1、Unit 14 Genitourinary SystemBody fluid Total body fluid Intracellular fluid Extracellular fluid (ECF) Interstitial fluid Plasma fluid Venous fluid Arterial fluid Hypovolemia=volume depletion 血容不足 Electrolyte disorders Sodium : Hyponatremia / hypernatremia Potassium : Hypokalemia / hyperkalemia Calci
2、um : Hypocalcemia / hypercalcemia Magnesium : Hypomagnesemia / hypermagnesemia Phosphorus : Hypophosphatemia / hyperphosphatemia Metabolic acid-base disorder Acidosis Alkalosis Anion gap (AG)阴离子间隙The difference between the sum of the measured cations and anions in the plasma or serum Associated with
3、 seizure, shock, oliguria, anuria, polyuria, hypertension and diarrhea Calculi Nephrolithiasis 肾石病 Urinary / Renal / bladder stone calcium / uric acid / cystine (胱氨酸)stone IVP ( intravenous pyelogram)静脉肾孟造影照片 Lithotripsy 碎石术 Ureterolithotomy SWL=shock wave lithotripsy Nephritis Balkan nephritis acut
4、e glomerulonephritis 急性肾小球肾炎 acute pyelonephritis 急性肾孟肾炎 cystopyelonephritis 膀胱肾盂肾炎 CRF 刺瘤 Fibroadenoma mastodynia Breast Cancer Risk factors: History of breast cancer/ family history Fibrocystic disease Prolonged reproductive life Nulliparity9nQlIpArEtI 未产妇 Prolonged use of postmenopausal estrogen
5、therapy BSE=breast self-examination Mammography Mastectomy Abnormal uterine bleeding Hypermenorrhea: excessive but regular Menometrorrhagia: prolonged, irregular Menorrhagia: excessive in amount and/or duration Polymenorrhea: 35 days Hypomenorrhea: decrease in amount and duration Amenorrhea: absent
6、90 days 闭经 Metrorrhagia: irregular bleeding 子宫出血 Endometriosis The presence of ectopic implants of tissue that look and act like endometrium and are found outside the uterine cavity. signs and symptoms: Dysmenorrhea 痛经 Dyspareunia 性交困难 Menorrhagia 月经过多 Dysuria 排尿困难 Thick and retroverted uterus Cervi
7、x Chronic cervicitis Cervical erosion Nabothian cyst 纳博特(氏) 囊肿,子宫颈腺滤泡囊肿 Cervical polyps Cervical hypertrophy Carcinoma of cervix Ovary oophoroplasty 卵巢成形术 oophorrhagia 卵巢出血 Partial oophorectomy 卵巢部分切除术 ovariocentesis 卵巢穿刺术 cystadenofibroma of the ovary 卵巢囊腺纤维瘤 Menopause Climacteric 更年期,绝经期 Perimenop
8、ausal transition 围绝经期,更年期 Hormone replacement therapy Estrogen replacement therapy ERT Risks of ERT :Endometrial carcinomaBreast cancer Hypertension Thromboembolic disease ESRD = End-stage renal disease PID = pelvic inflammatory disease UTIs = Urinary tract infections BPH = Benign prostatic hyperpla
9、sia PBS = Painful bladder syndrome BUN = Blood urea nitrogen MPGN = membrane proliferative glomerulonephritis IUD = intrauterine contraceptive device The male reproductive systemED Erectile dysfunction Primary impotence Secondary impotence Psychogenic impotence Organic impotence Priapism 持续勃起症 Male
10、reproductive dysfunction Azoospermia 精子缺乏 Hypogonadism 性腺机能减退 Oligospermia 少精液症 Asthenospermia 精子活力不足 teratospermia 畸形精子 Infertility Treatment Evaluation of ovulation Semen analysis Hysterosalpingogram 子宫输卵管造影片 Superovulation = controlled ovarian hyperstimulation IUI = intrauterine insemination IVF
11、ICSI = intracytoplasmic sperm injection精子卵浆内注射技术 AID = artificial insemination with donor sperm GIFT = gamete intrafallopian transfer输卵管内配子移植术 STD Herpes simplex HIV/AIDS HPV (Human papillomaviruses)/wart 软疣 Syphilis gonorrhea Trichomoniasis 毛滴虫病,滴虫病 Chancroid 软性下疳 Lymphogranuloma venereum (LGV)性病性淋
12、巴肉芽肿 Granuloma inguinale 腹股沟肉芽肿 Pediculosis pubis 阴虱病 Scabies infestation 疥疮 Chapter Fifteen Nervous SystemReflexes Deep Tendon Reflexes Biceps Reflex(C5-6) Triceps Reflex ( C7-8) Quadriceps ( Patellar, Knee Jerk) Reflex ( L3-4) Achilles ( Ankle Jerk) Reflex (S1-2)Match shingles 带状疱疹 meningitis 脑膜炎
13、myelitis 脊髓炎 polioencephalitis 脑灰质炎 rabies 狂犬病，恐水病 tetanus 破伤风 arachnitis 蛛网膜炎 encephalomyelitis 脑脊髓炎rank the following psychiatric conditions? schizophrenia 精神分裂症 depression OCD (obsessive compulsive disorder) alcoholism anorexia nervosa paranoia bipolar disorderMatch the given terms with their def
14、inition alexia : loss of the ability to read amnesia : partial or total loss of memory aphasia : partial or total loss of the ability to articulate ideas or comprehend language atelencephalia : congenital imperfect development of the brain ataxia : loss of the ability to coordinator muscular movemen
15、t delirium : a temporary state of mental confusion and clouded consciousness dipsomania : an insatiable, often periodic craving for alcoholic beverages delusion : a false belief strongly held in spite of invalidating evidence dementia : deterioration of intellectual faculties, such as memory, concen
16、tration, and judgment dyskinesia : an impairment in the ability to control movement dyslexia : impairment of the ability to recognize and comprehend written words dysphasia : impairment of speech and verbal comprehension dysbasia : difficult in walking hemiplegia : paralysis affection only one side
17、of the body hydrocephalus : an abnormal accumulation of fluid in the cerebral ventricles narcissism : erotic pleasure derived from contemplation or admiration of ones own body or self pica : an abnormal craving or appetite for nonfood substances, such as dirt, paint lethargy : a state of sluggishnes
18、s, inactivity and apathyMatchtorpor 麻痹；呆滞tic 抽搐spina bifida 脊柱裂syncope 昏厥petit mal 癫痫小发作paraphasia 语言错乱，错语症necromania 恋尸狂，恋尸癖hallucination 幻觉Translate the following titles of medical essays into English1.对疑诊脑膜炎的成年患者在腰穿前进行头部计算机体层扫描术Computed Tomography of the Head before Lumbar Puncture in Adults with
19、 Suspected meningitis 2.高血压和糖尿病患者颅内脑动脉狭窄的观察Observation of Intracranial artery occlusive diseases in patients with hypertension and diabetes mellitus 3. 4.血浆高半胱氨酸（Homocysteine ）是痴呆症和阿耳茨海默氏病的一种危险因素Plasma Homocysteine as a Risk Factor for Dementia and Alzheimers Disease 5.缺氧缺血性脑病动物模型实验治疗的病理观察A patholog
20、ical survey of the therapeutic effect on experimental animal model with hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy 6.急性脑缺血鼠下丘脑-垂体-肾上腺轴的活动特征Active characteristics of hypothalamic-pituitary adrenal axis during acute cerebral ischemia in rats Chapter 16 Endocrine SystemSample of endocrine test resultsPituitary gl
21、and/hypophysis Adenohypophysis 腺垂体前叶 Neurohypophysis 垂体神经部,神经( 性)垂体(垂体后叶)Hormones secreted by hypophysis GH/somatotropin 生长激素 Prolactin/lactogenic hormone 催乳素 Thyrotropin/thyroid-stimulating hormone 促甲状腺激素 ACTH(=adrenocorticotropic hormone) /adrenocorticotropin/corticotropin促肾上腺皮质激素 Gonadotropic hor
22、mones 促性腺激素 FSH=follicle-stimulating hormone ICSH=interstitial cell-stimulating hormoneluteinizing hormone促间质细胞激素,促黄体激素 MSH/melanotrophin=melanocyte-stimulating hormone 促黑色素细胞激素 Vasopressin/ADH=antidiuretic hormone后叶加压素,抗利尿激素 oxytocin (后叶 )催产素,缩宫素Hormone secreted by pineal body melatonin 退黑激素Hormone
23、s secreted by thyroid gland Thyroxine 甲状腺素Tetraiodothyronine (T4)四碘甲腺原氨酸Triiodothyronine (T3)三碘甲腺原氨酸 calcitonin 降血钙素Hormones secreted by parathyroid glands Parathyroid hormone or parathormone 甲状旁腺激素Hormones secreted by adrenal glands (I) Corticosteroids = adrenocortical hormones 肾上腺皮质激素 Mineralocort
24、icoids 矿质(肾上腺)皮质激素Aldosterone 醛固酮 Glucocorticoids 糖皮质激素Cortisol 考的松,皮质醇corticosterone 肾上腺酮; 皮质脂酮 Sex hormonesAndrogen Estrogen Catecholamines 儿茶酚胺Epinephrine=adrenaline 肾上腺素norepinephrine 去甲肾上腺素 Hormones secreted by pancreas Glucagon 胰高血糖素(alpha cells) Insulin (beta cells) Other endocrine glands Thy
25、mus thymosin: Development of immune systemStomach gastrin :Digestion of foodPlacenta chorionic gonadotropin:Ovary to maintain the uterine liningheart(atria) atriopeptin 心房肽 small intestine secretin 肠促胰液素 :Pancreas to produce bicarbonatecholecystokinin 缩胆囊素Gallbladder to contract What hormone has thi
26、s function? melatonin : Regulating the biological clock of the body Anterior pituitary hormones :Regulating the activities of several other endocrine glands such as thyroid, adrenals, reproductive glands Thyroxine + Parathormone + corticosteroids : regulating the rate of metabolism calcitonin 降血钙素:D
27、ecreasing the concentration of calcium in the blood Insulin: Decreasing the concentration of glucose in the blood Androgen + Estrogen :Regulating the development of secondary sex characteristics Diabetes insipidus 尿崩症 - Pituitary gland Addisons disease - Adrenal gland Dwarfism - Pituitary gland Pheo
28、chromocytoma 嗜铬细胞瘤 - Adrenal gland Diabetes - Pancreas myxedema 黏液腺瘤 - Thyroid gland virilism 男性化 - Gonadshypercalcemia 高钙血症 - Parathyroid glands Tests for endocrine system RAIU = Radioactive iodine uptake test 放射性碘摄取 ITT = insulin tolerance test 胰岛素耐量试验 TBG = Thyroxine-binding globulin 甲状腺素结合球蛋白 AC
29、TH test 促肾上腺皮质激素试验 LH test = Luteinizing hormone test 促黄体激素试验 Aldosterone and renin test 醛固酮肾素试验 Translate the following case presentation A 47-year-old woman was admitted to the hospital because of recurrent hypercalcemia. The patient had been admitted 14 years earlier because of hyperparathyroidis
30、m, with an increased level of calcium (12.3 mg per deciliter 3.1 mmol per liter), markedly increased levels of alkaline phosphatase and parathyroid hormone (293 pg per milliliter; normal range, 10 to 60), and a low phosphorus level (1.8 mg per deciliter 0.58 mmol per liter). Physical examination rev
31、ealed a nodule in the left lower pole of the thyroid gland.A 64-year-old man was admitted to the hospital because of hyperadrenocorticism.The patient had a history of angina pectoris and had undergone five-vessel coronary-artery bypass surgery nine years before admission. He had long-standing heartb
32、urn, and for two years had had intermittent upper abdominal pain that responded to ranitidine. The results of upper gastrointestinal endoscopy were normal. Six months before admission, he began to bruise easily; weakness, emotional lability, moon facies, and peripheral edema developed; and his weigh
33、t increased by 5 kg. Three months before admission, a tremor developed in his hands. One month later, bouts of tachycardia and bradycardia occurred, and a dual-chamber electronic pacemaker was implanted. Shortly thereafter, atrial flutter with exertional dyspnea developed and did not respond to medical treatment.
