1、Basic Difference Between English and Chinese,Hot words: 山寨,“Shanzhai” is the word used to describe the plethora（过多） of knock-off products on sale across Chinas shops and markets an irritant(令人恼火的事) to many foreign manufacturers, for sure, but the word itself now has the Oxford seal of approval. 山寨是指
2、中国市场上泛滥成灾的假冒商品。这确实让许多外国制造商非常恼火，但这个词语本身已经获得了牛津词典的认可。,Why do you have a knockoff designer wallet? I thought you hated intellectual property theft. 你怎么用一个山寨名牌钱包？你不是讨厌知识产权盗窃吗? In March, the court fined a former Herms (爱马仕) saleswoman $7.5 million for selling fake crocodile-skin bags several years ago. 三
3、月份，法院对一位爱马仕女店员判处750万美元的罚款，因为她在几年前销售假冒的鳄鱼皮皮包。 He says counterfeits of the companys jeans are flooding Europe. 他说该公司牛仔裤的仿冒品充斥着欧洲市场。,knockoff,fake,counterfeits,Chinese,English,Read the following passages and their translations.,1) 今天晚上，很好的月亮。（狂人日记） The moon is extremely bright tonight. 2) 午后便步行至雀华桥，雇了一
4、只小船，荡起双桨。朝北不远，便到了历下亭前。（老残游记） After lunch he walked to the Sparrow Flower Bridge, where he hired a small boat and paddled along towards the north. Soon he reached the Li Xia pavilion.,3) Spring has so much more than speech in its unfolding flowers and leaves, and the coursing of its streams, and in i
5、ts restless seeking. 春花含苞待放，绿叶缓缓舒展，溪水潺潺流淌，欢乐的春天涌动着无限的追求与希望，这一切难以用语言表达。,奉献爱心, 增进友谊。( 2007 上海特奥会街头标语) Give a loving heart, and develop deep friendship. Lets give a loving heart and develop deep friendship.,English sentences: complete structures Contain subjects主语and predicates 谓语 Predicates must be ve
6、rbs Number; tenseStrict grammar rules,Chinese sentences: Loose in structure Incomplete (no subjects) Predicates are not necessarily verbsNo agreement between subjects and predicates.,英汉语言的差异,1、英语重形合(hypotaxis)，汉语重意合(parataxis)形合：形显意明，句连严谨，语序规范，意脉清晰 意合：形隐意在，句连洒脱，语序顺适，意脉暗承,Hypotaxis (形合) is the depend
7、ent or subordinate construction or relationship of clauses with connectives. English sentence building is characterized by hypotaxis.Parataxis (意合) is the arranging of clauses one after another without connectives showing the relation between them. Chinese sentence building is featured by parataxis.
8、,To clarify the relations between words, phrases or clauses, English more often resorts to overt cohesion(显性衔接), frequently using various cohesive ties (衔接纽带)such as coordinators (并列连词)(e.g. and, or, but, yet, so, however),subordinators (从属连词)(e.g. when, while, as, since), relative pronouns and adve
9、rbs( e.g. who, whose, that, which, when), prepositions and others.,我是北京人，我认识那个地方。 我是北京人，我的孩子也是北京人。 我是北京人，我会感到格外幸福。 我是北京人，我不怎么喜欢北京春天的气候。 我是北京人，你是哪里人？Im from Beijing, so/therefore I know that place. (causal)I was born in Beijing and my son was born in Beijing, too. (additive)If I were a native Beijing
10、er, I would feel all the more happy. (supposal)I am from Beijing, but I dont like the weather of Beijings spring. (adversative)I am from Beijing, and where are you from? (parallel),He spoke so well that everybody was convinced of his innocence. a. 他说得那么好听，以至于每个人都相信他是无辜的。 b. 他说得那么好听，谁都相信他是无辜的。向左转弯就可以
11、远远看到我们学校。 If you turn to the left, you will find our institute at a distance.,1、英语重形合，汉语重意合,掌握“英语重形合、汉语重意合”的差异是做好英汉互译的核心。英译汉时，要尽量在理清英语各句关系的基础上，打乱其原有的句式结构，按照“汉语重意合”的表达习惯和方式，重新组织句序；相反，在汉译英时，要把汉语各个分句的关系尽量用连接词、时态和标点符号等予以表示，最后按照英语的表达习惯组合成复杂的句子结构。,1、英语重形合，汉语重意合,More examples,人不犯我, 我不犯人。We will not attack
12、unless we are attacked.不到黄河心不死。Until all is over, ambition never dies.,人是很有趣的，往往在接触一个人时首先看到的都是他或她的优点。 译文1：Human beings are interesting, when they first get in contact with a person, they always see his or her merit. 译文2：Human beings are interesting. When they first get in contact with a person, they
13、 always see his or her merit.Human beings are interesting in that they tend to first see good in a new acquaintance.,Practice:,2、英语前重心；汉语后重心汉语中，次要信息和背景信息通常位于前部，最重要的信息在最后出现。英语相反。,英汉两种语言的逻辑思维有明显的不同：英语往往是“开门见山”，先表明结论，再进行论证、描述或讲述事实，也可简单概括为“先果后因”，即重心在前；汉语则习惯于“循序渐进”，往往按照事情的发展顺序，由事实到结论或由因到果进行论述，可以简单归纳为“先因后
14、果”，即重心在后。 在英译汉时，我们要注意这种逻辑思维上的差异。具体地，在正确理解英语原文逻辑关系的基础上，打乱英语的句子结构，按照汉语思维逻辑的表达方式重新安排句子的语序。例如：,2、英语前重心；汉语后重心,Mr. Smith was arrested when he himself was not aware what crime he had committed. 史密斯先生自己还不知道犯了什么罪，人家就把他逮捕了。 He was daring and resourceful (足智多谋的) besides being a fine shot. 他不仅枪法好，而且有勇有谋。,2、英语前重
15、心；汉语后重心,It is right and necessary that people with different political and social systems should live side by side - not just in a passive way but as active friends. 生活在不同政治制度下的各国人民应该共处，不仅仅是消极共处，而是要积极地友好共处，这是正确而必要的。,2、英语前重心；汉语后重心,3. 英语静态语言；汉语动态语言,English is featured by its predominance of nouns over
16、 verbs. S. Potter (1969:101) points out, “Our western civilization, it has been said, favors an over-development of the intellect at the expense of the emotions. That is why people prefer nouns to verbs. They suffer what the Germans call noun disease. They say Johns arrival was premature instead of
17、John came too soon.”,Fords first pledge was, “Mr. President, you have my support and my loyalty.” 福特一开始就保证说： “总统先生，我支持您，并效忠于您。” He is a good eater and a good sleeper. 他能吃又能睡。 过去我常常有点喜欢胡思乱想。 I used to be a bit of a fancier myself. 在英译汉时要变“静”为“动”，摆脱名词化的框架和大量介词的干扰，突出原文的动态色彩。,1. I refused his offer of h
18、elp. 他表示愿意帮助我，我拒绝了。 2. His acceptance of bribe led to his arrest. 他因受贿而被捕。 3. The timely arrival of the police stopped the riot. 警察及时赶到，制止了骚乱。,3. 英语静态语言；汉语动态语言 C/E translation:,她忽然提出了这么个问题，使余敬唐吃了一惊。立刻看出这姑娘还是个刚离娘窝的“雏儿”。（杨沫 青春之歌） a young bird just able to fly 译文1：She suddenly put forward such a questi
19、on, which astonished Yu Jingtang. He immediately realized the girl was a young bird just able to fly. 译文2：Yu Jingtang was astonished when she put forward such a question. He immediately realized the girl was a young bird just able to fly. 译文3： This abrupt question took Yu Jingtang by surprise and ma
20、de him realize the girl was a young bird just able to fly.,仔细比较一下，就能看出他们的不同。 Careful comparison will reveal to us their difference.,Practice:,3. 英语静态语言；汉语动态语言 Posters,禁止通行 禁止停车 禁止摄影 禁止超车 正在施工 油漆未干,No Thoroughfare No Parking No photographing No passing Under construction Wet Paint,4、英语多被动；汉语多主动,Passi
21、ve Voice Vs. Active Voice,Passive Voice,1 Passive structure remaining unchanged 1) “被”；“给” At the end of the month he was fired for incompetence. 月底，他因不胜任工作被解雇了。 2) “遭”; “受” Our foreign policy is supported by the people all over the world. 我们的外交政策受到全世界人民的支持。,Passive Voice,3) “为 所”；“加以”；“予以” As soon
22、as all the facts have been found out, we can begin to formulate a theory. 一旦所有事实为人们所发现，理论即可形成 Other questions will be discussed briefly. 其它问题将简单地加以讨论。,Passive Voice,2 passive voice converted into active voice 1) the original subject unchanged The sense of inferiority(自卑) that he acquired in his yout
23、h has never been totally eradicated(消灭). 他在青少年时期留下的自卑感还远没有完全消除。 Every moment of every day, energy is being transformed from one form into another. 每时每刻，能量都在由一种形式变为另一种形式。,Passive Voice,2) changing original object into subject By the end of the war 800 people had been saved by the organization. 大战结束时，
24、这个组织拯救了800人。 A new way of displaying time has been given by electronics. 电子技术提供了一种新的显示时间的方法。,Passive Voice,3) changing the passive voice into the Predicative verb “是” The picture was painted by Professor Smith. 这幅画是史密斯教授画的。 The volume is not measured in square millimeters. It is measured in cubic mi
25、llimeters. 体积不是以平方毫米计量的，而是以立方毫米计量的。,Passive Voice,4) adding a proper subject to make the Chinese version smooth To explore the moons surface, rockets were launched again and again. 为了探测月球表面，人们一次又一次的发射火箭。 Television, it is often said, keeps one informed about current events and allows one to follow t
26、he latest developments in science and politics. 人们常说，电视使人了解时事，了解科学、政治领域的最新发展变化。,我们、大家、有人、人们,Passive Voice,3 passive structure converted into a subjectless sentenceNew actions must be taken to prevent air pollution. 必须采取新行动来防止空气污染 A pistol had been found close to the murdered woman. 在被害女人的旁边发现了一把手枪。,
27、Passive voice in C/E translation,（一）为了强调接受动作的人或事物的重要性 中美已经建立了外交关系。 Diplomatic relation has been established between China and the United States of America.,（二）为了加强上下文的连贯性 口试时，问了十个问题，她全答对了。 She was asked ten questions in the oral exam and answered every one of them correctly. 他出现在台上，观众给与热烈鼓掌。 He appe
28、ared on the stage and was warmly applauded by the audience.,（三）为了使措辞得当、语气委婉 请全系教师于星期三下午二时在会议室集合，听报告。 All teachers of the Department are requested to meet in the conference room at 2:00 p.m. on Wednesday to hear a speech. 来宾请出示入场券。 Visitors are requested to show their tickets.,汉语的一些习惯用语的译法,（1）人们（有人、大
29、家）认为 It is considered (or thought) that （2）普遍（一般，通常）认为 It is generally (usually) accepted (or agreed, recognized) that （3）有人（人们、大家）相信 It is believed that （4）大家知道（众所周知） It is well-known that （5）据说（有人说） It is said that,（6）据估计（预计） It is estimated (predicted, calculated) that （7）据报道（告） It is reported th
30、at （8）必须指出 It must be pointed out that （9）必须（应该）承认 It must (should) be admitted that （10）可见（可以看出） It will be seen that,（11）不用说（谁都知道） It is understood that （12）无可否认 It cannot be denied that （13）已经证明 It has been proved (or demonstrated) that （14）可以有把握地说 It may be safely said that （15）人们希望 It is expect
31、ed (hoped) that,A wave of cigar smoke accompanied Tom in. 汤姆进门时，带来一缕雪茄烟雾。 无论从主语还是从句中的其他部位来看，英语句子都比较“重物而轻人”，重客观而轻主观；相反，汉语则较多地“重人而轻物”，重主观而轻客观。汉语多以表“人”的词做主语，英语多以表事物的词做主语。中国学生在英语写作时，沿用汉语思维的主观倾向，极少采用非生命指称主语，也较少使用被动语态。,5、英语重物称；汉语重人称,【例文】 A decade of the traffic police job in the city center has hurt his h
32、earing. 【译1】在市中心当交通警察的十年损伤了他的听力。 【译2】因为在市中心当了十年交通警察，他的听力受到了损伤。,Time and place: Dusk found him crying in the street. 到了黄昏时，他在街上哭了起来。 Emotions and mental activities: Astonishment deprived me of my power of speech. 我惊讶得说不出话来。 Impersonal subjects turning into adverbial clauses: Rising prices prompted many labor unions to demand higher wages. 由于物价上涨，许多工会要求增加工资。,C/E Translation,世纪之交，中国外交空前活跃。At the turn of the century, China is very active in its diplomatic activities. The turn of the century finds China most active on the diplomatic arena (舞台；竞技场).,
