1、Unit,4,Making a Living, Making a Difference,Book 3,Think and Discuss,Viewing the World,Exploring the Theme,Analytical Listening,Sharing Your Ideas,Engaging,Further Listening,Content,Unit 4 Making a Living, Making a Difference,Think and Discuss,The man in this picture is selling balloons. Do you thin
2、k he made them himself? Do you know people who are self-employed? How do they make a living?,A man sells balloons in a busy Hanoi intersection.,Questions,Example Answers The man is selling balloons. It seems unlikely that he made the balloons himself since plastic balloons like these are a manufactu
3、red product.,The man in this picture is selling balloons. Do you think he made them himself?,Questions,Do you know people who are self-employed? How do they make a living?,Example Answers Yes, I do know people who are self-employed. A woman I know operates a food cart where she sells homemade foods
4、such as steamed pork buns at lunchtime. A man I know is a mechanic, and he owns a repair shop where he fixes motorcycles. No, I dont know anyone who is self-employed.,Questions,Exploring the Theme,Unit 4 Making a Living, Making a Difference,Look at the photos and read the captions. Then discuss the
5、questions.What is the difference between entrepreneurs and members of a co-op? What are some handmade products that are sold in China? Have you ever been to a market like the one in this photo? What kinds of things were sold there?,Making a Living, Making a Difference,Crowds gather at the Djemaa el-
6、Fna square in Marrakesh, Morocco for food and entertainment.,Making a Living, Making a Difference,Entrepreneurs start their own small businesses, or make products to sell. This photo shows textiles, which are the main creative art form in Bhutan.,Making a Living, Making a Difference,In cooperatives
7、or co-ops, farmers or workers join together to create one large business. The co-op members also own the business.,Making a Living, Making a Difference,What is the difference between entrepreneurs and members of a co-op?,Example AnswersEntrepreneurs are individuals who start their own businesses. Me
8、mbers of a co-op are people who have joined together to create a business which they own collectively.,Making a Living, Making a Difference,What are some handmade products that are sold in China?,Example Answers Handmade products that are sold in China include jewelry, silk clothing, musical instrum
9、ents, rugs, etc.,Making a Living, Making a Difference,Have you ever been to a market like the one in this photo? What kinds of things were sold there?,Example Answers Yes, I have been to a night market like the one in the photo. People were selling a lot of inexpensive clothing, snacks and sweets, a
10、nd cell phones and watches. No, I have never been to a night market.,Making a Living, Making a Difference,Analytical Listening,Unit 4 Making a Living, Making a Difference,Marsha Nolan 玛莎 诺兰（人名） cobra n. 眼镜蛇 snakebite n. 毒蛇咬伤 venom n.（ 蛇、昆虫等的）毒液 antivenin n. 抗蛇毒素；抗蛇毒血清,Listening 1,Irulas: a small tri
11、be of people who live in Southern India. Irulas have traditionally worked as snake and rat catchers. 伊鲁拉斯族,Listening 1,Wildlife Protection Act (of India): an act of legislation by the government of India. It was enacted in 1972 to help protect cer tain plants and animals.野生动物保护法,Listening 1,Listenin
12、g 1,A | Prior Knowledge. Look at the photo and read the caption. Then read and listen to the article about an unusual cooperative in India.,Before Listening,Listening 1,These members of the Irula tribe in India catch snakes and “milk” them for their venom.,A | Prior Knowledge.,Listening 1,Snake Hunt
13、ers Find Cure for JoblessnessMost people run away when they see a poisonous snakebut not the Irulas of India. For generations, the Irulas made their living catching wild snakes. The snakes skins were sold and made into luxury goods such as handbags and boots.Then in 1972, the Indian Parliament adopt
14、ed the Wildlife Protection Act, and the basis of the Irulas economy was suddenly illegal. Some Irulas got jobs as farm laborers, but many found themselves out of work.,To be continued ,A | Prior Knowledge.,Listening 1,The solution came in 1978 with the creation of the Irula Snake Catchers Industrial
15、 Cooperative Society, whose members use their snake hunting skills to catch snakes. However, the snakes are no longer sold for their skins. The cooperative has found a better use for the dangerous snakes.,B | Discussion. Form a group with two or three other students and discuss the questions.,Listen
16、ing 1,1. For generations, how did the Irulas of India make their living? 2. Why did the basis of the Irulas economy suddenly become illegal in 1972? 3. Instead of being killed for their skins, can you guess how the snakes are being used now? 4. What do you think might be some of the benefits of this
17、 change?,Example Answers They caught wild snakes and sold their skins to be made into luxury goods.,1. For generations, how did the Irulas of India make their living?,Listening 1,Example Answers The Indian Parliament adopted the Wildlife Protection Act (new laws to protect wildlife).,2. Why did the
18、basis of the Irulas economy suddenly become illegal in 1972?,Listening 1,Example AnswersPerhaps the snakes are being sold to the government and moved to other parts of the country, or maybe the snakes are being studied and filmed for nature shows.,3. Instead of being killed for their skins, can you
19、guess how the snakes are being used now?,Listening 1,Example Answers The benefits of this change could be that the environment is in a more natural balance, with snakes being alive instead of dead, and there could be some kind of benefit for the Irula people, who “have found a better use for the dan
20、gerous snakes”.,4. What do you think might be some of the benefits of this change?,Listening 1,C | Critical Thinking. Work with a partner. Think of a possible speaker and situation for each speaking purpose.,Listening 1,1. To give informationA lecture by a university professor 2. To persuade you to
21、do something_3. To entertain you_4. To change your opinion_,Listening 1,Example Answers2. A TV commercial for a product or children trying to convince their parents to do something 3. An actor performing in a movie or someone telling a funny story at a party 4. A politician explaining why they are a
22、 better candidate than their opponent or a friend explaining why certain information you found online is actually false,A | Listening for Main Ideas. Read the questions. Then listen to a talk about the Irula co-op and answer the questions.,A Guest Speaker,Listening,Listening 1,1. Who is the speaker?
23、_2. Who is the audience?_3. How did the adoption of the Wildlife Protection Act in India affect the lives of the Irula people?_,To be continued ,A | Listening for Main Ideas.,Listening 1,4. What brought the Irulas back in the snake business? And how do they run their business today?_5. What is the s
24、peakers purpose of delivering this speech?_,Listening 1,Answer keys1. She is Marsha Nolan, a guest speaker and the director of Worldwide Co-op. 2. The audience is a diverse group of people who want to protect different animal species. 3. The Irula people could no longer sell the skins of snakes, so
25、their poverty became more extreme.,To be continued ,Listening 1,Answer Keys (continued)4. The Irulas became entrepreneurs. They caught snakes for their venom, which is used to produce antiveninthe only known cure for poisonous snakebites. They formed the Irula Snake Catchers Industrial Cooperative S
26、ociety. This business is run cooperatively. 5. The speakers purpose is to give information since the ideas behind the Irulas co-op, in other words using wild animals in a sustainable way, can be used in many places.,B | Giving Opinions. Compare your answers in exercise A with your partners. Explain
27、the reasons for your answer to question 5.,Listening 1,Listening 1,Example AnswersThe speaker tells the story of the Irula people, so she is clearly sharing information. The speaker also makes a suggestion, so her second purpose may be to persuade: “If endangered animals in your country are being ki
28、lled and sold, its important to understand the reasonsthe economic benefits that come from killing the animals. You might find another way, some other way for people to earn even more money than before by not killing the animals.”,C | Listening for Details. Read the statements and answer choices. Th
29、en listen again and choose the correct word or phrase to complete each statement.,To be continued ,1. According to the speaker, Worldwide Co-op offers _ to cooperative enterprises.a. loans b. support c. health insurance 2. Each year, _ people in India die from snakebites.a. 20,000 b. 30,000 c. 40,00
30、0,Listening 1,b,b,C | Listening for Details.,3. The speaker encourages the audience members to assess their own situations in order to understand the reasons why _.a. wildlife are being killedb. people are earning more than beforec. snakes are being milked for their venom 4. According to the speaker
31、, Worldwide Co-op has information resources, including _.a. books b. journal articles c. a Web site,Listening 1,a,c,Critical Thinking. Form a group with another pair of students. Think of an endangered animal that is being killed by humans. Discuss why the animal is being killed. Then think of anoth
32、er way that people might earn money from the animal.,Listening 1,After Listening,Listening 1,Example AnswersA: Other endangered animals that are being killed by humans include gorillas, which are sold as meat, and sharks, whose fins are cut off and sold to make soup. Wild cats such as tigers and leo
33、pards are killed for their skins. B: In each case, people around the world are interested in learning about these animals and seeing them in the wild. Taking and selling films and photographs or leading wildlife tours might be alternative ways to make money from them.,A | Most people run away when t
34、hey see a poisonous snakebut not the Irulas of India. For generations, the Irulas made their living catching wild snakes. The snakes skins were sold and made into luxury goods such as handbags and boots. Then in 1972, the Indian Parliament adopted the Wildlife Protection Act, and the basis of the Ir
35、ulas economy was suddenly illegal. Some Irulas got jobs as farm laborers, but many found themselves out of work.,To be continued ,Listening 1,The solution came in 1978 with the creation of the Irula Snake Catchers Industrial Cooperative Society, whose members use their snake hunting skills to catch
36、snakes. However, the snakes are no longer sold for their skins. The cooperative has found a better use for the dangerous snakes.,Listening 1,A | & C | Good afternoon and thank you for inviting me to speak. My name is Marsha Nolan, and Im the director of Worldwide Co-op. I hope, I hope that some of y
37、ou have heard of our organization. Worldwide Co-op exists to support cooperative enterprises of all kinds, and today, today, Id like to give you some information about a co-op in India. Its an unusual co-op since it was formed in response to wildlife protection measures. Since all of you here are me
38、mbers of wildlife organizations, I know youll be interested in this.,To be continued ,Listening 1,All right. The story. The story begins in 1972. That was the year that India took a major step in wildlife protection. So far, so good, right? Well, the Wildlife Protection Act wasnt so good for a small
39、 tribe called the Irulas, who made their living catching snakes, such as the Indian cobra, which were sold for their skins. Even before 1972, the Irulas lived in relative poverty, despite being some of the only people in India with the necessary skills to catch poisonous snakes. After 1972, things w
40、ent from bad to worse. What happened next, however, could serve as a model for many places. The Irulas became entrepreneurs. With more than 30,000 deaths from snakebites in India each year, there is a huge demand for venom. Its used to produce antiveninthe only known cure for poisonous snakebites.,T
41、o be continued ,Listening 1,The Irulas knew how to handle cobras, so they decided to cooperate and work together. They formed the Irula Snake Catchers Industrial Cooperative Society, and they were back in the snake business. These days, the Irulas catch snakes just as theyve done for generations, bu
42、t now, they carefully milk the snakes venom before returning them to the wild. The snakes they catch are not killed, and the Irulas earn more money from the venom than they used to get for the snakes skins. Even betterthe co-op members are all owners, so theres no longer a “middleman” getting rich f
43、rom the Irulas hard work. All of the wealth generated by the sale of venom stays in the Irula community.,To be continued ,Listening 1,The reason Im telling you all of this is simple: The ideas behind the Irulas co-op can be used in many places. After all, the Irulas have found an effective and susta
44、inable way to use wild animals for their own benefit. Instead of being killed, the snakes are staying alive, and theyre benefiting people in more than one way. Now, I know that Im speaking to a diverse group of people. The different species that you want to protect cant all be milked for their venom
45、. But what all of you can do is to assess your situation. If endangered animals in your country are being killed and sold, its important to understand the reasonsthe economic benefits that come from killing the animals. You might find another way, some other way for people to earn even more money th
46、an before by not killing the animals.,Listening 1,If you need help with any of this, Worldwide Co-op has many information resources. So, please feel free to visit the Web site, send an email, or give me a call.,Listening 1,Listening 2,Donald Yates 唐纳德耶茨（人名） pool v. 合伙（集中）使用，共用,Listening 2,Contractio
47、ns are short combinations of two or more words. The contracted word is usually a function word (pronouns, auxiliary verbs, etc.). Contractions can be difficult to hear, but theyre important because they communicate the speakers meaning.Theres no hospital in the town. (now) There was no hospital in t
48、he town. (in the pastbut there is one now),Listening 2,To be continued ,Listening 2,Listening 2,The purchase of an animal can improve a farm familys diet and contribute to their income.,A | Review. Review the information on page 52 about identifying the speakers purpose.,Before Listening,Listening 2,B | Identifying the Speakers Purpose. You are going to hear a class question and answer session in this section. Read the questions. Then listen to the first part of the session and answer the questions.,Listening 2,1. Who is the speaker?_2. What is the speakers purpose?_,
