1、English Academic Writing 英语学术论文写作/ 学术英语写作,Chapter 1 Introduction Chapter 2 Researching the Topic Chapter 3 Data Collection and Evaluation Chapter 4 Writing Style Chapter 5 Paper Writing Chapter 6 Abstract Chapter 7 International Conference Chapter 8 Letters for Different Academic Purposes,Chapter 1
2、Introduction 1.1 Definition of Academic Writing,- to summarize or synthesize information and ideas gathered from research - to explain, compare and contrast, evaluate, or analyze concepts, events, and phenomenon - to argue for or against a position in an ongoing debate,1.2 Characteristics of Good Ac
3、ademic Writing,For all writings: - Unity: a harmonious whole - Coherence: well connected, logical relations - Emphasis: stress to important ideas - Development: elaboration and expansion - Clarity: precise, concise, lucid,For Academic Writing:,- It is based on extensive research of proved facts and
4、authoritative testimony.first-hand experimentsfield researchlibrary research - The authors voice tends to be objective and neutral.unemotional - The style tends to be formal.academic periodicals, accurate information,- Appropriate diction.colloquialisms and slang expressions be avoided,technical ter
5、ms, abbreviation - Syntactical level.long complex sentence, simple-present tense, passive voice, non-finite verbs (participles, infinitives, gerunds) - Neat appearance and format.,1.3 Differences between the papers published inside and outside China,1.3.1 Papers published in China Chinese and Englis
6、h titles, Chinese and English abstract, Chinese and English keywords, The body, References, Appendix, Information about the author,1.3.2 Papers published outside China Title, Abstract, Introduction, The body, Conclusions and recommendations, Acknowledgement, References, Appendix,1.4 Procedures of Ac
7、ademic Writing,Step 1: Choice of TopicChoose a general topicWrite a rough proposalLimit the topic to a plausible one Step 2: Collection and Evaluation of DataCollect books, journals and researcharticlesEvaluate data collectedPhotocopy dataPrepare note and bibliography cards,Step 3: Development of Ou
8、tlineDecide on organization of paperArrange notes by subheadingsDevelop paper outline Step 4: WritingStudy and follow outline for first draftMake adjustments as needed Step 5: Revision, Editing and ReferencesRevise content and organizationAdjust style and tone,Correct diction, spelling, grammar, pun
9、ctuation as necessaryDocument all the sources quoted Step 6: Preparation of AbstractObserve abstract word limitEnsure accuracy, brevity and clarity Step 7: Preparation of Final DetailsAssemble all partsMake final revisionPrepare References sectionWrite acknowledgements,Chapter 2 Researching the Topi
10、c,2.1 Principles of Title Selection - Value Principle - Scientific Principle - Innovative Principle - Feasibility Principle 2.2 Methods for Choosing a Title - Consult your professor or an expert -Participate in academic conferences and academic lectures,- Select from puzzling problems - Read books a
11、nd newspapers - Choose from your own interests - Literature review 2.3 Ways to Narrow Down Titles Example: Literature Literary Criticism Literary Criticism at Cambridge The Tradition and Development of LiteraryCriticism at Cambridge,Exercise: Humanities,2.4 Formats for Title Examples: 1) OSCILLATION
12、S IN GRANULAR DYNAMICS 2) Structural Analyses Based on a Point Charge Model 3) Fast atom bombardment mass spectra of nebramycinwithin 15 words 4) Coronary Artery Disease: Diet and patient Health,2.5 Tables and Figures,2.5.1 Tables - A table should be self-contained. - A table is usually placed in a
13、position near its relevant description. - Provide each table with a number (eg: Table1, Table2, etc.) and a title. - The title should be clear, concise, complete and accurate. - Sometimes a note is added at the bottom of the table.,Example:,Table 2-6 Correlation between variables,*Note: ,2.5.2 Figur
14、es,2.5.2.1 Graphs - can be used to compare two variables 2.5.2.2 Drawings and Photographs - to illustrate organisms, experimental apparatus, models of structures, etc. 2.5.2.3 Types of figures Line charts Bar charts 3) Pie charts,2.6 Cause and Effect,2.6.1 Cause-Effect Paragraph Development Pattern:
15、Effect 1 Cause Effect 2 Effect 3 2.6.2 Effect-Cause Paragraph,Development Pattern:Cause 1 Effect Cause 2Cause 3,Exercise1: Analyze the structure of this paragraph and try to determine the effect and its causes. Then find the linking words in the paragraph.,The role of women in todays society is chan
16、ging. One reason is that women have begun to assert themselves as independent people through the womens movement. Also, women are aware of the alternatives to staying at home. Another reason is that increasing numbers of women who enter new fields and interests serve as role models for other women.
17、Moreover, men are becoming more conscious of the abilities of women and have begun to view their independence positively.,Exercise 2: Combine the following two sentences expressing the cause-and-effect relationship.,He escaped from his orphanage. He was distressed by the brutal conditions there. 2)
18、He had a rough life in Moscow. He had no family to turn to. 3) He was not easily to be captured. He had learned not to trust adults.,Chapter 3 Data Collection and Evaluation,3.1 Principles of Data Collection and selection 3.1.1 Centered around the theme 3.1.2 True and verifiable（可证实的) 3.1.3 Typical
19、3.1.4 Novel,3.2 Developing an Outline,3.2.1 Two Main Components for Effective Outlines 3.2.1.1 Parallelism Example: Choose Desired Colleges Prepare Application Compile Resume 3.2.1.2 Subordination,Example: Describe an influential person in your lifeA. Favorite high school teacherB. Grandparent,3.3 T
20、ypes of Outlines,3.3.1 Alphanumeric（由字母数字组成的） Outlines - Roman Numerals- Capitalized Letters- Arabic Numerals- Small Letters- Arabic Numerals within Brackets- Small Letters within Brackets,Example:,The College Application Process I. Choose Desired CollegesA. Visit and evaluate college campusesB. Vis
21、it and evaluate college websites1. look for interesting classes2. Note important statisticsa. Student/faculty ratiob. Retention rate II. Prepare ApplicationA. Write Personal Statement1. Choose interesting topic,a. Describe an influential person in your life(1) Favorite high school teacher(2) Grandpa
22、rent2. Include important personal detailsa. Volunteer workb. Participation in varsity sportsB. Revise personal statement III. Compile resumeA. List relevant courseworkB. List work experienceC. list volunteer experience1. tutor at foreign language summer camp2. counselor for suicide prevention hotlin
23、e,3.3.2 Full Sentence Outlines,Example: I. Man-made pollution is the primary cause of globalwarming.A. Greenhouse gas emissions are widely identified as harmful by the scientific community.1. The burning of coal and fossil fuels are the primary releasers of hazardous greenhouse gases.,3.3.3 Decimal
24、（十进位的；小数的）Outlines,Example: Choose Desired College1.1 Visit and evaluate college campuses1.2 Visit and evaluate college websites1.2.1 Look for interesting classes1.2.2 Note important statistics,Exercise:,Suppose you have chosen a topic and found enough data to write your paper, now write an outline
25、for your paper.,3.4 Comparison and Contrast,Two Ways for Organizing Comparison and Contrast - Subject-by-subject - Point-by-point,Example:,Subjects Points of C&C 1. Prof. Simmons a. classroom instructionb. homeworkc. examd. grading 2. Prof. Wu a. classroom instructionb. homeworkc. examd. grading,Poi
26、nts of C&C Subjects a. classroom instruction 1. Prof. Simmons2. Prof. Wu b. homework 1. Prof. Simmons2. Prof. Wu c. exam 1. Prof. Simmons2. Prof. Wu d. grading 1. Prof. Simmons2. Prof. Wu,Exercise:,- Pros and cons of globalization - Positive and negative aspects of living in a large city,Chapter 4 W
27、riting Style,4.1 Citation 4.1.1 In-Text Citation 4.1.1.1 One author Enzymes are inhibited by cyanide (Grubb, 1977).Because enzymes are inhibited by cyanide (Grubb 1977), I expect to find (2) Grubb (1977) found that cyanide inhibits enzymes.Because Grubb (1977) found that cyanide inhibits enzymes,(3)
28、 As early as 1977, Grubb observed the inhibitory effect of cyanide on enzyme action. 4.1.1.2 More than one study(1) Cyanide has been found to inhibit enzyme action (Grubb, 1977; Smith, 1980; Taylor, 1983) 4.1.1.3 More than three authors(1) Cyanide has been found to inhibit enzyme action ( Grubb et a
29、l., 1985). 4.4.1.4 Some journals just cite the sequence of the references in the text in order to save space.,(1) Vibration is used to prepare uniform granular mixtures or to segregate granular composites 3,7,12,16,19. Alongside mixing and segregation of granular materials 4.2 References 4.2.1 APA (
30、American Psychological Association) style: social sciencesPrint Sources: - Book by one author:#Sheril, R.D.(1956). The terrifying future: contemplating color television. San Diego: Halstead.,- Book by two authors or more:#Rubin, J., & Thompson, I. (1994). How to be a more successful language teacher
31、. 2nd ed. Boston: Heinle & Heinle. - Article in a journal:#Crackton, P. (1987). The Loonie: Gods long-awaited gift to colorful pocket change? Canadian Change, 64(7), 34-37.Electronic sources: - Article in an online journal:#Blofeld, E.S. (1994, March1). Expressing oneself through Persian cats and mo
32、dern architecture. Felines & Felons, 4, Article 0046g. Retrieved October 3, 1999, from http:/journals.f+f.org/spectre/vblofeld-0046g.html- Book on CD:#Nix, G.(2002). Lirael, Daughter of the Clayr 【CD】. New York: Random House/Listening library.,- Movie:#Gilby, A. (Producer), & Schlesinger, J. (Direct
33、or). (1995). Cold comfort farm 【Motion picture】. Universal city, CA: MCA Universal Home Video.4.2.2 MLA (Modern Language Association) style: liberal arts and humanitiesPrint Sources: - Book by one author: #Bambrough, Renford. The Philosophy of Aristotle. New York: The New American Library, 1963.,- B
34、ook by two or three authors: #Atwan, Robert, donald Mcquade, and John Wright. Edsels, Luckies, and Frifidaires: Advertising the American Way. New York: Dell, 1979. - Book by four or more authors: #Belenky, Mary Field, et al. Womens Ways of Knowing: the Development of Self, Voice, and Mind. New York:
35、 Basic, 1986. - Article in a journal: #Maguire, James H. “The Canon and the Diminished Thing.” American Literature 60 (1988): 645-52.,Electronic sources: - Article in an online journal: #Rogers, Michael. “The Practical Futurist: The Secret of Online Romance.” Newsweek Newsweek Web Exclusive (October
36、, 2002). 28 Dec., 2002http:/nl. Newsbank. Com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_action=list&p_topdoc=11-CD-ROM: #”Communion.” The Oxford English Dictionary. 2nd ed. CD-ROM. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1992.,4.2.3 ACS (American Chemical Society) style; CBE (Council of Biology Editors) style, etc: natural sciences ACS s
37、tyle: - Book: #Anastas, P.T.; Warner, J.C. Green Chemistry: Theory and practice; Oxford University Press: Oxford, 1998. - Online Journal: #Borman, S. Sucrose Synthesis Sets A Record. Chem. Eng. News 【Online】1990, 78,52.,However, not all journals are in strict compliance with the style guides. Eg: Na
38、ture, Science,#British journal Nature: 1.Nagy, L. & Schwabe, J.W. Mechanism of the nuclear receptor molecular switch. Trends Biochem. Sci. 29, 317324(2004). 2.Sonoda, J., Pei, L. & Evans, R.M. Nuclear receptors: decoding metabolic disease. FEBS lett. 582, 29 (2008). 3.Raghuram, S. et al. Identificat
39、ion of heme as the ligand for the orphan nuclear receptors REV-ERBa and REV-ERBb. Nature Struct. Mol. Biol. 14, 1207 1213(2007). 4.Yin, L. et al. Rev-erba, a heme sensor that coordinates metabolic and circadian pathways. Science 318, 1786 1789(2007).,4.2.4 中文参考文献格式（也可参考中文权威学术期刊格式要求）：,-专著、编著、译著等： #杜维
40、明.东亚价值与多元现代性【M】. 北京: 中国社会科学出版社,2001 #申丹.文学文体学与小说翻译【M】. 北京:北京大学出版社,1995 -期刊文章: #程爱民.原型批评的整体性文化批评倾向【J】.外国文学,2000(5): 67-74 -报纸文章: #冯宪光.借鉴与重构:西方马克思主义文学批评在中国【N】.文艺报,1999/11/23(3),Exercise: Document the following sources in the APA style using the information below.,1.In 1982 an article called “Hearers a
41、nd Speech Acts” was written for volume 58 of the journal named language. It was on pages 332-373 and the authors were Herbert H. Clark and Thomas H. Carlson. 2.Rachel Carson wrote a book called Silent Spring in 1962. it was published in Boston by Houghton Mifflin.,4.3 Language Style:,Features: -Form
42、al -Objective -Concise -Varied 4.3.1 Formality -Avoid slang and too casual language: eg. “Cool”, “pretty awful”. -Use full forms of words rather than abbreviations, eg. “does not, should have, it is” rather than “doesnt, shouldve, its”.,-Use single verbs rather than phrasal verbs, eg. “investigate”
43、rather than “look into”. -Use powerful reporting words: eg. Support, claim, suggest, recommend, etc. -Use complex rather than simple sentences, and long rather than short paragraphs.,Exercise: Rewrite the following sentences in more formal academic English:,1.You can understand something better if i
44、t is repeated. 2.Crime was increasing rapidly and the police were becoming concerned. 3.Did you know that spoken and written language are very different?,4.3.2 Objectivity,-Use impersonal expressions and the passive voice, eg: It can be concluded that, It has been claimed that -Use third person pron
45、ouns, avoid the first person “I, we” or second person “you”. -Avoid words that have emotional or attitudinal connotations.,Exercise: Rewrite the following sentences in more objective, academic English.,1.I think that all guns should be banned. 2.I observed 43 students of a third-grade class at Barks
46、dale School for two weeks. 3.The doctor prepared his necessary surgical equipment.,4.3.3 Conciseness,-Be precise and specific. -Reduce unnecessary words.,4.3.4 Variety -Use a variety of words and sentence structures.,Exercise: Correct the following sentences to make them more academic. 1.The univers
47、ity is asking for more money. 2.Is it really true that the Great Wall of China is visible from space? 3.Some commentators say that students lack creativity. They also lack imagination. 4.According to Wong(2003, p.41), he says that the information is inaccurate.,Exercise: Change the following spoken
48、text into a written text.,Spoken text Nowadays companies are finding that they have to change the way they do things and theyre finding that human resources planning is really helpful when they have to do this. One reason why its helpful is because it can help the companies work out what the issues
49、are and then, when youve done that, it can help you make up your mind what youre going to do about it. Basically, human resource planning is what you do when youre going through,Written text,As companies experience the need for change, they often apply human resource planning to define the relevant issues and develop responses to them. Broadly defined, human resource planning is the process of analyzing an organizations human resources needs under changing conditions and developing the activities necessary to satisfy those needs.,
