1、Lecture 7,Translation methods and techniques of words,7.1methods-1 Literal translation,Permitted by the SL this method is used to keep the original content as well as the form, esp. the metaphors, images, national characteristics, etc. without changing the SL meaning or style.,Examples,竭泽而渔 To drain
2、 a pond to catch all the fish (cf. kill the goose that lay the golden eggs) 打草惊蛇 To stir the grass and alert the snake (cf. wake a sleeping dog) 中华全国总工会 All-China Federation of Trade Unions 中国教育改革和发展纲要 The Outline for Reform and Development of Education in China 妇女权益保护法 Law on the Protection of the
3、Rights and Interests of Women,2 Free translation,It is a strategy where the translator gives precedence to the content treated in the source text, independent of its form. And it is adopted only when and where it is really impossible for translators to do literal translation,Examples,粗枝大叶 to be crud
4、e and careless (*with big branches and large leaves) 在农村，特别是在比较偏僻落后的农村，还残存着少数包办买卖婚姻的陋习。 In Chinas more remote and backward rural areas, corrupt practices exist in the form of forced marriage.,Examples,计划生育 family planning 全面建设小康社会 building a moderately prosperous society in all respects 花园里是人间的乐园，有的
5、是吃不完的大米白面，穿不完的绫罗绸缎，花不完的金银财宝。 The garden was a paradise on earth, with more food and clothes than could be consumed and more money than could be spent.,3 Transliteration,音译，是根据读音用一种文字符号来表达另一种文字符号的翻译方法。当原语和译入语之间差异很大、存在语义空白的情况下，翻译不可能直接从形式或语义入手，就采取音译手段。音译对象主要是人名、地名和新产生的术语。,Examples,北京 Beijing 针眼儿胡同的片警(n
6、ame of a TV series) Police Officers in Zhenyaner Hutong 饺子 jiaozi 混沌 huntun,4 Explanatory translation,翻译时以解释、阐述的方式说明。,Examples,铁饭碗 iron rice bow, Chinas system of lifetime job and income security “那哪能知道？他们一东一西，都是看透三国志的人。要我说，那一耳刮子，也是周瑜打黄盖，一个愿打，一个愿挨的”。“Hard to say. The two of them are hand in glove, a
7、nd theyve read the Romance of the Three Kingdom. I should say that box on the ear was disguisedly given by a Chou Yu and gladly taken by a Huang Kai. 他这分明是班门弄斧。 He is just “showing off his proficiency with the axe before Lu Ban the master carpenter.,7.2Techniques-1 Omission of words unnecessary to t
8、he meaning,Omit the words but no t the meaning. Omit category words Omit repetitive words Omit big words without practical meaning Omit culturally-loaded words,7.2.1.1Omit category words,准备工作 preparation, 落后状态 backwardness 当前中国农业生产的发展状况 the present development of Chinas agriculture 讨论的范围涉及中美关系、中俄关系。
9、 The discussion covers Sino-US relation and Sino-Russian relation. 国家要加大对中西部地区的支持力度。 The State will increase its support for the central and western parts.,7.2.1.2 Omit repetitive words,生活在四川的十几个民族，各有不同的文化和风俗，成为巴蜀歌舞取之不尽、用之不竭的创作源泉。 The nationalities in Sichuan maintain different cultures and customs,
10、 which provide the inexhaustible source of folk songs and dances. 增强自立意识、竞争意识、效率意识、民主法制意识和开拓创新意识。 Increase the awareness of self-reliance, competition, efficiency, democracy and the rule of law, as well as the pioneering and innovative spirit.,7.2.1.2 Omit repetitive words,“沉默啊！沉默！不在沉默中爆发，就在沉默中灭亡。”（
11、鲁迅）repetition “Silence! Silence! Unless we burst out, we shall perish in this silence. ” *“Silence! Silence! Unless we burst out in silence, we shall perish in this silence. ” 我们党必须始终代表中国先进生产力的发展要求，代表中国先进文化的前进方向，代表中国最广大人民的根本利益。 Our party must always represent the development trend of Chinas advanced
12、 productive forces, the orientation of Chinas advanced culture, and the fundamental interests of the overwhelming majority of people in China.,7.2.1.3Omit big words without practical meaning,切实加强，大力发展 Strengthen and develop,7.2.1.4Omit culturally-loaded words,-今年几岁？ -属猴的，12岁。 How old are you ? Twelv
13、e.,2 Amplification修辞性增词,修辞性增词主要用来补足语义，实现衔接，再现原文的语体意义和语气等。为了使译文更地道，更流畅，有时需添加一些没有实质性语义的实词和虚词。 Add articles, pronouns, prepositions, conjunctions Add words (sense) implied in ST which need to be supplemented in TT Add culturally-loaded words,7.2.2.1Add articles, pronouns, prepositions, conjunctions,香港特
14、别行政区的区旗是五星花蕊的紫荆花红旗。 The regional flag of the Hong Kong special Administrative Region is a red flag with a bauhinia highlighted by five star-tipped stamens,7.2.2.2Add words (sense) implied in ST which need to be supplemented in TT,她总是把伞挂在门边的把手上。 Whenever she carried an umbrella she habitually hung it
15、 on the handrail near the bus door. 本公司求职者，有相关工作经验的优先录取。 The company applicants who had relevant working experiences would receive preference over those who had not.,7.2.2.3Add culturally-loaded words,铁饭碗 iron rice bow, Chinas system of lifetime job and income security “那哪能知道？他们一东一西，都是看透三国志的人。要我说，那一
16、耳刮子，也是周瑜打黄盖，一个愿打，一个愿挨的”。“Hard to say. The two of them are hand in glove, and theyve read the Romance of the Three Kingdom. I should say that box on the ear was disguisedly given by a Chou Yu and gladly taken by a Huang Kai. 他这分明是班门弄斧。 He is just “showing off his proficiency with the axe before Lu Ba
17、n the master carpenter.,3 Extension: abstract /concrete,英语的抽象化手段: ing词尾和抽象名词的词缀 -ness: fruitfulness -ship: scholarship -ment: movement -ion: realization 上述后缀大多是表示抽象的性质、状态、程度、特征、身份等，译成汉语通常要加上范畴词“化”、“性”等。,Examples,arrogance 傲慢态度 此外，英语里介词十分活跃，表达各种关系，还可以用来表达虚泛的意义。 He is not in it. 他并未参与其事。 菱很小，但很嫩，吃到嘴里满
18、口生香。 Though the water chestnuts were small, they were tender and delicious.,汉语抽象名词用得少，而且抽象名词的意义较为具体。但是汉语里形象化的成语表达多，常常能够传达英语抽象名词的概念。,讨论的范围涉及中美关系、中俄关系。 The discussion covers Sino-US relation and Sino-Russian relation. 他的离职现在搞得满城风雨，人人皆知。 There has been too much publicity about his absence of position.,
19、对义聚合体词语的实述虚化：,对义聚合体词语是指由同一上位词的各个子项构成的词语。对义聚合体的概念往往大于各个子项的语义。如：由两项构成：父母，兄弟 由三项构成：松竹梅，天地人，数理化， 由四项构成：王侯将相，男女老少，花鸟鱼虫，说学逗唱，柴米油盐，锅碗瓢盆，悲欢离合 由多项构成：金木水火土，工农商学兵，柴米油盐酱醋茶，赤橙黄绿青蓝紫 英语只有少数对义聚合体词语(如Tom, Dick and Harry相当于汉语的“张三李四”，泛指普通人。),Examples,他若不情愿时，任你王侯将相，大捧银子送他，正眼也不看。 If he was not in the mood, then no matte
20、r whether you were senior officials, or what silver you heaped on him, he would not even look at you. *If he was not in the mood, then no matter whether you were a prince, duke, general or minister, or what silver you heaped on him, he would not even look at you. 只要你过来，鸡鸭鱼肉，绫罗绸缎，一辈子享用不尽。 If you are willing to marry me, you will enjoy the luxuries all your life.,
