1、普地英语1第一章 绪论geology 地质学solid earth 固体地球Hydrosphere 水圈Biosphere 生物圈Aerosphere 大气圈Crust 地壳Mantle 地幔Core 地核Lithosphere 岩石圈Geological action 地质作用Endogenous geological action 内力地质作用Exogenous geological action 外力地质作用HP-UHP metamorphic zone 高压-超高压变质带Karst 喀斯特第 2 章 矿物Abundance 丰度Clark value 克拉克值Mineral 矿物Min
2、eralization 矿化作用Mineraloid 准矿物Crystal 晶体Crystalline 结晶质Crystalline grain 晶粒non-crystal 非晶体Non-crystalline 非结晶质Crystal structure 晶体结构Polymorphism 同质多像Diamond 金刚石Isomorphism 类质同像Crystal face 晶面Quasicrystal 准晶体Aggregare 集合体Radiating 放射状Druse 晶簇Oolitic 鲕状Pisolitic 豆状Stalactitic 钟乳状Botryoidal 葡萄状Reniform
3、 肾状Nodule 结核状Transparency 透明度Luster 光泽Color 颜色Streak 条痕Hardness 硬度Cleavage 解理Fracture 断口、断裂Density 密度Magnetism 磁性Graphite 石墨Pyrite 黄铁矿Chalcopyrite 黄铜矿Stibnite 辉锑矿Galena 方铅矿Sphalerite 闪锌矿Quartz 石英Rock crystal 水晶Amethyst 紫水晶Milky quartz 乳石英Chalcedony 玉髓Agate 玛瑙Corundum 刚玉Hematite 赤铁矿Limonite 褐铁矿Magnet
4、ite 磁铁矿Psilomelane 硬锰矿Fluorite 萤石Calcite 方解石Dolomite 白云石Malachite 孔雀石Anhydrite 硬石膏Gypsum 石膏Barite 重晶石apatite 磷灰石Si-O tetrahedron 硅氧四面体Olivine 橄榄石Garnet 石榴子石Andalusite 红柱石Kyanite 蓝晶石Sillimanite 口夕线石Epidote 绿帘石Glauconite 海绿石Wollastonite 硅灰石Diopside 透辉石Augite 普通辉石Hornblende 普通角闪石Tremolite 透闪石Glaucophan
5、e 蓝闪石Talc 滑石Serpentine 蛇纹石Kaolinite 高岭石Muscovite 白云母Biotite 黑云母Chlorite 绿泥石Feldspar 长石Potash feldspar 钾长石Orthoclase 正长石Microcline 微长石Sanidine 透长石Tourmaline 电气石Raw materials 原料第 3 章 岩浆作用和岩浆岩Igneous rock 火成岩Magmatic rock 岩浆岩Magmatism 岩浆作用Magma 岩浆Viscosity 黏性Complex anion 络阴离子Eruption 喷出作用Volcanism 火山作
6、用Pyroclast 火山碎屑物Volcanic ash 火山灰Lapillus 火山砾Volcanic cinder 火山渣Volcanic bomb 火山弹Volcanic block 火山块Pyroclastic rock 火山碎屑岩Volcanic tuff 凝灰岩Volcanic breccia 火山角砾岩Volcanic agglomerate 火山集块岩Lava 熔岩Lava flow 熔岩流Pahoehoe 绳状熔岩Massive lava 块状熔岩普地英语2Columnar joint 柱状节理Volcano 火山Volcanic cone 火山锥Crater 火山口Volc
7、anic vent 火山通道Central eruption 中心式喷发Fissure eruption 裂隙式喷发Eruptive rock 喷出岩Sub-volcanic rock 次火山岩Ultrabasic magma 超基性岩浆Ultramafic magma 超镁铁质岩浆Basic magma 基性岩浆Basaltic magma 玄武岩浆Mafic magma 镁铁质岩浆Basalt 玄武岩Shield volcanic cone 盾状火山锥Lava cone 熔岩锥Pillow structure 枕状构造Flood basalt 泛流玄武岩Intermediate magma
8、 中性岩浆Andesite magma 安山岩浆Andesite 安山岩Acidic magma 酸性岩浆Granitic magma 花岗质岩浆Rhyolite 流纹岩Composite volcanic cone 复式火山锥Crater lake 火山口湖Caldera 破火山口Active volcano 活火山Extinct volcano 死火山Earthquake 地震Geological disaster 地质灾害Andesite line 安山岩线Fire ring 火环（火山环）Ocean ridge 洋脊Intrusion 侵入作用Intrusive rock 侵入岩Int
9、rusive body 侵入体Country rock 围岩Hypogene rock 深成岩Meso-hypogene rock 中深成岩Hypabyssal rock 浅成岩Occurrence 产状Dyke 岩墙Sill 岩床Lopolith 岩盆Laccolith 岩盖Stock 岩株Batholith 岩基Texture 结构Phanerocrystalline texture 显晶质结构Phenocryst 斑晶Matrix 基质Porphyroid texture 似斑状结构Cryptocrystalline 隐晶质Amorphous 非晶质Porphyritic texture
10、 斑状结构Structure 构造Massive structure 块状结构Flow structure 流动构造Rhyolitic structure 流纹构造Vesicular structure 气孔构造Amygdaloidal structure 杏仁构造Pillow structure 枕状构造Orbicular structure 球状构造Miarolitic structure 晶洞构造Bedded structure 层状构造Ultrabasic rock 超基性岩Basic rock 基性岩Intermediate rock 中性岩Acidic rock 酸性岩Obsidi
11、an 黑曜岩Vein rock 脉岩Heat flow 热流Geothermal degree 地热增温率Geothermal gradient 地温梯度Gravitative differentiation 重力分异Radioactive heat 放射热Partial melting 部分熔融Upwelling 上涌Delamination 拆沉作用Mantle plume 地幔柱Large igneous province 大火成岩省Assimilation 通话作用Contamination 混染作用Xenolith 捕虏体Fractional crystallization 分离结晶
12、作用Felsic mineral 长英质矿物Mafic mineral 铁镁质矿物Pegmatite 伟晶岩Graphic texture 文象结构Magma mixing 岩浆混合作用第 4 章 外力地质作用与沉积岩Sedimentary rock 沉积岩Atmosphere 大气圈Coriolis effect 科里奥利效应Weathering 风化作用Denudation 剥蚀作用Transportation 搬运作用Sedimentation 沉积作用Mechanical sedimentation 机械沉积作用Chemical sedimentation 化学沉积作用Biologic
13、al sedimentationBio-chemical sedimentation普地英语3Sediment 沉积物Chemical sediment 化学沉积物Biological sediment 生物沉积物Bio-chemical sedimentCompression 压实作用Cementation 胶结作用Cement 胶结物Matrix 基质Recrystallization 重结晶作用Calc-sinter 钙华Clastic texture 碎屑结构Gravelly 砾状Sandy 砂状Silty 粉砂状Muddy 泥状Organic framework 生物骨架结构Sedi
14、mentary structure 沉积构造Horizontal bedding 水平层理Parallel bedding 平行层理Graded bedding 递变层理Cross bedding 交错层理Flaser bedding 脉状层理Wave bedding 波状层理Lenticular bedding 透镜状层理Rhythmic bedding 韵律层理Bedding plane 层面Ripple mark 波痕Mud crack 泥裂Stylolite 缝合线Concretion 结核Chert concretion 燧石结核Sole mark 印模Loading mark 重荷
15、模Conglomerate 砾岩Breccia 角砾岩Sandstone 砂岩Siltstone 粉砂岩Claystone 黏土岩Siliceous rock 硅质岩Siliceous tufa 硅华Siliceous shale 硅质页岩Limestone 石灰岩Intraclast 内碎屑Biodetritus 生物碎屑Psammite 砂屑Spherulite 球粒Lumps 团块Oolite 鲕粒Pisolite 豆粒Micrite 泥晶Sparite 亮晶Lime mud 灰泥Edgewise limestone 竹叶状灰岩Dolomite 白云岩Reef limestone 礁灰岩
16、Coral reef limestone 珊瑚礁灰岩Metamorphic rock 变质岩Metamorphism 变质作用Static pressure 静压力Fluid pressure 流体压力Oriented pressure 定向压力Compressive stress 挤压应力Shear stress 剪切应力Dehydration reaction 脱水反应Hydration 水合作用Carbonization 碳酸化作用Metasomatism 交代作用Metamorphic mineral 特征变质矿物Crystalloblastic texture 变晶结构Palimps
17、est texture 变余结构Cataclastic texture 碎裂结构Metasomatic texture 交代结构Crystalloblast 变晶Metamorphic structure 变成构造Spotted structure 斑点状构造Platy structure 板状构造Schistose structure 片理构造Schistosity 片理Foliation 面理Phyllite structure 千枚状构造Schistose structure 片状构造Gneissic structure 片麻状构造Augen structure 眼球状构造Stretch
18、ing lineation 拉伸线理Palimpsest structure 变余构造Orthometamorphic rock 正变质岩Parametamorphic rock 副变质岩Contact metamorphism 接触变质作用Contact thermal metamorphism 接触热变质作用Hornstone 角岩Spotted hornstone 斑点角岩Marble 大理岩White marble 汉白玉Quartzite 石英岩Contact metasomatic metamorphism 接触交代变质作用Skarn 矽卡岩Regional metamorphis
19、m 区域变质作用Burial metamorphism 埋藏普地英语4变质作用Slate 板岩Phyllite 千枚岩Schist 片岩Gneiss 片麻岩Leptynite 变粒岩Amphibolite 斜长角闪岩Granulite 麻粒岩Eclogite 榴辉岩Migmatization 混合岩化作用Migmatite 混合岩Substratum 基体Vein 脉体Migmatic granite 混合花岗岩Dynamic metamorphism 动力变质作用Brittle deformation 脆性变形Ductile deformation 韧性变形Mylonite 糜棱岩Geolo
20、gical time 地质年代Relative age 相对年代Absolute age 绝对年代Stratum 地层Law of superposition 地层层序律Fossil 化石Law of faunal succession 生物层序律Composite columnar section 综合地层柱状图Law of dissection 切割律Index fossil 标准化石Decay constant 衰变常数Parent isotope 母体同位素Daughter isotope 子体同位素Isotope age 同位素年龄Geologic time scale 地质年代表A
21、eon 宙Era 代Period 纪Epoch 世Eonothem 宇Erathem 界System 系Series 统Paleogene 古近纪Neogene 新近纪Archaeozoic Eon 太古宙Proterozoic Eon 元古宙Sinian period 震旦纪Phanerozoic Eon 显生宙Palaeozoic Era 古生代Cambrian Period 寒武纪Ordovician Period 奥陶纪Silurian Period 志留纪Devonian Period 泥盆纪Carboniferous Period 石炭纪Permian Period 二叠纪Jura
22、ssic Period 侏罗纪Cretaceous Period 白垩纪Cenozoic 新生代Tertiary Period 第三纪quaternary Period 第四纪Litho-stratigraphic unit 岩石地层单位Group 群Formation 组Member 段Bed 层第 7 章 地震及地球内部构造Seismic focus 震源Epicentre 震中Focal depth 震源深度Epicentral distance 震源距Isoseismic line 等震线Paroxysm 突发性Tsunami 海啸Pseudolava 假熔岩Pseudotachyli
23、te 假玄武玻璃Tectonic earthquake 构造地震Elastic deformation 弹性变形Elastic rebound theory 弹性回跳说Volcanic earthquake Fallen earthquake 陷落地震Deep-focus earthquake 深源地震Intermediate-focus earthquake 中源地震Shallow-focus earthquake Local earthquake 地方震Near earthquake 近震Distant earthquake 远震Seismic sequence 地震序列Main shoc
24、k 主震Aftershock 余震Seismic wave 地震波P-waves 纵波（push waves）S-waves 横波（shear waves）Surface waves 面波Seismograph 地震仪Seismic record 地震图Seismogram 地震图Time different 时间差Epicentral distance 震中距Magnitude 地震震级Intensity 烈度Isoseismal line 等震线Seismic zoning map 地震区划图Geoelectricity 地电Geomagnetism 地磁Ground stress 地应力
25、Crustal deformation 地壳变形Meteorite 陨石Aerolite 石陨石Iron meteorite 铁陨石Stony-iron meteorite 石铁陨普地英语5石Moho discontinuity 莫霍面Gutenberg discontinuity 古登堡面Shadow zone 阴影带Conrad discontinuity 康拉德面A discontinuity between upper mantle and lower mantle 上下地幔界面A discontinuity between lithosphere and asthenosphere
26、岩石圈与软流圈界面A discontinuity between liquid outer core and solid inner core 内外地核界面Continental crust 大陆地壳Oceanic crust 大洋地壳Pyrolite 地幔岩Post-perovskite 钙钛矿Theory of isostasy 均衡说Compensation level 补偿基面Tectonism 构造作用Horizontal movement 水平运动Vertical movement 垂直运动Basin 盆地Plain 平原Horizontal compression 水平挤压Neo
27、tectonism 新构造作用Sedimentary basin 沉积盆地Ialand 岛屿Structural deformation 构造变形Geological structure 地质构造Fold 褶皱Fault 断层Strike 走向Dip 倾向Dip angle 倾角Apparent dip angle 视倾角Apparent dip 视倾向Occurrence element 产状要素Geological compass 地质罗盘Thickness 厚度Outcrop length 露头宽度Geometric element 几何要素Limb 翼Core 核Arc point 弧
28、尖Hinge 枢纽Direction of hinge plunge 枢纽倾伏向Axial plane 轴面Anticline 背斜Syncline 向斜Erect fold 直立褶皱Inclined fold 倾斜褶皱Overturned fold 倒转褶皱Normal sequence 正常层序Reversed sequence 倒转层序Homocline fold 同斜褶皱Recumbent fold 平卧褶皱Fan fold 扇形褶皱Box fold 箱形褶皱Monocline 单斜Horizontal fold 水平褶皱Plunging fold 倾伏褶皱Linear fold 线状
29、褶皱Brachy fold 短轴褶皱Dome 穹Anticlinorium 复背斜synclinorium 复向斜Ejective fold 隔挡式褶皱Trough-like fold 隔槽式Synclinal mountain 向斜山Anticlinal valley 背斜谷Inversion of relief 地形倒置Monoclinal mountain 单斜山Hogback 猪背岭Mesa 平顶山Joint 节理Fault plane 断层面Fault wall 断层盘Hanging wall 上盘Foot wall 下盘Upthrow 上升盘Downthrow 下降盘Distanc
30、e of displacement 断层滑距Slip distance 滑距Fault throw 断层落差Apparent fault displacement 视位移Normal fault 正断层Reverse fault 逆断层Thrust fault 逆掩断层Strike-slip fault 走滑断层Sinistral 左旋Dextral 右旋Strike fault 走向断层Dip fault 倾向断层Transverse fault 横断层Oblique fault 斜向断层Horst 地垒Graben 地堑Maximum effective moment criterion
31、最大有效力矩准则Nappe 推覆体Fault striae 擦痕Slickenside 擦痕Mirror plane 镜面Step 阶步Drag fold 拖曳褶皱Fault breccia 断层角砾岩Grinding gravel rock 磨砾岩Fault gouge 断层泥Fault scarp 断层崖Fault Triangular face 断层普地英语6三角面Joint plane 节理面Tension joint 张节理Shear joint 剪节理Conjugated joint 共轭节理Fault related fold 断层相关褶皱Thrust fault related
32、 fold 逆断层相关褶皱Extensional fault related fold 伸展断层相关褶皱Ramp 断坡Flat 断坪Fault bend fold 断层转折褶皱Detachment fold 滑脱褶皱Conformable contact 整合接触Disconformity 假整合接触Erosional surface 剥蚀面Basal conglomerate 底砾岩Unconformable contact 不整合接触Angular unconformable contact 角度不整合接触Intrusive contact 侵入接触Sedimentary contact
33、of intrusive body 侵入体的沉积接触Polyphase 多期性Spanning age 穿时性Continental nucleus 陆核Tectonomagmatic event 构造岩浆事件Continental drift theory 大陆漂移学说Pangea 联合古陆Laurasia land 劳亚古陆Condwana land 冈瓦纳古陆Panthalassa 泛大洋Tethys ocean 特提斯洋Paleo-mediterranean 古地中海Mantle convection hypothesis 地幔对流说Holmes 霍尔姆斯Trench 海沟Mounta
34、in chain 大陆边缘山链The theory of physical geology 普通地质学原理Sea-floor spreading theory 海底扩张说Echo depth sounder 回声探测仪Side scan sonar 侧向扫描声呐Sea-floor topographic map 海底地貌图Mariana trench 马里亚纳海沟Geothermal 地热Oceanic ridge 洋中脊Mid-atlantic ridge 大西洋洋中脊Indian ocean ridge 印度洋洋中脊Rift 裂谷Convection cell 对流圈Divergent z
35、one 离散带Convergent zone 敛合带Magnetic declination 磁偏角Magnetic dip 磁倾角Magnetic field intensity 磁场强度Episode 期Event 事件Paleomagnetism 古地磁学Ophiolite suite 蛇绿岩套Seamount 海山Guyot 海台Mantle plume 地幔柱Hot spot 热点transform fault 转换断层Wilson 威尔逊Divergent 离散型Convergent 聚敛型Shearing 剪切型Growth plate boundary 生长型板块边界Desce
36、nding plate boundary 消减型板块边界Suture zone 缝合带Collision zone 碰撞带Stable continental margin 稳定大陆边缘Active continental margin 活动大陆边缘Passive continental margin 被动大陆边缘Continental shelf 陆架Continental slope 陆坡Continental rise 陆隆Oceanic basin 大洋盆地Island arc 岛弧Mountain arc 山弧Fore-arc accretionary prism 弧前增生楔Back
37、 arc basin 弧后盆地Marginal sea 边缘海Trench-arc system 沟弧系Benioff zone 毕鸟夫带Subduction 俯冲作用Ocean plate 大洋板块Continental plate 大陆板块Subduction zone 俯冲带Accretionary prism 增生楔Slab pull 板拉作用Tectonostratigraphic terrane 构造地层地体Terrane 地体Accretion 增生作用Composite terrane 复合地体Amalgamation 拼贴作用Dispering 离散作用Physical we
38、athering 物理风化作用Mechanical weathering 机械风化Hot expansion and cool 普地英语7contraction 热胀冷缩Riving 冰劈作用Bedding fracture 层裂Unloading 卸载作用Onion structure 洋葱构造Swelling of salt crystallization 盐分结晶的撑裂作用Dissolution 溶解作用Dissolubility 溶解度Hydration 水化作用Hydrolysis 水解作用Carbonation 碳酸化作用Oxidation 氧化作用Root splitting 根
39、劈作用Humus 腐殖质Spherical weathering 球状风化Differential weathering 差异风化Eluvium 残积物Crust of weathering 风化壳Old crust of weathering Soil 土壤Overburden 表土层Illuvium 淀积层Mother bedding 母质层Paleosol 古土壤Weathering landform 风化地貌Danxia landform 丹霞地貌Talus 坡积物Talus apron 坡积裙Gully 冲沟Ditch head 沟头Ditch outlet 沟口Diluvium 洪
40、积物Alluvium 冲积扇Diluvial cone 洪积锥Diluvium plain 冲击平原Stream valley 河谷Stream 河谷Steam bed 河床Valley floor 谷底Valley slope 谷坡Valley side 坡Valley shoulder 古缘Canyon 峡谷Drainage divide 分水岭Flow velocity 流速Slope 坡度Roughness 粗糙度Discharge 流量Erosion 侵蚀作用Dissolution 溶蚀作用Hydraulic action 水力作用Abrasion 磨蚀作用Vertical eros
41、ion 下蚀Base level of erosion 侵蚀基准面Local base level erosion 局部侵蚀基准面Lateral erosion 旁蚀Waterfall 瀑布Alluvial plain 冲积平原Free meander 自由河曲Meander zone 河曲带Oxbow lake 牛轭湖Headward erosion 溯源侵蚀Water system 水系River capture 河流袭夺Elbow of capture 袭夺弯Capturing river 袭夺河Captured river 被夺河Wind gap 风口Laminar flow 层流Tu
42、rbulent flow 紊流Bottom transportation 底运Traction transportation 牵引搬运Suspension transportation 悬运Solution transportation 溶运Transport competence 搬运能力Transport capacity 搬运量Aggradation 加积作用Braided stream 辫状河Alluvium 冲积物Rhythmicity 韵律性Cyclicity 旋回性Rhythm 韵律Stream bed deposit 河床沉积Flood basin deposit 河漫滩沉积O
43、xbow lake deposit 牛轭湖沉积Channel bar 心滩Circulation 环流Central bar 江心洲Point bar 边滩Flood plain 河漫滩Flood plain deposit 河漫滩沉积物Natural dam 自然堤Delta 三角洲Bottom set bed 底积层Foreset bed 前积层Top set bed 顶积层Graded stream 均夷河流Gradation 均夷化Degradation 去均夷化Incised meander 深切河曲Abandoned meander 废弃河曲Meander core 河曲核丘Riv
44、er terrace 河流阶地Tread 阶地面Accumulated terrace 堆积阶地Basement terrace 基座阶地Erosion terrace 侵蚀阶地Dendritic drainage pattern 树枝状水系Angular drainage pattern 角状水系Lattice drainage pattern 格子状水系Radial drainage pattern 放射状水系Annular drainage pattern 环普地英语8状水系Peneplain 准平原Planation surface 夷平面Glacier 冰川Snow line 雪线T
45、emperature 气温Snow fall 降雪量Topography 地形Snow flower 雪花Granular ice 粒状冰Glacier ice 冰川冰Area of accumulation 累积区Area of ablation 消融区Firm basin 粒雪盆Ice tongue 冰舌Crevasse 冰裂隙Surge 跃动Ice mushroom 冰蘑菇Serac 冰塔Continental glacier 大陆冰川Alpine glacier 阿尔卑斯冰川Cirque glacier 冰斗冰川Cirque 冰斗Hanging glacier 悬冰川Valley gl
46、acier 山谷冰川Flat-topped glacier 平顶冰川Plateau glacier 高原冰川Ice cap 冰帽Piedmont glacier 山麓冰川Pass 出口Exaration 刨蚀作用Sapping 挖掘作用Abrasion 磨蚀作用Arete 鳍脊Horn 角峰Glacial valley 冰蚀谷Glacial striation 冰川擦痕Polish plane 磨光面Hanging valley 悬谷Roche moutonnee 羊背石Surface moraine 表碛Internal moraine 内碛Lateral moraine 侧碛Ground
47、moraine 底碛Medial moraine 中碛Glacier drift 冰碛物Tillite 冰碛岩Moraine hill 冰碛丘陵Basal moraine 基碛Lateral moraine dam 侧碛堤Terminal moraine dam 终碛堤Drumlin 鼓丘Glacioflurial deposit 冰水沉积物Outwash fan 冰水扇Varve 纹泥Esker 蛇形丘Glaciation 冰川作用Glacial period 冰期Interval glacial period 间冰期Snowball earth 雪球地球Pore 孔隙Fissure 裂隙C
48、avity 洞穴Karst cave 溶洞Porosity 孔隙度Fissure ratio 裂隙率Perviousness 透水性Nonpervious bed 不透水层Confining bed 隔水层Permeable bed 透水层Water-bearing bed 含水层Underground water surface 地下水面Saturated zone 饱水带Vadose zone 包气带Degree of mineralization 矿化度Recharge 补给Discharge 排泄Ascending spring 上升泉Fountain 喷泉Gravity spring
49、 下降泉Recharge area 补给区Underground runoff 地下径流Vadose water 包气带水Vaporous water 气态水Constitutional water 结合水Capillary water 毛细管水gravity water 重力水Perched water 上层滞水Phreatic water 潜水Phreatic water surface 潜水面Confined water 承压水Static pressure 静水压力Artesian well 自流井Confined area 承压区Pore water 孔隙水Fissure water 裂隙水Bedded fissure water 层状裂隙水Vein fissure water 脉状裂隙水Karst water 喀斯特水Geothermal water 地下热水Hot spring 温泉Geothermal field 地热田Suffosion 潜蚀Scour 冲刷Corrosion 溶蚀Karren 溶沟Stone bud 石芽Sinkhole 落水洞Corroded funnel 溶斗Underground river 地下河Dry valley 干谷Blind valley 盲谷Stone forest 石林Peak cluster 峰丛Peak forest
