1、B R _ main0,B R _ main,Picture-talking and Discussion,Natural History,Samuel Scudder,Louis Agassiz,Background Information,B R _ Natural History,Natural History,Famous Natural History Museums,Definition of Natural History,B R _ Picture-talking and Discussion,Say something about the different ways of
2、teaching and learning according to the following pictures. And then discuss which way you like best and why.,Picture-talking and Discussion,Directions:,B R _ Picture-talking and Discussion,Study in a Traditional Way,B R _ Picture-talking and Discussion,Study in Multimedia Class,B R _ Picture-talking
3、 and Discussion,Study through Discussion,B R _ Picture-talking and Discussion,Self-study through Internet,B R _ Picture-talking and Discussion,Study with a Tutor,B R _ Natural History,Natural History,“Natural history” is an umbrella term for what are now usually viewed as a number of distinct scient
4、ific disciplines. Most definitions include the study of living things (e.g. biology, including botany (植物学) and zoology); other definitions extend the topic to include paleontology (古生物学), ecology or biochemistry, as well as parts of geology and physics and even meteorology (气象学).,B R _ Natural Hist
5、ory,In the 18th century and well into the 19th century, natural history as a term was frequently used to refer to all scientific studies, as opposed to political or ecclesiastical history. As such, the subject area would include all aspects of physics, astronomy, archeology (考古学), etc. This broad us
6、age is still used for some institutions including museums and societies.,B R _ Famous Natural History Museums,Famous Natural History Museums,The most famous natural history museums in the world are listed here.,The Natural History Museum London, BritainThe Humboldt Museum fr Naturkunde Berlin, Germa
7、nyThe following museums are in USA:The Smithsonian Institutions National Museum of Natural History Washington D.C.The Cleveland Museum of Natural History ClevelandThe Carnegie Museum of Natural History PittsburghThe Field Museum of Natural History ChicagoThe Burke Museum of Natural History and Cultu
8、re SeattleThe American Museum of Natural History New York City,Directions:,B R _ Samuel Scudder,B R _ Crosby, Stills and Nash 1,Samuel Hubbard Scudder (18371911): American entomologist (昆虫学家) Born in Boston, he was graduated from Williams College and got his B.A. (1857) and then he got his B.S. at H
9、arvard (1862). As the founder of American insect paleontology (古生物学) and an authority on Orthoptera (直翅目) and Lepidoptera (鳞翅目), he was assistant to Louis Agassiz (18621864), custodian of the Boston Society of Natural History (18641870), assistant librarian of Harvard (18791882), and paleontologist
10、of the U.S. Geological Survey (18861892). His works include A Century of Orthoptera (1879), Butterflies: Their Structure, Changes, and Life-Histories (1881), and Fossil Insects of North America (1890).,Samuel Scudder,B R _ Samuel Scudder,B R _ Crosby, Stills and Nash 1,B R _ Samuel Scudder,B R _ Cro
11、sby, Stills and Nash 1,B R _ Samuel Scudder,B R _ Crosby, Stills and Nash 1,B R _ Samuel Scudder,B R _ Crosby, Stills and Nash 1,B R _ Samuel Scudder,B R _ Crosby, Stills and Nash 1,B R _ Louis Agassiz,B R _ Crosby, Stills and Nash 1,Louis Agassiz,Louis Rodolphe Agassiz (18071873): Swiss-American na
12、turalist,Born in Switzerland, he graduated in medicine (1830), worked in Paris and in 1832 accepted a professorship at the University of Neuchtel. His early work on fossil fishes was followed by a systematic study of glaciers. In 1846 he went to America and in 1848 became professor of natural histor
13、y at Harvard. Though a strong opponent of Darwin he proved himself one of the most influential (and most loved) teachers of science of his age. His A Journey in Brazil resulted from a scientific expedition to that country,B R _ Louis Agassiz,B R _ Crosby, Stills and Nash 1,but of his Contributions t
14、o the Natural History of the United States only four volumes were issued before his death, which took place while he was organizing a unique summer school at Penikese island on the Massachusetts coast.,B R _ Louis Agassiz,B R _ Crosby, Stills and Nash 1,B R _ Louis Agassiz,B R _ Crosby, Stills and N
15、ash 1,B R _ Louis Agassiz,B R _ Crosby, Stills and Nash 1,B R _ Louis Agassiz,B R _ Crosby, Stills and Nash 1,B R _ Louis Agassiz,B R _ Crosby, Stills and Nash 1,B R _ Louis Agassiz,B R _ Crosby, Stills and Nash 1,B R _ Louis Agassiz,B R _ Crosby, Stills and Nash 1,B R _ Background Information,Backg
16、round Information,Eau-de-Cologne,Haemulon,B R _ Haemulon,Haemulon refers to medium-sized tropical marine food fishes that utter a grunting sound when caught.,Haemulon,B R _ Haemulon,Haemulon refers to medium-sized tropical marine food fishes that utter a grunting sound when caught.,Haemulon,B R _ Ha
17、emulon,Haemulon refers to medium-sized tropical marine food fishes that utter a grunting sound when caught.,Haemulon,B R _ Haemulon,Haemulon refers to medium-sized tropical marine food fishes that utter a grunting sound when caught.,Haemulon,B R _ Haemulon,Haemulon refers to medium-sized tropical ma
18、rine food fishes that utter a grunting sound when caught.,Haemulon,B R _ Eau-de-Cologne,Eau-de-Cologne,Beginning in the 18th century, Jean-Marie Farina started selling a fruit based alcohol solution in Cologne under the name of lEau Admirable, whose formula he obtained from his uncle, Jean-Paul Femi
19、nis, and whose therapeutic virtues were confirmed by Cologne College of Medicine. This tonic preparation with its fresh and fruity scent was known as Eau-de-Cologne in France, and became immensely popular all throughout Europe. It is one of the few kinds of perfume to be widely worn by men.,B R _ Ea
20、u-de-Cologne,In the early 19th century, another Jean-Marie Farina, heir to the founder of the legendary company and its formula, settled in Paris and became the official supplier for the Emperor Napoleon I. In 1840, he sold his business to Lonce Collas who sold it again in 1862 to Messieurs Roger an
21、d Gallet who continue producing the legendary Eau de Cologne.,B R _ Eau-de-Cologne,B R _ Eau-de-Cologne,B R _ Eau-de-Cologne,B R _ Eau-de-Cologne,B R _ Eau-de-Cologne,G R _ main,Part Division of the Text,Scanning,G R _ Scanning,Scanning,Flowchart,Table Completion,Listening,Blow into: 突然来到In chorus:合
22、唱Throw up the window :拉起窗口Hold out wide her black cape: 张开披肩Dread rose in my throat. 我心里害怕极了。My head swam. 我的头晕。Composedly: 从容地Resonant: 洪亮的,1. singing teacher “How do you do?” in chorus 2. physical training nonsense relay race 3. composed and slow deep and resonant slight fever,G R _ Part Division,
23、Parts,Para(s).,Main Ideas,1,18,2,913,Scudders first morning in the laboratory was characterized by boredom and despair.,By drawing the fish in the afternoon, Scudder discovered new features in the fish but failed to notice its most conspicuous characteristic.,G R _ Part Division,Parts,Para(s).,Main
24、Ideas,3,1418,4,1924,Scudder discovered one new feature after another when he began to work in earnest and saw how just the Professors criticism had been.,By the end of the third day, Scudder had learned the best entomological lesson in life, one that was to guide his subsequent study and research.,G
25、 R _ Part Division,Parts,Para(s).,Main Ideas,5,2528,The eight months Scudder spent studying haemulons was of greater value to him than years of later investigation into insects.,G R _ Table Completion,Table Completion,1,With that he left me, but in a moment returned with explicit instructions as to
26、the care of the object entrusted to me.,2,On my return, I learned that Professor Agassiz had been at the Museum, but had gone, and would not return for several hours.,Directions:,Scan the text and complete the table below by finding out the sentences showing the professor left the author and returne
27、d that day.,G R _ Table Completion,3,Just then the Professor returned.,4, and he left me to my misery.,5, and when, towards its close, the Professor inquired ,G R _ Flowchart,Flowchart,Scan the text and complete the flowchart below with the words, phrases or sentences in the text showing the authors
28、 different feelings (eager, happy, disappointed, etc.) that day.,Para. 7,Para. 3,“Now,” I replied.,Still I was conscious of a passing feeling of disappointment.,_,_,Para. 8,Half an hour passed an hour another hour; the fish began to look loathsome.,_,Directions:,G R _ Flowchart,Para. 8,I was in desp
29、air., and with a feeling of desperation again looked at it.,Para. 9,_,_,Para. 13, he left me to my misery.,This was disconcerting.,Para. 17,His thoroughly pleased “Of course! Of course!” repaid the wakeful hours of the previous night.,Para. 21,_,_,_,Today educators stress critical thinking, which be
30、gins with close observation. Yet, the technique is not new, as we can see from this famous essay by Samuel Scudder, in which he recalls his education at Harvard in the 1850s. In the essay, Scudder relates the lesson in observation he learned under Professor Agassiz. The professors teaching method wa
31、s simple. Instead of lecturing, he directed his young student to “look again, look again.”,D R _ Text 0,1 It was more than fifteen years ago that I entered the laboratory of Professor Agassiz, and told him I had enrolled my name in the Scientific School as a student of natural history. He asked me a
32、 few questions about my object in coming, my antecedents generally, the mode in which I afterwards proposed to use the knowledge I might acquire, and, finally, whether I wished to study any special branch. To the latter I replied that while I wished to be well grounded in all departments of zoology,
33、 I purposed to devote myself especially to insects.,D R _ Text 1,Take This Fish and Look at It,Samuel Scudder,5 With that he left me, but in a moment returned with explicit instructions as to the care of the object entrusted to me.6 “No man is fit to be a naturalist,” said he, “who does not know how
34、 to take care of specimens.”,D R _ Text 2,2 “When do you wish to begin?” he asked.3 “Now,” I replied. 4 This seemed to please him, and with an energetic “Very well!” he reached from a shelf a huge jar of,specimens in yellow alcohol. “Take this fish,” he said, “and look at it; we call it a haemulon;
35、by and by I will ask what you have seen.”,D R _ Text 3,7 I was to keep the fish before me in a tin tray, and occasionally moisten the surface with alcohol from the jar, always taking care to replace the stopper tightly. Those were not the days of ground-glass stoppers and elegantly shaped exhibition
36、 jars; all the old students will recall the huge neckless glass bottles with their leaky, wax-besmeared corks, half eaten by insects, and begrimed with cellar dust. Entomology was a cleaner science than ichthyology, but the example of the Professor, who had unhesitatingly plunged to the bottom of th
37、e jar to produce the fish, was infectious; and though this alcohol had a “very ancient and fishlike smell,”,D R _ Text 4,I really dared not show any aversion within these sacred precincts, and treated the alcohol as though it were pure water. Still I was conscious of a passing feeling of disappointm
38、ent, for gazing at a fish did not commend itself to an ardent entomologist. My friends at home, too, were annoyed when they discovered that no amount of eau-de-Cologne would drown the perfume which haunted me like a shadow.,8 In ten minutes I had seen all that could be seen in that fish, and started
39、 in search of the Professor who had, however, left the Museum; and when I returned, after lingering over some of the odd animals stored in the upper apartment, my specimen was dry all over. I dashed the fluid over the fish as if to resuscitate the beast from a fainting fit, and looked with anxiety f
40、or a return of the normal sloppy appearance. This little excitement over, nothing was to be done but to return to a steadfast gaze at my mute companion. Half an hour passed an hour another hour; the fish began to look loathsome.,D R _ Text 5,I turned it over and around; looked it in the face ghastly
41、; from behind, beneath, above, sideways, at three-quarters view just as ghastly. I was in despair; at an early hour I concluded that lunch was necessary; so, with infinite relief, the fish was carefully replaced in the jar, and for an hour I was free.,D R _ Text 6,D R _ Text 7,9 On my return, I lear
42、ned that Professor Agassiz had been at the Museum, but had gone, and would not return for several hours. My fellow-students were too busy to be disturbed by continued conversation. Slowly I drew forth that hideous fish, and with a feeling of desperation again looked at it. I might not use a magnifyi
43、ng-glass; instruments of all kinds were interdicted. My two hands, my two eyes, and the fish: it seemed a most limited field. I pushed my finger down its throat to feel how sharp the teeth were. I began to count the scales in the different rows, until I was convinced that was nonsense. At last a hap
44、py thought struck me I would draw the fish; and with surprise I began to discover new features in the creature. Just then the Professor returned.,12 He listened attentively to my brief rehearsal of the structure of parts whose names were still unknown to me: the fringed gill-arches and movable operc
45、ulum; the pores of the head, fleshy lips and lidless eyes; the lateral line, the spinous fins and forked tail; the compressed and arched body. When I finished, he waited as if expecting more, and then, with an air of disappointment:,10 “That is right,” said he; “a pencil is one of the best of eyes.
46、I am glad to notice, too, that you keep your specimen wet, and your bottle corked.” 11 With these encouraging words, he added: “Well, what is it like?”,D R _ Text 8,D R _ Text 9,13 “You have not looked very carefully; why,” he continued more earnestly, “you havent even seen one of the most conspicuo
47、us features of the animal, which is plainly before your eyes as the fish itself; look again, look again!” and he left me to my misery.14 I was piqued; I was mortified. Still more of that wretched fish! But now I set myself to my task with a will, and discovered one new thing after another, until I s
48、aw how just the Professors criticism had been. The afternoon passed quickly; and when, towards its close, the Professor inquired:15 “Do you see it yet?”,D R _ Text 10,16 “No,” I replied, “I am certain I do not, but I see how little I saw before.” 17 “That is next best,” said he, earnestly, “but I wont hear you now; put away your fish and go home; perhaps you will be ready with a better answer in the morning. I will examine you before you look at the fish.”,
