But how can you deal with pressure? To begin problemproblemswith，anybody has pressure， you should accept the pressure.If you are in deep butand/sopressure，you can distra
41、ct your attention by doing some things like running，crafting interestedinterestingor listening to music.Secondly，you should talk to family members and friends to the reducingreducestress.Maybe they can give you some practical advice.Thirdly，you are need to learn how to selfadjust， is the most effect
42、ive way to help yourself.In word，pressure is an thatwhich ainevitable part of your life.You are supposed to make the most of it to promote .ourselvesyourself/yourselves语篇解读 本文是一篇议论文。主要讲述如何处理压力。首先，应该接受压力的存在；其次，可以与家人或者朋友谈一谈；再次，必须做好自我调整。14考查主谓一致。主语是 a saying，是单数形式，故谓语动词也用单数第三人称形式goes。15考查形容词。become 是系动
43、词，其后跟形容词作表语。16考查名词的复数。前边出现了 many，后跟可数名词的复数形式。17考查连词。前后句之间是并列或因果关系，非转折，故把 but 改为 and 或 so。18考查形容词。interesting 有趣的；interested 感兴趣的。修饰名词 things，意为“有趣的事” ，所以用 interesting。19考查非谓语动词。此处用不定式 to reduce 表示目的， v.ing 形式一般不用来表示目的。20考查谓语动词。need 为实义动词，且 you 和 need 之间是主动关系，故删除 are。21考查非限制性定语从句。that 不引导非限制性定语从句。先行词
44、指物，故用 which 来引导，故把 that 改为 which。22考查固定短语。in a word 总之，固定短语。23考查代词。句意为：你应该充分利用它来提高自己。主语为 you，promote 的宾语应用yourself 或 yourselves 来与之呼应。.书面表达(2018江西赣州一模)假如你是李华，你发现共享单车、共享汽车、共享雨伞越来越多的共享商品进入我们的生活。共享经济给生活带来了很多便利的同时，许多问题也随之而来：缺乏监管(supervision n)的市场，诚信不够的商家，恶意毁坏物品的用户等等。请你用英语给校报编辑写封信，发表你对于共享经济的看法。注意：1词数 100
45、 左右；2可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。参考范文Dear editors，Im writing to share my views on sharing economy.Nowadays，a range of products including shared bikes，cars and umbrellas can be rented if you need.The sharing economy has brought us convenience in our life.However，problems brought by the sharing economy have becom
46、e increasingly worse，such as the lack of market supervision，dishonest merchants and bad users.Therefore，the sharing economy should be taken very seriously.Firstly，more strict policies and laws should be made.Secondly，companies should do more surveys about the market to improve the products and servi
47、ces.Besides，more cooperation and discussion should be carried out among the government，the merchants and the users.Yours sincerely，Li Hua推理判断题 写作意图题(2018北京，C)PlasticEating WormsHumans produce more than 300 million tons of plastic every year.Almost half of that winds up in landfills(垃圾填埋场)，and up to
48、12 million tons pollute the oceans.So far there is no effective way to get rid of it， but a new study suggests an answer may lie in the stomachs of some hungry worms.Researchers in Spain and England recently found that the worms of the greater wax moth can break down polyethylene，which accounts for
49、40% of plastics.The team left 100 wax worms on a commercial polyethylene shopping bag for 12 hours，and the worms consumed and broke down about 92 milligrams，or almost 3% of it.To confirm that the worms chewing alone was not responsible for the polyethylene breakdown，the researchers made some worms into paste(糊状物) and applied it to plastic films.14 hours later the films had lost 13% of their massapparently broken down by enzymes(酶 ) from the
