1、.初级英文文法 Unit 1 名词、冠 词 -11. 名词的种类2. 名词的数3. 名词的所有格4. 冠词Unit 2 be 动词、一般动词的现在式-31. be 动词的现在式-am、are、is2. 一般动词的现在式3. 一般动词的否定句Unit 3 be 动词 、一般动词的 过去式-51. be 动词的过去式2. be 动词(过去式)的否定句3. be 动词(过去式)的疑问句4. 一般动词的过去式5. 一般动词(过去式)的否定句6. 一般动词(过去式)的疑问句Unit 4 代名词-71. 人称代名词2. 所有代名词3. 反身代名词4. 指示代名词5. 不定代名词Unit 5 时态 -121
2、. 现代简单式2. 过去简单式3. 现在进行式4. 过去进行式5. 未来式Unit 6 WH 问句、祈使句 、感叹句-151. WH 问句2. 祈使句3. 感叹句1Unit 1 名词、冠词名词,用来表示人或事物、动物,能做为主语、补语、受词。其中可计数的,称为可数名词;不可计数的,称为不可数名词。1. 名词的种类普通名词 表示具有一定形状的个体,为可数名词,有单数/复数之分。例:book(书) 、pencil(铅笔) 、dog(狗)、spaceship(太空船)等。集合名词 表示一个单位的群体,或者表示被视做整体的人、事、物的集合体。例:class( 班级;班上的同学) 、family(家庭;
3、家人)、audience(听众)等。例 1. My family is large. 我家是一个大家庭。2. My family are all early risers. 我的家人都起得早。专用名词 如人名、地名等,用来表示其一特定的名称。无冠词,第一个字母须大写。例:Bob(鲍伯)、Smith(史密斯 )、April(四月)、London(伦敦)等。下列专有名词需要加上定冠词 the 。例 the United States(美国)、The United Nations(联合国)物质名词 表示不具有一定形状的物质名词,如材料、食物、气体、液体等。一律用单数,但前面不加 a或 an。例:gl
4、ass(玻璃)、wood( 木头) 、paper(纸)、butter(奶油)、fruit(水果)、meat( 肉)、sugar(糖)、air(空气) 、gas(瓦斯) 、water(水)等。物质名词在计算数量时,用容器或度量衡的单位来表示。即:数字+容器(度量衡)+of+物质名词例:1. a loaf of bread (一条面包) 2. a cup of coffee (一杯咖啡)3. a sheet of paper (一张纸) 4.a spoonful of sugar (一匙糖)抽象名词 表示观念、性质、动作、过程、状态等。原则上与 “数”无关。前面不加 a 或 an,没有复数形式。例
5、:beauty(美丽)、honesty(诚实) 、love( 爱) 、patience( 耐心 )、happiness(幸福)、music( 音乐)等。2. 名词的数表示人或事物的名词中,有一些是可以计数的。个数只有一个的情形,称之为单数;个数超过一个时,称之为复数。规则变化的复数名词名词字尾加 S大部分名词例:dog-dogs (狗) book-books (书) girl-girls (女孩)名词字尾为 s 、sh、ch、x、o加 es例:class-classes (班级) bus-buses (公交车) dish-dishes (盘子)bench-benches (长凳) box-bo
6、xes (盒子)注意:名词字尾为子音+o 时,复数名词加 es,如 tomatoes(蕃茄)。但有例外,如 photos(照片) ,pianos(钢琴)等。名词字尾为子音+y去 y+ies例:baby-babies ( 婴儿) story-stories (故事) city-cities (城市) lady-ladies (女士)名词字尾为 f 或 fe去 f 或 fe+ves例:leaf-leaves ( 叶子) wife-wives (老婆) knife-knives (刀子)2handkerchiefs( 手帕),chiefs(领袖),roofs(屋顶)不规则变化的复数名词名词字尾加 e
7、n,ren例:ox-oxen ( 公牛) child-children (小孩)改变元音例:man-men (男人) woman-women (女人) goose-geese (鹅) tooth-teeth (牙齿) mouse-mice (老鼠)单复数同形例:fish-fish ( 鱼) deer-deer (鹿) sheep-sheep (绵羊 )Chinese-Chinese (中国人) Japanese-Japanese(日本人)3. 名词的所有格名词的所有格形式单数名词名词s例:the boys schoolbag (男孩的书包) Joans dress (Joan 的洋装)复数名词
8、名词 s例:a girls school ( 一所女校) these students teacher (这些学生的老师)字尾非 S 的复数名词名词s例:childrens playground (小孩的游乐园 ) womens activities (女性的活动)特别注意的所有格用法共同所有格及个别所有格 .ss共 同 所 有 格 名 词 名 词 名 词个 别 所 有 格 名 词 名 词 名 词例:1. Harry and Bills father is a scientist. (Harry 和 Bill 的父亲是一位科学家。)2. Harrys and Bills fathers are
9、 scientists. (Harry 和 Bill 的父亲都是科学家。)(无)生物所有格:A 的 BB of A例:1. 桌子的脚the legs of the table2. 车门(车子的门)the door of the car3. 女孩的名字the girls namethe name of the girl所有格之后的名词,如在句中非常容易理解时,可以省略。例:1. Shes going to the dentists. (她要去看牙。)2. I met him at barbers. (我在理发院遇到他。)3. We like to eat lunch at McDonalds.
10、(我们喜欢去麦当劳吃午餐。)4. 冠词冠词可分为不定冠词 a(an)及定冠词 the,它通常放在名词之前,用来修饰名词。3a+ann字 音 开 头 的 单 数 名 词的 用 法 母 音 开 头 的 单 数 名 词例:a book( 一本书) a girl(一个女孩) a young man(一位年轻人) an apple(一个苹果 ) an umbrella(一把伞) an old woman(一个老女人)a(an)的发音一般来说 a,an ,但强调 “一个”时,特别加重语气可读成 a,an 1. I read a novel. 2. I read a novel, not two. The
11、的用法 定冠词 the 可用来限定可数名词及不可数名词,可表示单数及复数。也可用来限定形容词。其在母音前,读 ;子音前则读 。例:1. Please shut the door. (请关门。)2. The rich arent always happy. (有钱人并非是快乐的。)the+形容词泛指“的人“,代表复数。比较:不定冠词(a 吃) seesaw ( 看) teachtaught (教)givegave (给 ) taketook (拿)例:1. I walk to school every day. (我每天走路上学。)(过去式)I walked to school yesterda
12、y.(我昨天走路上学。2. Mother goes to a supermarket every morning. (妈妈每天上超巿。)7(过去式) Mother went to a supermarket yesterday morning. (妈妈昨天早上上超巿。)主词为第三人称单数时,过去式动词不须加 s一般动词(过去式)的否定句含有一般动词(过去式)的肯定句变为否定句时,不可直接在一般动词之后加 not,必须使用过去式助动词 did(不分人称)。而 did 之后,必定出现原形动词。肯定句:主词+一般动词(过去式)否定句:主词+did not+原形动词 例:l. He called yo
13、u last night. (他昨晚打电话给你。)(否定句) He did not call you last night. (他昨晚没打电话给你。)= He didnt call you last night.2. My sister and I watched TV all day yesterday. (我姊姊昨天和我看了一整天的电视。)(否定句) My sister and I did not watch TV all day yesterday.= My sister and I didnt watch TV all day yesterday. (我姊姊昨天和我并没有整天看电视。
14、)比较:否定句(过去式)a. be 动词: She was at home. (她在家。)She wasnt at home. (她不在家。 )b. 一般动词: She studied English. (她学英语。)She didnt study English. (她没学英语。)一般动词(过去式) 的疑问句含有一般动词(过去式)的肯定句变为疑问句时,不可将一般动词拿到主词前,必须使用过去式助动词did。而 did 之后,必定出现原形动词。肯定句:主词+一般动词(过去式)疑问句:Did+主词+ 原形动词.?例:1. His friends went to that movie last we
15、ek. (他的朋友上星期去看了那部电影。)(疑问句) Did his friends go to that movie last week? (他的朋友上星期看了那部电影吗?)(答句) Yes, they did. / No, they didnt.(是的,他们看了。/ 不,他们没看。)2. Grace wrote a letter to David. (Grace 写了一封信给 David。)(疑问句) Did Grace write a letter to David? (Grace 写信给 David 了吗?)(答句) Yes, she did. / No, she didnt.(是,她
16、写了。/ 没,她没有。)比较:疑问句(过去式)a. be 动词: He was sick. (他病了。)Was he sick? (他病了吗?)b. 一般动词: He did his homework. (他做功课了。)Did he do his homework? (他做功课了吗? )Unit 4 代名词人称代名词人称代名词的人称及格单数 复数数格人称 主格 所有格 受格 主格 所有格 受格8第一人称 I my me we our us第二人称 you your you you your youhe his himshe her her第三人称it its itthey their them
17、 第一人称说话者第二人称听话者第三人称第一人称及第二人称话题中提到者主格、所有格、受格的用法主格+动词所有格+名词一般动词+受格/介系词+ 受格例:1. He likes sports. (他喜欢运动。)2. His friends are over there. (他的朋友们在那里。)3. The girl loves him very much. (那女孩非常爱她。)It 的用法 it 可表示天候、时间、距离例:l. It rains a lot in Taipei in spring. (it 表天候)(台北春天下很多雨。)2. It was two oclock when he cam
18、e back home. (it 表时间)(他两点回到家。)3. It is five kilometers from here to the airport. (it 表距离)(从这里到机场距离是 5 公里。 ) it 表示某一状况此时多半是说话的人及听话的人都能了解的特定状况。例:1. A: Who knocked at the door? (谁敲门?)B: I thought it was Jack. (我想是 Jack。)2. Its all up to you. (一切由你决定。)3. I like it here. (我喜欢这里。)4. I dont feel like it. (
19、我不想。) It 可以当假主词代替一件事例:1. It is difficult to learn Spanish. (西班牙文很难学。)(假主词)2. Its important that you should tell the truth. (你该说实话,这很重要。)(假主词)3. Its no use telling him about it.(告诉他这件事是没用的。)(假主词)we、you、they 的特殊用法例:1. We had a heavy rain yesterday. (昨天下了一场大雨。)2. You dont see many Chinese there. (在那里看不
20、到许多中国人。)3. They speak English in Canada. (在加拿大说英语。)所有代名词单数 复数数格人称 所有格 所有代名词 所有格 所有代名词第一人称 my mine our ours9第二人称 your yours your yourshis hisher hers第三人称its itstheir theirs所有代名词的用法 所有代名词=所有格+ 名词例:1. Your house is bigger than mine (=my house). (你家比我家大。)2. My bicycles are here and his (=his bicycles) a
21、re there. (我的脚踏车在这里,而他的在那里。)所有代名词所代替的名词,要与前者提到的名词单、复数相同。 伴随双重所有格: 冠 词 、 所 有 格 不 可 同 时 放 在 名 词 前指 示 形 容 词 、 不 定 形 容 词例:I met one of my old friends on the way home. (我在回家途中遇到我的一位老朋友。)= an old friend of mine 名词的所有代名词=所有格例:My dog is black, and Jasons is white. (我的狗是黑的,而 Jason 的是白的。)= Jasons dog反身代名词反身代名
22、词的形成第一、二人称所有格+ self(单数) / selves(复数)第三人称受格+ self( 单数) / selves(复数)单数 复数第一人称 myself ourselves第二人称 yourself yourselveshimselfherself第三人称itselfthemselves反身代名词的用法例:l. You always talk to yourself. ( 你老是自言自语。)2. The little girl hurt herself. (这小女孩受伤了。)3. He can do it by himself. (他能够独自做这件事。)(强调句:He himsel
23、f can do it.)4. I saw the singer himself. (我看见那位歌手本人。)指示代名词用来指示人或事物的代名诃,称之为指示代名词。this(these) / that(those)一般用法用于人或事物。离说话者距离近者用 this(these);距离远者用 that(those)。例:1. This is my mask, and that is Marys. (这是我的面具,而那是 Mary 的。)2. Who is this? (你是谁?)电话用语。Who was that on the telephone? (电话上那人是谁?)3. Things are
24、easier these days. (这几天事情简单多了。)10代替用法代替已经叙述过的字。代替单数名词用 that;代替复数名词用 those。但 this(these)无此用法。例:1. The weather in Taipei is cooler than the weather in Kaohsiung. =The weather in Taipei is cooler than that in Kaohsiung. (台北的天气比高雄凉爽。)2. Her interests are different from the interests of her childhood. =H
25、er interests are different from those of her childhood. (她现在的兴趣和她童年时的不同。 )so 作为动词的受词或补语,指前面出现过的字或是句子。例:l. A: Will it be fine tomorrow. (明天天气好吗?)B: I hope so. (我希望如此。 )(=I hope that it will be fine tomorrow.)2. Do you still feel sick? If so, you must see the doctor.(你仍然不舒服吗?如果是的话,你必须看医师。)3. Nancy can
26、 play the violin, and so can I. (Nancy 会拉小提琴,而我也会。)She is smart. So she is. (她很聪明。她的确如此。) She is smart. So is he. (她很聪明。他也是。)such 有“那样的事物(人) ”之意,可当代名词、形容词,也可用于单复数。例:1. They will plant flowers such as roses, sunflowers. (他们将种些花,例如玫瑰,向日葵。)2. I dont know such a man. (我不认识这样的人。) such(+a)(+形容词 )+名词3. Hav
27、e you tasted any such food before? (你以前曾经尝试过任何这样的食物吗? )such 前可接 all、other 、another、any、few、every、no 等。same 一般都加 the,表示“相同的 (事物)”之意。例:l. A: Can I have a cup of coffee, please? (请给我杯咖啡好吗?)B: Give me the same, please. (我也要咖啡。)2. He uses the same typewriter as I do. (他使用和我相同的打字机。)不定代名词表示不特定的人或物,或者是表示非一定
28、数量的代名词,称作不定代名词。有时也具有形容词的用法。例:1. Some of the boys like English. (这些男孩当中有些喜欢英文)(代名词)2. Some boys like English. (有些男孩喜欢英文 )(形容词)one /onesone 等于 a/an+单数名词,用来指不特定的人或物。如果不特定的人或物是多数时,则用 ones。例:1. I have lost my watch and I have to buy one (=a watch). (我弄丢了我的表,我必须再买一只。)2. I like small cars better than large
29、 ones (cars). (我喜欢小车胜于大车。)one = a/an+单数名词 it = the+单数名词例:1. Here are some apples. Take one. (这里有些苹果。拿一个吧!)2. I bought a good camera. Ill lend it (=the camera) to you. (我买了一台相机。我会把它借给你。)both/all用法:both(两者都),用于二个人或二个东西,常用作复数。All(全部;所有的)可用于人及事物。代表可数名词时,总数为三以上。也可代表不可数名词。位置:be 动词或助动词之后。一般动词之前。定冠词(the)、所有
30、格、数词、形容词之前。例:1. Both of her children went to New York. (她的两个小孩都去了纽约。)2. Ive read both these papers. (我看过这两份报纸了。)3. All of my money was stolen. (我的钱都被偷了。)114. You may take all these toys. (你可以拿所有的玩具。) You may take them all.注意:both、all 出现于否定句,表示“部分否定” 。例:1. I do not know both of her parents. (她的父母亲我并非
31、都认识。) = I know just one of her parents.2. Not all of them come from England. (他们并非都来自英国。)=Just some of them come from England.either/neithereither: 指“两者中不论哪一个都可以但是只选其中一个“ 之意。neither:为 both 的否定。表“两者都不“意指全部否定。本身为否定字,不可和 not 同时出现。例:1. Do you know either of the visitor? (你认识这两位访客中的任何一位吗?)2. I dont like
32、both hats. (这两顶帽子我并非都喜欢。)I like neither of the hats. (这两顶帽子我都不喜欢。)either, neither 也有副词用法。例:Bill didnt come to my party, and ken didnt, either. (=and neither did Ken.)(Bill 没来参加我的派对,而 Ken 也没有。)some /any一般而言,some 用于肯定句,any 用于否定句,疑问句及条件句。可代替可数名词及不可数名词。例:1. Some of the boys were late. (这些男孩当中有些迟到了。)2. S
33、ome of my money was stolen from my purse. (我皮夹里有些钱被偷了。)3. Please lend me some money if you have any. (如果你有钱的话,请借我一点。)4. Do you have any magazines to read? (你有杂志可读吗?)other /anotherother: 表 “其它(人、事物)“之意,其复数为 others。another: 从 an + other 衍生而来,表示不特定的“另一个别的人、事物“,无复数形。例:1. I have two students. (我有两个学生。)On
34、e is short; the other is tall. (一位矮个子;另一个高个子。)2. I have three flowers. (我有三朵花。 ) One is red; the others are yellow. (一朵红的;其它黄的。)One is red; another is yellow; the other is pink. (一朵红的;另一朵黄的;还有一朵粉红的。)3. I dont like this one; show me another. (让我看另一个。)show me the other.(“两个之中”让我看另一个。)4. Some of the bo
35、ys are here, but where are the others? (有些男孩在这里,但其它人呢?)5. Some people said yes and others said no. (有些人说是,其它的说不。)比较:其它:none等none:可表示人或事物,可用于可数名词及不可数名词。12several:表示 “数个( 物),数个(人)” ,只用于可数名词的复数。most:表示 “大部分人 (事物)” ,可用于可数名词的复数, 或不可数名词,通常前面不加冠词 the。例:1. None of the telephones is (或 are) working. (这些电话中没有
36、一支可用。)2. Several of my friends attended the meeting. (我的朋友中有几位参加了会议。 )3. Most of it is true. (大部分是眞的。)4. Most of the people know it. (大部分人都知道这件事。)most 可当形容词,为 many, much 的最高级,前面可加冠词 the。例:1. Who got the most New Years cards? (谁收到最多新年卡?)2. She is the most beautiful girl that Ive ever seen. (她是我看过最美的女
37、孩。)Units 5 时态现代简单式动词形式:be 动词:am / are / is一般动词:主词为第三人称单数,一般动词加 s。时间副词:now (现在)、every+ 时间( 每天)使用时机表示现在的状态或动作例:1. There are many visitors in the zoo. (动物园里有许多游客。)2. Here comes the bus. (公交车来了。 )表示现在习惯性的动作例:1. David often sleeps during class. (David 常在上课时睡觉。)2. My parents take exercise in the park ever
38、y morning. (我父母每天早上在公园做运动。 )表示不变的事实、真理例:The earth moves around the sun.(地球绕着太阳转。)过去简单式动词形式:be 动词:was /were一般动词:过去式动词,分为规则变化及不规则变化。时间副词:yesterday 昨天yesterday morning (afternoon, evening) 昨天早上( 下午、晚上)the day before yesterday 前天last+时间(上)例:last week 上星期 last night 昨天晚上 last year 去年时间+ago ( 前 )例:two hou
39、rs ago (二小时前 ) five days ago (五天前)before 以前then(=at that time)那时使用时机表示过去的动作或状态例:1. I bought this yesterday. ( 我昨天买了这个。)2. There was an old temple over there. (那里以前有座古庙。)表示过去习惯性的动作例:My father used to smoke, but now he doesnt. (我父亲以前常吸烟,但现在不抽了。)13现在进行式动词形式:be 动词(am, are, is)+V-ingV-ing 的形成原形动词+ing 大部分
40、动词例:talktalking say saying speakspeaking原形动词字尾有 e去 e + ing例:havehaving writewriting comecoming原形动词为子音+短母音+ 子音重复字尾+ing例:putputting cutcutting swimswimming例:We are eating breakfast. (我们现在正在吃早餐。)比较:1. We ate breakfast before going to school. (我们上学前已经吃过早餐。)2. We eat breakfast every morning. (我们每天早上吃早餐。)
41、使用时机表示现在正在进行的动作。例:John is watching the baseball game on television. (John 正在看电视上的棒球赛。)表不重复发生的动作。常伴随着 always, all the time, again and again 等副词或副词词组。例:l. He is always complaining. ( 他老是抱怨。)2. The car is breaking down all the time. (这辆车老是故障。)表示最近的未来即将发生的动作。此用法常用于某些动词, 如:come, go, start, leave, arrive
42、等。例:1. Im leaving for Kenting tomorrow. (我明天前往垦丁。)2. My boyfriend is coming to see me this afternoon. (我男朋友今天下午即将来看我。)注意:某些动词不可用于进行式中。 表“感官“的动词see, hear, smell 等。 表“情感“的动词love ,like 等。 其它have, know 等例:Im seeing the bird in the tree. ( )Im looking at the bird in the tree. () (我正在看树上的那只鸟。)过去进行式动词的形式:w
43、as(were)+V-ing例:He was playing frisbee in the park then. (那时他正在公园玩飞盘。)使用时机表示过去某一时点正在进行的动作。例:l. We were playing chess at eight yesterday evening. (昨晚 8 点我们正在下棋。)2. Lily was talking a bath when the doorbell rang. (门铃响时 Lily 正在洗澡。)表示过去时间某一期限中,反复性的动作。例:1. Whenever I visited him, he was watching TV. (无论何
44、时我去看他,他都在看电视。)2. In those days, we were getting up at six oclock. (在那些日子,我们都六点起床。 )末来式未来式用来表示发生于未来的动作或状态,常用 be going to 或 will。be going to+原形动词be going to 的涵义14be gomg to 在用于表现未来时,常表示用于实现性非常高的事或事先计划好的行为。时间副词tomorrow 明天tomorrow morning (afternoon, evening )明天早上( 下午、晚上) the day after tomorrow 后天next+时
45、间( 下)例:next week (下星期) next year (明年)in+时间 在(时间)后例:in a few days 在几天后 in a week 在一周之后例:l. Im going to visit my uncle tomorrow. (明天我要去探望我叔叔。)2. I have to buy the ladder because Im going to paint the house. (我必须买个楼梯,因为我打算油漆房子。)3. I dont feel good; Im afraid Im going to be sick. (我觉得不舒服;恐怕我要生病了。)4. Are
46、 they going to have a party on Cristmas Eve? (圣诞前夕他们打算开派对吗?)will(将要)+原形动词will+原形动词will 为表示未来的助动词,且不分人称,其后须接原形动词。例:l. We will leave junior high school soon. (不久我们将自国中毕业。)=We are going to leave junior high school soon.=We are leaving junior high school soon. 2. I will be fifteen years old next year. (
47、明年我就 15 岁了。)( I am going to be fifteen years old next year.)年龄不须事先计划,所以不可用 be going to。3. A: I cant move the large box. (我搬不动这大箱子。)B: Ill do it for you. (我来帮你。)( I am going to do it for you.)很明显地,这并不是事先计划好的行为,所以不可用 be going to。4. I will not change my mind. (我将不改变主意。)= Ill not change my mind. = I won
48、t change my mind.5. Will people live on Mars in the future? (人类未来会在火星上生存吗? )Will you ?Will you另外可表示请求或邀约。表请求 Will you? 回答:Sure. / Ok. / All right.No, I cant. / Im sorry. I cant.表邀约 Will you? 回答:Yes, thank you. / Yes, please.No, thank you.例:1. Will you look after the baby for me? (请你替我照顾这宝宝好吗?)Sure. ( 没问题。)Im sorry, but I cant. (抱歉,我不能。)2. Will you have another cup of coffee? (你要再来杯咖啡吗? )Yes, please. (请再给我一杯。)No, thank you. (不,谢谢。 )15Unit 6 WH 问句、祈使句、感叹句WH 问句疑问词(Wh 及 how)为首的疑问句,称为 WH 问句,而疑问词可分为疑问代名词,疑问副词及疑问形容词。疑问代名词:what、who