1、Unit 1 Great scientists,知识归纳,1. _ adj. 科学的 2. _ vt. 分析 3. _ vt. 打败; 战胜; 使受挫 n. 失败 4. _ adj. 熟练的; 经验或知识丰富的 n.专家; 行家 5. _ vt. 照顾; 护理; 出席; 参加 6. _ n. 治愈; 痊愈 vt. 治疗; 治愈,scientific,analyse,defeat,expert,知识清单,(一) 基本单词,attend,cure,7. _ n. 挑战 vt. 向挑战 8. _ vt. 吸收; 吸引; 使专心 9. _ vt. 认为; 怀疑 n. 嫌疑犯 10. _ adj.严重的
2、; 剧烈的; 严厉的 11. _ vt. 责备; 谴责 n. 过失; 责备 12. _ n. 柄; 把手 vt. 处理; 操纵 13. _ vi. 内科医生,challenge,absorb,suspect,severe,blame,handle,spin,enthusiastic,characteristic,physician,17. _ n. 受害者 18. _ n. 附近; 邻近 19. _ v. 预见；预知 20. _ n. 烟火(燃放) 21. _ n. 图表 22. _ adj. 积极的; 肯定的; 确实的 23. _ n. 移动; 运动; 动作 24. _ adj. 世界,vi
3、ctim,neighborhood,foresee,firework,chart,positive,movement,backward,cautious,universe,1. _ vt. 宣告,conclude,conclusion,expose,exposed,pollute,pollution,(二) 派生单词,announce,announcement,5. _ vt. 说明,contribute,contribution,reject,rejection,instruct,instruction,1. 提出 2. 得出结论 3. 显露; 暴露 4. 将和联系或连接起来 5. 除之外;
4、 此外 6. 对严格的 7. 讲得通; 有意义,put forward,draw a conclusion,expose . to,link . to.,(三) 短语,apart from,(be) strict with,make sense,(四) 句式,1. Neither its cause nor its cure was understood.neither. nor. 既不也不, 连接句中两个相同成分。 2. So many thousands of terrified people died every time there was an outbreak.every time
5、 引导时间状语从句, 相当于whenever, 意思是 “每当”。,3. A woman, who had moved away from Broad Street, liked the water from the pump so much that she had it delivered to her house every day.have sth. done 结构。delivered是过去分词, 作it的宾语补足语, 表示被动关系。,1. conclude vt. 推断出,课文原句: Draw a conclusion. 得出结论。,核心要点,(一) 单词,conclusion n.
6、 结论; 结束,【归纳】,sth. (from sth.) conclude 推断出; 断定 (from sth.) that.with/on/as/by sth. conclude sth. 以结束by doing sth. draw/reach/come to a conclusion 得出结论 in conclusion 最后,2. defeat vt. 打败; 战胜; 使受挫 n. 失败,课文原句:John Snow defeats “King Cholera”.约翰斯诺击败“霍乱王”。,辨析defeat/beat/win defeat和beat是同义词, 其宾语为人或团体, 常可互换
7、。defeat侧重在战场上打败敌人。beat常用于游戏或比赛中。win后接sth.，表示在较强的竞争中取得了胜利, 宾语多用game, war, prize等词, 不能是人; win也可用作不及物动词, “赢, 获胜”。,3. attend vt. 陪伴课文原句:John Snow was a well-known doctor in London so expert, indeed, that he attended Queen Victoria as her personal physician.约翰斯诺是伦敦一位著名的医生 他的确医术精湛，因而成为照料维多利亚女皇的私人医生。,【归纳】a
8、ttend a meeting/a lecture/a wedding参加会议/ 听演讲/ 参加婚礼attend on/upon sb. 伺候某人；照顾某人attend to 处理; 注意倾听; 专心于; 照料,4. expose v. 暴露; 揭露; 使曝光,课文原句: But he became inspired when he thought about helping ordinary people exposed to cholera. 但当他想到要帮助那些得了霍乱的普通百姓时, 他就感到很振奋。,【归纳】expose sth. 揭露; 显露出某事物expose sth./ sb./
9、 oneself (to sth.)使某事/某人/自己暴露/显露expose sb. to sth. 让某人接触某物be exposed to 暴露于 【温馨提示】 expose sth. to to是介词, 后接名词或动名词作宾语。,5. cure n. 治愈; 痊愈 vt. 治愈; 治疗; 解决,课文原句: Neither its cause nor its cure was understood. 人们既不知道它的病源, 也不了解它的治疗方法。,【归纳】cure for sth. 治疗的方法cure sb. of sth.治愈某人的疾病; 矫正某人的不良行为,辨析cure/ treat/
10、 heal cure “治疗, 治愈”, 多用于药物治疗并治愈某种疾病或改正不良习惯。cure sb. of sth. treat 治疗病人的全过程或活动, 并不涉及“治愈” 这个结果。treat sb. for sth. heal 指治好外伤或烧伤后的患部 (wound, cut, injury, burn, etc.), 使伤口愈合; heal不能用来表示 “感冒” 等疾病的治愈。,6. challenge n. 挑战vt. 向挑战,课文原句:John Snow wanted to face the challenge and solve this problem.约翰斯诺想面对这个挑战，
11、解决这个问题。,【归纳】face / meet the challenge of . 面临/迎接的挑战take up / accept a challenge 接受挑战【拓展】challenger n. 挑战者challenging adj. 挑战性的,7. suspect 课文原句:John Snow suspected that the second theory was correct but he needed evidence.斯诺推测第二种说法是正确的, 但是他需要证据。,【归纳】 suspect作动词时, 意为“以为, 怀疑”, 常 用结构：suspect + that从句；su
12、spect sb. / sth. to be .；suspect sb. of doing sth.。 suspect作名词时, 意为“嫌疑犯”。 suspect作形容词时, 意为“可疑的, 不可 信的”。,8. absorb v. 吸收; 吸引; 使专心,课文原句: The second suggested that people absorbed this disease into their bodies with their meals. 第二种看法是在吃饭的时候人们把这种病毒吸收到体内的。,【归纳】absorb . into 把吸收进absorb . from 从中吸收/取be ab
13、sorbed in (doing) sth. 专心(做)某事absorb ones attention 吸引某人注意力【温馨提示】 be absorbed in (专心于) , 主语往往是人,并不表示被动, 类似短语有: be buried in 专心于; be lost in 陷入; be caught in 被困于; be devoted to 致力于。,9. blame v. 责备; 谴责; 把归咎于n. 过失; 责备,课文原句: It seemed that the water was to blame. 看来水是罪魁祸首。,【归纳】blame sb. for sth. /doing
14、sth. 因而指责某人blame . on sb. 把归咎于某人be to blame (for sth.) (主动表被动) 应受责备accept/ bear/ take the blame for sth. 对某事承担责任put/ lay the blame for sth. on sb. 把某事归咎于某人,10. contribute v. 捐献; 贡献; 捐助,课文原句: to contribute (P4),【归纳】contribute . to .把贡献给; 向投稿contribute to .导致; 有助于; 为作贡献make a contribution/contribution
15、s to.为作出贡献,1. put forward 提出; 推荐; 把(表)往前拨;提前,(二) 短语,课文原句: Who put forward a theory about black holes? 谁提出的黑洞理论？,【温馨提示】 在表示“提出”时, put forward和come up with 同义，都为及物动词短语。come up也有提出的意思, 是不及物动词短语。,【拓展】put aside 节省; 储蓄; 储存put away 放好; 积蓄put off 延期; 推迟put on 穿上; 演出put out 熄灭; 生产put up 举起; 张贴; 公布; 挂起; 建造,2.
16、 link . to . 将和连接/ 联系起来,课文原句: In another part of London, he found supporting evidence from two other deaths that were linked to the Broad Street outbreak. 在伦敦的另一个地区，他从两个与宽街暴发的霍乱有关系的死亡病例中发现了有力的证据。,【拓展】be linked to 和有联系link up (with) 连接; 结合; 有联系link . with 用把连接起来; 联系join . to 把与连接/ 联合connect . to 把连接到
17、connect . with 把与联系/连接起来be connected with 与有联系,3. apart from 除之外; 此外,课文原句： Apart from the construction mentioned above, you have also learned the following phrases. 除了上面提到的结构, 下面这些短语也是你学过的。,【辨析】apart from “除了之外”, 可意为包括 在内, 也可意为不包括在内。other than “除了”, 用于否定句。in addition 用于衔接上下文, 可单独用于句首, 也可以用于句中或句尾, 用于
18、句首或句中时要用逗号隔开。,in addition to, as well as, besides 除之外(还有) (包括在内) except/except for/but 除之外 (不包括在内) except + 从句 当时除外,4. make sense 有意义; 讲得通,课文原句: Only if you put the sun there did the movements of the other planets in the sky make sense. 只有当你把太阳放在中心位置上, 天空中其他行星的运动才能说得清楚。,【拓展】make sense of 理解; 明白make
19、no sense 没道理; 没意义there is no sense in doing sth. 做某事没道理in a sense 在某一方面; 就某种意义来说in no sense 决不sense of humor 幽默感【温馨提示】in no sense 置句首时, 句子用部分倒装。,【考例】See, your computer has broken down again! It doesnt _ sense to buy the cheapest brand of computer just to save a few dollars.A. have B. make C. display
20、 D. bring 句意: 看, 你的电脑又坏了！只为省几美元买 最便宜牌子的电脑是没有意义的。考点: 考查动词短语。 考查动词短语的固定搭配：make sense有意义。根据句意可知选B。,B,1. Neither its cause nor its cure was understood. 人们既不知道它的起因, 又不知道它的治疗方法。neither. nor. 既不也不, 连接句中两个相同成分。,(三) 句式,【拓展】类似并列词组还有：either. or. 要么要么not. but. 不是而是not only. but also 不但而且它们连接并列主语时, 其谓语动词的单 复数都遵循
21、就近原则。(主谓一致),e.g. Either you or she is good at drawing. Neither dad nor mum is at home today.Not only the students but also their teacher is enjoying the film.,2. So many thousands of terrified people died every time there was an outbreak.每次爆发霍乱时, 都有大批惊恐的老百姓病死。every time引导时间状语从句, 相当于whenever, 意思是“每当”
22、。由名词充当连词, 引导时间状语从句的还有: the first time (第一次), the last time (最后一次), next time (下次), the moment (一就), any time (任何时候) 等。,e.g. Every time Tom listens to her advice, he gets into trouble. 每次汤姆听从了她的建议, 就会陷入麻烦。 Every time he came, he brought me a nice book. 他每次来都给我带来一本好书。,3. A woman, who had moved away fr
23、om Broad Street, liked the water from the pump so much that she had it delivered to her house every day.有一位妇女是从宽街搬过来的, 她特别喜欢那里的水, 每天都要派人用水泵打水运到家里来。have sth. done 结构。delivered是过去分词, 作it的宾语补足语, 表示被动关系。,语法,过去分词作定语和表语 I. 过去分词作定语 【用法归纳】 1. 过去分词作定语，一般表示其与所修饰 的名词之间是被动关系，且表示的动作已完成。,如： Youd better use the bo
24、iled water to make tea. The nurse was sent to attend the injured man.,2. 单个的过去分词作定语一般放在名词前面，而过去分词短语作定语一般放在名词后面。如：Drunk people are not allowed to drive a car.Have you read the novel written by Charles Dickens?In the end, the suggestion given by Mr. Smith was adopted.,3. 不及物动词的过去分词作定语，只表示完成的含义，不表示被动的含
25、义。如：The police are searching for the escaped prisoner. The old man over there is a retired worker.,【拓展】 done, to be done和being done 作定语的区别：它们都可作定语，表示被动意义，但时间含义上有所不同。过去分词表示被动的动作已完成；不定式的被动式表示被动的动作将要发生；动词-ing形式的被动式表示被动的动作正在进行。如：,Lucy knows little about the research plan discussed at yesterdays meeting.
26、 The five players are expected to take part in the football match to be held next week. All of us must keep a secret of the things being talked about here.,II. 过去分词作表语 【用法归纳】 1. 过去分词可用在be, keep, remain, stay, seem, appear, look, feel, get等系动词后作表语，常表被动意义，用来说明主语的状态、性质、特征等。如：Mrs. Green is convinced tha
27、t her husband is telling a lie. The living room is covered with dust.,2. 很多过去分词已经形容词化，此类词作表语或定语时，强调被动的含义不大，而更强调状态。常见的此类词有：satisfied, excited, bored, amazed, tired, pleased, astonished等。如：As far as Tom is concerned, he is extremely satisfied. Jim seems astonished to see his mother.,【拓展】 有些动词如frighten
28、, interest, worry, surprise等通常用其过去分词形式来说明人的感受, 也可用来描述与人有关的事物, 如look(表情), expression等；常用动词-ing形式来说明物的情况。如： The little girl gets frightened when her father shouts at her. Sara told me a surprising thing just now.,【运用】用括号内所给单词的正确形式填空。 1. I found myself in an _ (embarrass) situation last night. 2. The t
29、hief tried to open the _ (lock) box. 3. The _ (expect) event didnt occur. 4. The _ (injure) woman was sent to hospital quickly.,embarrassing,locked,expected,injured,5. We need a(n) _ (balance) diet in order to keep fit. 6. The dragon was a(n) _ (terrify) sight for the villagers. The _ (terrify) vill
30、agers ran for their lives.,balanced,terrifying,terrified,说服性文章属于议论文。它是提出见解或主张并说明理由，从而使读者信服的文章。在写作的过程中，要用有说服力的论据来支撑自己的观点。说服性文章的写作通常按照以下步骤进行: 一、引入话题，表明观点；二、阐述理由，支撑观点；三、总结全文。,写作,如何写说服性文章,【写作任务】最近, 你校不吃早餐的同学越来越多, 请你以“Do not skip your breakfast”为题给校报英语专栏写一篇短文, 呼吁大家改掉这一不良习惯。 注意: 1. 词数100左右；2. 可以适当增加细节, 以使
31、行文连贯；3. 开头已给出, 但不计入总词数。 Do not skip your breakfastRecently, the number of the students in our school who skip breakfast has increased greatly.,【写作指导】审题定调这是一篇劝说大家勿漏掉早餐的议论文。写作时多用第一人称或第三人称，时态常用一般现在时。谋篇布局短文可以分成三段：第一段: 引入话题(不吃早餐的同学越来越多), 表明观点(不吃早餐是应该被摒弃的坏习惯);,第二段： 阐述理由, 支撑观点 (早餐的重要性及不吃早餐的危害)； 第三段： 总结全文(综
32、述不吃早餐的影响，并呼吁大家勿漏掉早餐)。,组织语言 1. 第一段：引入话题，表明观点。,2. 第二段：阐述理由。,3. 第三段：总结全文。,【范文展示】 普通范文 Do not skip your breakfastRecently, the number of the students in our school who skip breakfast has increased greatly. I think it is a bad habit to have nothing for breakfast.First, breakfast is the most important mea
33、l in a day. If we dont have,breakfast, we wont have enough energy to do our work. Second, if we dont have breakfast, we will eat more food at noon and in the evening. Therefore, we may get fat by not eating breakfast.All in all, we should eat breakfast for the good of our health and keeping a good b
34、ody shape. No matter how busy we are, we should have breakfast on time every day.,高级范文Do not skip your breakfastRecently, the number of the students in our school who skip breakfast has increased greatly. In my opinion, skipping breakfast is a bad habit that should be kicked.For one thing, breakfast
35、 offers us the energy we need for the whole morning.,When we are hungry, its hard for us to keep our mind on our studies. For another, people who skip breakfast will consume more food at noon and in the evening. Therefore, the extra calories will be stored in our body and make us gain weight easily.
36、In short, skipping breakfast leads to poor school performance and poor health, even a bad figure. Therefore, do not skip breakfast and have a proper breakfast every day.,【实战演练】假设你是某国际学校的学生李华, 请你代表同学们给美籍校长布朗先生写一封信, 劝说他修建校内游泳池。要点如下:1. 游泳运动的必要性；2. 场地问题：操场旁边的空地；3. 经费问题：学生们愿设法募款。,注意: 1. 词数100左右； 2. 可以适当增
37、加细节, 以使行文连贯; 3. 信件的开头和结尾已给出, 但不计入总词数。 Dear Mr. Brown, I am writing to you on behalf of the students in our school. _ _ Yours sincerely,Li Hua,I. 用括号内单词的正确形式填空。 1. Keller is _ (caution) about making predictions for the success of the program. 2. The study included a(n) _ (analyse) of accident statist
38、ics. 3. The chemicals have been identified as a source of _ (pollute).,巩固练习,cautious,analysis,pollution,4. _ (announce) of births, marriages and deaths appear in the local newspaper. 5. Both products come with detailed _ (instruct) for use. 6. Theres nothing _ (science) about the process they use to
39、 select people. 7. The gallery is showing the work of abstract _ (paint).,painters,Announcements,instructions,scientific,II. 选用方框内合适的动词并用正确形式填空(每个单词限用一次)。,amaze build depress display injure take embarrass entertain involve lock,1. He looked _ and nervous when I asked him where hed been. 2. The scien
40、tists _ in this project have been trying to get to this stage for 13 years.,involved,embarrassed,3. The thief tried to open up the _ cupboard but failed. 4. They are reconstructing the house _ in the 17th century. 5. The new theatre is going to cost a(n) _ amount of money. 6. The type of vitamin _ s
41、hould depend on the general state of health.,amaze build depress display injure take embarrass entertain involve lock,taken,locked,built,amazing,7. All the toys _ in the shop window attracted the childs attention. 8. My uncle was _ after his terrible experience. 9. The _ woman was put into an ambula
42、nce and sent to hospital. 10. The company produces _ and informative programs.,amaze build depress display injure take embarrass entertain involve lock,entertaining,displayed,depressed,injured,III. 阅读下面材料, 在空白处填入适当的内容(1个单词)或括号内单词的正确形式。,In the late 1970s British industrial designer James Dyson became
43、 1. _ (tire) of his vacuum cleaner (真空吸尘器) getting blocked. After analyzing the problem, he came to the 2. _ (conclude) that the trouble lay in dust,conclusion,tired,collecting in the cleaners bag and decided 3. _ (find) a solution. After over 5,000 tries he came up with a(n) 4. _ (complete) new kin
44、d of vacuum cleaner, which because of its bagless construction didnt get blocked and didnt lose suction (吸力). Refusing to accept defeat when 5. _ (reject),rejected,to find,completely,by every manufacturer he approached, Dyson launched his own company, Dyson Limited. From one man and one idea, Dyson
45、Limited 6. _ (become) the Dyson Group, a technology company that is now worth more than 3 billion pounds. At its center is a team of engineers and scientists 7. _ (work) on more ideas and inventions.,working,has become,Dyson Groups latest invention is the cordless vacuum cleaner, 8. _ can be used fo
46、r twenty minutes before needing to be recharged. James Dyson believes 9. _ engineers are the worlds problem solvers and more are always needed. For this reason he has established the James Dyson Foundation, a charitable,which,that,foundation that contributes to STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics) education by providing students and teachers 10. _ much needed money, education programs and teaching materials.,with,
