1、The cognitive approach to psychology心理学的认知研究方法cognition refers to all those processes by which sensory input is transformed, reduced, elaborated, stored, recovered and usedcognition is involved in everything a human being might possibly do. Neisser(1966)认知涉及到所有这些过程：感觉输入、转换、衰减、整合、储存、恢复和运用认知可能涉及到人们做的任
2、何事情。奈赛尔（1966）Origins and history1.起源和历史The cognitive approach began to revolutionise psychology in the late 1950s and early 1960s, to become the dominant paradigm in the subject by the 1970s. 认知研究方法起源于 20世纪 50年代末至 60年代初的心理学变革，并且到 20世纪 70年代成为这一学科（心理学）中占支配地位的范式。Interest in mental processes had been gr
3、adually resurrected through the work of people like Tolman and Piaget , but it was the arrival of the computer that gave cognitive psychology the terminology and metaphor it needed to ivestigate human minds.经过托尔曼和皮亚杰等人的努力，心理学研究逐渐恢复了对心理过程的兴趣，但是，直到计算机时代的到来，认知心理学才获得了研究人类心理所需要的术语和隐喻。Cognitive psychology
4、 compares the human mind to a computer, suggesting that we too are information processors and that it is possible and desirable to study the internal mental processes that lie between the stimuli we receive and the responses we make. 认知心理学把人类的大脑比作计算机，认为两者都是信息加工器，并且认为研究位于我们接收到刺激和做出反应之间的内部心理过程是可能的和值得做
5、的。Cognition meansknowing and cognitive processes refer to the ways in which knowledge is gained, used and retained.Therefore, cognitive psychologists have studied perception, attention, memory, thinking, language, and problem solving.认知的意思是“知晓” ，认知过程涉及到知识的获得、使用和保持的方式。因此，认知心理学家已经研究了知觉、注意、记忆、思维、语言和问题解
6、决。Cognitive psychology has influenced and integrated with many other approaches and areas of study to produce, for example, social learning theory, cognitive neuropsychology, and artificial intelligence.认知心理学已经影响并整合了许多其他研究方法和研究领域，产生了，诸如，社会学习理论、认知神经心理学和人工智能。Assumptions2.理论假设Cognitive psychologists as
7、sume that认知心理学家假设：mental processes can and should be investigated scientifically心理过程能够并应该得到科学的研究models of psychological functions can be proposed能够提出（拟建）心理功能模型research on these models can be carried out to confirm,refute or modify them by testing observable behaviour and conscious report通过检验可观察的行为和有
8、意识的的口头报告，能够对这些模型的研究进行证实、反驳或修改。cognitive processes actively organise and manipulate information that we receive-humans are not merely passive responders to their environment认知过程主动地组织和操纵我们接收到的信息人们不仅仅是他们环境的被动回应者。Methods of investigation3.研究方法Cognitive psychologists mostly employ a nomothetic approach t
9、o discover human cognitive processes,but have also adopted idiographic techniques at times：认知心理学家通常使用常规的研究方法去揭示人们的认知过程，但有时也采用独特的技术。Laboratory experimentation-for example,many subjects have been exposed to memory tests under strictly controlled conditions.实验室实验-例如，许多被试已经进行了在严格控制条件下的记忆测试。Case study-Pi
10、aget studied the cognitive development of his children using the clinical interview method.个案研究-皮亚杰使用临床访谈方法研究他自己孩子的认知发展。Areas of explanation4.阐释内容Cognitive psychologists have sought to explain:认知心理学家试图解释：memory, e.g. Atkinson and Shiffrins multi-store model of the input,storage and loss of informati
11、on,etc.记忆，例如阿特金森和希夫林的信息输入、存储和丧失的多元存储模型等。perception,e.g.Gregorys theory on the role of mental processes in influencing/organising visual stimuli知觉，例如格雷戈里关于在影响或组织视觉刺激方面的心理加工作用的理论。attention,e.g.Broadbents filter model注意， 例如布罗德本特的过滤器模型。artificial intelligence,e.g.Rumelhart and McClellands parallel distr
12、ibuted network models人工智能，例如鲁梅尔哈特和麦克兰德的平行分布网络模型。social cognition,e.g.the effects of stereotypes on interpersonal perception社会认知，例如关于人际知觉刻板印象的影响。cognitive development,e.g.Piagets stage theory of cognitive development认知发展，例如皮亚杰的认知发展阶段理论。Practical applications5.实际应用Cognitve psychology has had a broad r
13、ange of applications, for example to 认知心理学已经得到了广泛的应用，例如：memory-to help improve memory through mnemonic devices or to aid the police in eyewitness testimony记忆-通过记忆策略可以增进记忆或在目击者证词方面帮助警察。education-Piaget theory has been applied to improve educational techniques教育-皮亚杰的理论已被应用于改进教育技术。therapy-such as the u
14、se of Elliss rational emotive therapy to restructure faulty thinking and perceptions in depression, for example. When combined to form cognitive-behavioural techniques , effectiveness is improved治疗-例如使用埃利斯合理（理性）情绪疗法对抑郁症患者的歪曲思维和知觉进行重建。当此疗法被结合形成为认知-行为技术时，它的效用就提高了。personality assessment-e.g. Kelleys pe
15、rsonal construct measurement人格测评-例如凯利的人格建构理论。Strengths6.优点Cognitive psychology is probably the most dominant approach today:认知心理学可能是现今最有优势的研究方法：It investigates many areas of interest in psychology that had been neglected by behaviourism; yet, unlike psychoanalysis and humanism, it investigates them
16、using more rigorous scientific methods.它研究了许多被行为主义忽视的且在心理学中受关注的领域。还有，不像精神分析和人本主义，它研究这些领域用了更严格的科学方法。In contrast to the biological approach , it bases its explanations firmly at a functional, psychological level, rather than resorting to reductionism to explain human behaviour.与生物学的研究方法相比，它是在实用的心理学水平上
17、以他们严谨的阐述为基础的，而不是凭借还原论去解释人类行为。The approach has provided explanations of many aspects of human behaviour and has had usefull practical applications.该研究方法给人类行为的很多方面提供了解释，并且得到了有效的实际运用。The cognitive approach has combined with other approaches to strengthen its explanations and usefulness ,e.g. cognitive
18、neuropsychology.认知的研究方法已经与其他研究方法相结合来加强他们的解释和有效性，例如认知神经心理学。Weaknesses7.缺点Cognitive models have been accused of being认知模型遭受谴责的是：over simplistic-ignoring the huge complexity of human functioning compared to computer functioning过分简单化与计算机功能相比忽视了人类功能的极大复杂性。unrealistic and over hypothetical-ignoring the biological influences and grounding of mental processes不现实和过分假设性忽视了生物学的影响和心理加工的基础。too cold-ignoring the emotional life of humans,their conscious experience and possible use of freewill 太冷漠-忽视了人类的情感生活、意识经验和自由意志的可能作用。
