1、Physical Chemistry 物 理 化 学,2. What is the first law of thermodynamics?,3. What is the second law of thermodynamics?,1. What is physical chemistry?,Questions?,4. What are the state function and path function?,2018/12/13,College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering,3,Physical chemistry is the study of
2、macroscopic（宏观） , atomic, subatomic, and particulate phenomena in chemical systems in terms of physical laws and concepts. It applies the principles, practices and concepts of physics such as motion, energy, force, time, thermodynamics, quantum chemistry, statistical mechanics and dynamics.,What is
3、Physical chemistry?,The first law of thermodynamics,*Energy is neither created nor destroyed, but may change in forms. *Internal energy, work and heat in a closed system dU = dW +dQ Other concepts: enthalpy, heat capacity, isochoric(等体积） , isobaric（恒压）, Processes: reversible, irreversible Isothermal
4、（恒温）, adiabatic（绝热）, cyclic, free expansion,The second law of thermodynamics,Clausius statement: It is not possible to construct a device that operates in a cycle and whose sole effect is to transfer heat from a colder body to a hotter body.,Kevin-Planck statement: It is impossible to construct a de
5、vice operating in a cycle that results in no effect other than the production of work by transferring heat from a single body.,The third law of thermodynamics,*The entropies of all substances in the perfect crystalline or the perfect liquid state are zero at the absolute zero of temperature (0 K). *
6、 It is impossible to attain a temperature of absolute zero.,Contents of physical chemistry,Chemical thermodynamics: It concerns with energy change: the routine of energy change, the change trend of equilibrium, and the equilibrium state. Chemical kinetics: It focuses on the rate of matter change: re
7、action rate, reaction mechanisms, reactor, and reactor scale-up. Structure chemistry: It concerns about the relation between matter properties and its microstructures.,Branches and related topics,Thermochemistry Chemical kinetics Quantum chemistry Electrochemistry Photochemistry Surface chemistry So
8、lid-state chemistry Spectroscopy Biophysical chemistry Materials science Physical organic chemistry Micromeriticsmakrmrtks微晶学,Extensive property （广度性质）volumeweight heat capacity （热容）internal energy (内能) Intensive property （强度性质）temperature pressure density viscosity （粘度）,Process （过程）,Isothermal proc
9、ess （等温） Isobaric process （等压 ） Isochoric process （等容 ） Adiabatic process （绝热 ） Reversible process （可逆 ） Irreversible procesbs （不可逆 ） Spontaneous process （自发 ） Nonspotaneous process （非自发）,Enthalpy （焓 ） H=U+pV p is the pressure of the system and V is its volume. As U, p and V are all state functions,
10、 the enthalpy is also a state function. The change of enthalpy, H, between any pair of initial and final states is independent of the path between them.,Entropy （熵） S=SB-SA=(Q/T)R a measure of disorder. The disorder in a system is called its entropy, S. A crystal lattice at 0 K has perfect order and
11、 therefore zero entropy. The hotter it gets, the more kinetic energy the particles in it have and the more options they have for arranging themselves.,System （系统）,Equilibrium system （平衡） Nonequilibrium system （非平衡） Homogeneous system （均相） Heterogeneous system （非均相） Open system （敞开） Closed system （封闭
12、） Isolated system （弧立） Adiabatic system （绝热） One-compound system （单组分,Work: work is done when an object is moved against an opposing force. Heat: when the energy of a system changes as a result of a temperature difference between it and its surroundings, we say that energy has been transferred as he
13、at. Energy: the energy of a system is its capacity to do work.,Definition: changing the rate of reactions by adding a substance which does not get used up.Type:homogenous catalysis and heterogeneous catalysis Aautocatalysis. Homogeneous catalysis:Here the catalyst and the reactants are in the same p
14、hase. Heterogeneous catalysisThe effect of the surface is often so profound that it may be difficult to remember that this effect is of hastening the approach to an equilibrium state.,catalysis,Some Important professional Terms,1. Ideal-Gas Equation 理想气体状态方程 2. spontanelty 自发性 3. System and Surround
15、ings系统与环境4. open system- closed system5. isolated system6. State and State Functions状态与状态函数 7. Process过程 8. Law of conservation of energy （能量守恒定律） 9. The First Law of Thermodynamics热力学第一定律 10. The Second Law of Thermodynamics热力学第二定律,11. Chemical equilibrium 化学平衡 12. Enthalpy 焓 13. Enthalpies of Reac
16、tions反应热 14. Enthalpies of Formation生成焓 15. Reaction Rates反应速率 16. Reaction Order反应级数 17. Reaction Mechanisms反应机理 18. Activation Energy活化能 19. Rate Constants速率常数 20. Endothermic and Exothermic Processes吸热与发热过程,Some Important professional Terms,21. Homogeneous Catalysis均相催化剂 22. Heterogeneous Catalys
17、is非均相催化剂 23. Enzymes酶 24. catalyst 催化剂 25. The Equilibrium Constant平衡常数 26. the Direction of Reaction反应方向 27. Effects of Volume, Pressure, Temperature Changes and Catalysts 体积，压力，温度变化以及催化剂的影响 28. Spontaneous Processes自发过程 29. Entropy (Standard Entropy)熵（标准熵） 30. Entropy Changes熵变,Some Important prof
18、essional Terms,31. Extensive property广度性质 32. intensive property强度性质 33. molar heat capacity at constant volume恒容摩尔热容 34. molar heat capacity at constant pressure恒压摩尔热容 35. chemical kinetics 化学动力学 36. chemical thermodynamics 化学热力学 37. heat and work热与功 38. internal energy 内能 39. Potential energy 势能 4
19、0. Kinetic energy 动能 41. Standard Free-Energy Changes标准自由能,Some Important professional Terms,物理化学专业期刊杂志：,英文杂志：Journal of Physical Chemistry A (from 1896) Journal of Physical Chemistry B (1997) Journal of Physical Chemistry C (2007) Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics Macromolecular Chemistry and Physics (1947) Annual Review of Physical Chemistry (1950) Molecular Physics (1957) Journal of Physical Organic Chemistry (1988) Journal of Chemical Physics Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters 中文杂志：物理化学学报，催化学报，高分子学报，中国科学 .B辑（化学），结构化学 ,
