1、取得英语语法成功的基石,词性与句子成分,复习：词性,根据词的特点我们把词划分为名词、代词、动词、形容词、副词、介词、连词、冠词等。,Parts of Speach,1.名词 表示人和事物的名称。,学校 寒假 圣诞节 城市 猫咪 书本 李白 友谊,school winter vacation Christmas city cat book Li Bai friendship,专有名词 eg:Women in Love,James,the Alps 普通名词 注意：可数名词（cn.） 不可数名词（un.）eg:advice, baggage, furniture, homework, inform
2、ation, knowledge, luggage, money, news, progress （名词的数与格）,refuseschool/visit/writeart America /musicpaint/build/write/learn/feelact/dicide/solvepure/real/major,refusalscholar/visitor/writerartistAmerican/musicianpainting/building/writing etc.action/decision/solutionpurity/reality/majority,treat/move
3、/judge/punish/argue/developkind/tired/darkdeep/long/strong/true/wide/warm/grow,treatment/movement/judgment/punishment/argument/developmentkindness/tiredness/darknessdepth/length/strength/width/truth/warmth/growth,2.代词:代替名词等eg:he his this himself what when something etc.人称代词, 物主代词, 指示代词, 反身代词, 疑问代词,
4、关系代词, 不定代词 etc.,3.形容词：表示人或事物的性质、状态和特征的词eg:beautiful flowers something important (good better best),value/move/rely/comfort/reasonnature/nation/traditionabsence/difference/distance/importanceinterest/disappoint/care,valuable/movable/reliable/comfortable/reasonablenatural/national/traditionalabsent/di
5、fferent/distant/importantinteresting/interested/disappointing/disappointed/caring,child/fool/selfact/create/impressbeauty/care/helpvary/danger/couragehome/breath/harm,childish/foolish/selfishactive/creative/impressivebeautiful/careful/helpfulvarious/dangerous/courageoushomeless/breathless/harmless,4
6、.数词：表示数目多少(基数词)或顺序多少的词(序数词) eg:two ,second(twice, one-third etc.),5.动词:表示动作或者状态 eg:run,work,sleep按功能：实义动词、系动词、助动词、情态动词 （eg: sleep remain have can）按形态:原形、第三人称单数、过去式、 过去分词、现在分词etc.(时态与语态) (eg:do does did done doing),时态 主动语态 一般将来时 过去将来时 一般现在时 一般过去时 现在进行时 过去进行时 现在完成时 过去完成时 现在完成进行时 过去完成进行时 将来完成时,will do
7、would do do / does did is / am / are doing was / were doing has / have done had done has / have been doing had been doing will have done,时态 被动语态 一般将来时 过去将来时 一般现在时 一般过去时 现在进行时 过去进行时 现在完成时 过去完成时 现在完成进行时 过去完成进行时 将来完成时,will be done would be done is/am/are done was/were done is/am/are being done was/were
8、 being done has/have been done had been donewill have been done,6.副词:在句子中表示行为或状态特征的词，修饰动词、形容词、其他副词或全句，表示时间、地点、程度、方式等概念。eg: always outside properly very how I like English very much 注意：adj adv（一般直接加,“元e”去e加,“辅y”改i加,“le”结尾e改y）,1).直接+ly careless,quiet,different,beautiful,careful,recent2). 以le 结尾的形容词去e
9、+ yterrible terriblypossible possiblycomfortable comfortablygentle gently simple simplyreasonable reasonablyprobable probably,3).以e 结尾的 wise wiselynice nicelypolite politelyfortunate fortunatelyclose closely immediateimmediately 注意：true truly dull dullywhole wholly full fully,4).以“y”结尾的,读音为 / i /,变“
10、y”为“i+ly” eg:happy-happily; heavy-heavily; angry-angrily; busy-busily读音为 / ai /， 直接加ly eg：dry-dryly; sly-slyly; shy-shyly,5).以ic结尾的+allyenergetic energeticallyscientific scientificallypublic publicly （例外）,7.介词：词与词、词与句之间的关系eg:beside，along，across, throughin front of,8.连词:连接词与词，短语与短语，句与句eg:and, but, or
11、, nor, so, as well as, bothand, not onlybut also, eitheror, neithernor, (and) then when ,where, because,9.感叹词 Wow! Eh etc.,10.冠词 eg: the a an /,But Jane knew from past experience that her (choose) of ties hardly ever pleased her father. (2009)We should consider the (important) of this matter serious
12、ly.,choice,importance, 被形容词修饰,用名词, 被冠词修饰，用名词,We felt a great sense of (achieve) when we finally entered the key universities.,achievement, 作介词of的宾语，用名词,This proverb is saying we have to let things go in their （nature） course. (2008)Mary felt (please), because there were many empty seats in the room
13、.,natural,pleased, 用形容词修饰名词, 作表语用形容词，表人感到怎样，用-ed形式,Having sports makes us (health) and strong.,healthy, 作补语用形容词,We drank together and talked （merry） till far into the night. (2007)His teacher took a deep drink, smiled (warm), and thanked his student very much for the sweet water. (2010),merrily,warm
14、ly, 修饰动词 talked 用副词, 修饰动词 smiled 用副词,He must be (mental) disabled. (2011)(luck) , the hero died in a car accident two years ago.,mentally,Unluckily, 修饰形容词disabled 用副词, 修饰后面整个句子 用副词,The water was simply the container for an act of kindness and love. Nothing could be_ (sweet).” (2010)But he felt very
15、happy since the crop did “grow”_ （high）。(2008),sweeter,higher, 否定加比较级等最高级，按句意：没有什么比这更甜的了。, 修饰动词 grow 还是用副词，按句意：的确长得更高了。,After the earthquake many people become_(home).It is (legal) to break into other peoples houses and steal things.,homeless,illegal, 系动词后用形容词，按句意：地震后很多人变得无家可归。, 系动词后用形容词，按句意：闯进别人家偷东
16、西是违法的。,组成句子的各个部分叫句子成分。英语句子成分主要有主语、谓语、宾语、表语、定语、补语、状语等。,句子成分,一、主语,主语（subject）：句子说明的人或事物。主语一般位于_ 。,1.Lucy likes her new bike. 2.We work hard. 3.To learn a foreign language is not easy. 4.Playing football after school is great fun.,句首,1. We love China. 2. We have finished reading this book. 3. He can sp
17、eak English. 4. She seems tired.,二、谓语,谓语:说明主语做什么或怎么样。通常由 _ 充当.,动词,情态动词和助动词不能单独充当谓语,必须和实义动词或系动词一起构成谓语.,They can speak English well. They are playing over there.,1）状态系动词：be(am is are was were) He is a teacher. 2）持续系动词:keep, remain, stay etc. He always kept silent at meeting. 他开会时总保持沉默。,系动词,3）看起来像:seem
18、, appear, look etc. He looks tired. He seems (to be) very sad.4）感官系动词：feel, smell, sound, taste This flower smells very sweet.,5）变化系动词：become, grow, turn, fall, get, go, come etc.He became mad after that. 6）终止系动词:prove, turn outThe rumor proved false. 这谣言证实有假。 His plan turned out a success. 他的计划终于成功
19、了。,三、宾语,宾语：动作行为的对象，说明主语做什么。一般放在_或_后面.,1.We study English. 2.Our teacher said that he would go there. 3.He is looking at the dog.,双宾语：指人的是间接宾语，指物的是直接宾语。He gave me two books.,及物动词,介词,表语：跟在系动词后面的词语或从句,用来说明主语的身份,特征,状态.,The trees turn green.The flower is beautiful .,四、表语,定语：用来修饰_.,This is a red car.The b
20、uilding is their teaching building.The woman doctor is my wife.I have something to tell you.The man in front of the gate is Mr. Li.Every student has an English book.,五、定语,名词,状语：修饰动词、形容词、副词或全句，说明时间、地点、方式、因果、条件、让步、方向、程度、目的等。,六、状语,John often came to chat with me ( ) As he was ill, he didnt come to clas
21、s yesterday. ( ) She is sitting at the desk, doing her homework. ( ) My father worked in this school ten years ago. ( ) Though he is young, he knows a lot.( ) He came running.( ),程度，目的,地点，伴随,地点，时间,让步,方式,原因,补语是用于补充说明主语或宾语的身份或特征。,七、补语,Everyone calls him Jack. （宾补） He is called Jack.（主补）,同位语是位于名词或代词后面的
22、个别名词或名词词组，对前者进行补充说明The Great Wall, one of the wonders in the world, attracts a large number of foreign friends.,八、同位语,一、主语 主语可以用下面这些东西表示： 1. The sun rises in the east. （ ） 2. He likes dancing. （ ） 3. Two will be enough.( ) 4. Seeing is believing. （ ） 6. To see is to believe. （ ） 7. When to hold the
23、meeting has not been decided yet. ( ) 8. What he needs is a book. （ ） 9. It is very clear that the elephant is round and tall like a tree. （ ）,名词,代词,数词,动名词,不定式,疑问词+不定式,从句,It作形式主语，that从句是真正的主语,当不定式、动名词或从句在某个句子中作主语时，为保持句子结构前后平衡，避免头重脚轻，因此常用it作形式主语置于句首，而将真正的主语放在句尾。此时it只起先行引导作用，本身无词义。,什么情况下用it作形式主语？,你能划出
24、下列句子的真正的主语吗?你懂得翻译下列句子吗？ 1) It is wrong to tell a lie. ( ) 2) It is no use arguing about it. ( ) 3) It is uncertain who will come. ( ),说谎是错误的。,争吵是没用的。,谁要来还不确定。,二、宾语 宾语可以用下面这些东西表示： 1.She lived a happy life.( ) 2.I love you.( ) 3.We need two.( ) 4.Do you mind my opening the door?( ) 5.He began to learn
25、 English a year ago.( ) 6.He did not know what to say.( ) 7.Did you write down what she said? ( ) 8. She felt it her duty to take good care of them. ( ),名词,代词,数词,动名词,不定式,疑问词+不定式,从句,It作形式宾语，不定式是真正的宾语,二、表语 表语可以用下面这些东西表示：He is a teacher. ( )My idea is this.( )She was the first to arrive.( )I feel much
26、better today./I must be off now. ( )He is out of danger.( )The news was exciting./They were excited at the news.( )What surprised me most was that he spoke Chinese so well.( ),名词,代词,数词,从句,形容词/副词,介词短语,分词,三、定语 定语可以用下面这些东西表示： Its a red car.( ) They live in the room above.( ) My brother is a teacher.( )
27、 We belong to the third world.( ) Lucys father is a poor worker.( ) Mother made a birthday cake for me.( ) The man under the tree is my teacher.( ) The swimming boy is my brother./The boy swimming in the river is my brother. ( ),形容词,副词,代词,数词,名词所有格,名词,介词短语,现在分词,三、定语 定语可以用下面这些东西表示： I liked the food co
28、oked by my mother./Retired people have a good time at home.( ) There are two things to be discussed today.（ ） Will you tell us about your teaching plan?（ ） This is the very book that I need. （ ）,过去分词,不定式,动名词,从句,四、状语 状语可以用下面这些东西表示： He is often late for class.( ) We saw that picture at the cinema.( )
29、He sat there smoking.( ) They returned tired and hungry. （ ） They did everything they could to save the boys life. （ ） Although he is young, he knows a lot. ( ) The box is so heavy that I cant lift it. ( ),副词，程度,介词短语，地点,分词，伴随,不定式，目的,形容词，状态,让步状语从句,结果状语从句,四、状语 状语可以用下面这些东西表示： While my wife was reading
30、the newspaper, I was watching TV. （ ） He was angry because we were late( ） If it rains tomorrow, we wont go out.( ),时间状语从句,原因状语从句,条件状语从句,五、宾语补足语： I consider Jim a good friend.( ) I always find her happy.( ) People praised him as a hero.( ) I had the TV fixed.( ) I saw him entering the building.( ) W
31、hat made you think so?( ) Do you want me to go?( ),形容词,名词,介词短语,过去分词,现在分词,省略掉to的不定式,不定式,英语句子的种类,简单句 (simple sentence),并列句 (compound sentence),复合句 (complex sentence),简单句的 五种基本句型,英语五种基本句型列式如下： 基本句型一： （主谓） 基本句型二： （主系表） 基本句型三： （主谓宾） 基本句型四： （主谓间宾直宾） 基本句型五： （主谓宾宾补）,基本句型一 主谓 （S + V）,S + V She cooks. He is w
32、orking. What he said does not matter. The pen writes smoothly.,基本句型一 主谓,基本句型二 主系表,S+V+P He is happy. Every thing looks nice. His face turned red.,基本句型二 主系表,基本句型三 主谓宾,S+V+O We study English everyday. They are playing football. He enjoys reading. She said “Good morning.”,基本句型三 主谓宾,基本句型四,SV（及物）O（多指人）O（多指物） I give him a book. My mother bought me a pen yesterday. I showed him my picture.,基本句型四,基本句型五,S+V（及物）+O (宾语)+C（宾补） We must keep the door open. The news makes me happy. We call him Jim. He told me to wash the plates. I saw a thief going into your room.,基本句型五,
