1、The Dynamics of Life,Chapter 1&2,1. biology 生物学 The study of life that seeks to provide an understanding of the natural world.,2. organism 生物Anything that possesses all the characteristics of life; all organisms have an orderly structure, produce offspring, grow, develop, and adjust to changes in th
2、e environment.,3.organization 组织orderly structure of cells in an organism; a characteristic of all living things,reproduction 繁殖production of offspring by an organism; a characteristic of all living things,species 物种a group of organisms that can interbreed and produce fertile offspring in nature,gro
3、wth 生长increase in the amount of living material and formation of new structures in an organism; a characteristic of all living things,environment 环境biotic and abiotic surroundings to which an organism must constantly adjust; includes air, water, weather, temperature, other organisms and many other f
4、actors.,stimulus 刺激anything in an organisms internal or externaml environment that causes the organism to react,response 反应an organisms reaction to a chance in its internal or external environment,homeostasis 稳态organisms regulation of its internal environment to maintain conditions suitable for surv
5、ival; a characteristic of all living things. process of maintaing equilibrium in cells internal environments,energy 能量 the ability to cause chance; organisms use energy to perform biological function,adaptation 适应evolution of a structure, behavior or internal process that enables an organism to resp
6、ond to environmental factors and live to produce offspring,evolution 进化gradual change in a species through adaptations over time,scientific method 科学方法procedures that biologists and other scientists use to gather information and answer questions, include observing and hypothesizing, experimenting an
7、d gathering and interpreting results.,hypothesis 假设explanation for a question or a problem that can be formally tested,experiment 实验procedure that tests a hypothesis by collecting information under controlled condidtions.,control 控制in an experiment, the standard against which results are compared.,i
8、ndependent variable 自变量in an experiment the condition that is tested because it affexts the outcome of the experiment,dependent variable 因变量in an experiment, the condition that results from changes in the independent variable,data 数据information obtained from experiments, sometimes called experimenta
9、l results,technology 科技application of scientific research to societys needs and problems,ecology 生态学scientific study of interactions between organisms and their environments,biosphere 生态圈portion of the earth that supports life; extends from high in the atmosphere to the bottom of the oceans,abiotic
10、factors 非生物因素nonliving parts of an organisms environment; air currents, temperature, moisture, light and soil are examples.,biotic factors 生物因素all the living organisms that inhabit an environment,population 种群group of organisms all of the same species, which interbreed and live in the same place at
11、the same time,biological community 生态群落 a community made up of interacting populations in a certain area at a certain time,ecosystem 生态系统interactions among populations in a community, the communitys physical surroundings or abiotic factors,habitat 栖息地place where an organism lives out its life,niche
12、小生境role or position a species has in its environment, includes all biotic and abiotic interactions as an animal meets its need for survival and reproduction,symbiosis 共生permanent, close association between two or more organisms of different species,mutalism 互利共生a symbotic relationship in which both
13、species benefit,commensalism 共栖symbiotic relationship in which one species benefits and the other species is neither harmed nor benefited,parasitism 寄生symbiotic relationship in which one organism benefits at the expense of another, usually another species,autotroph 自养型生物an organism that uses energy
14、from the sun or energy stored in chemical compunds to manufacture their own materials,heterotroph 异养型生物organism that cannot make its own food and must feed on other organisms for energy and nutrients,decomposers 分解者organisms, such as fungi and bacteria, that break down and absorb nutrients from dead
15、 organisms,food chain 食物链simple model that shows how matter and energy move through an ecosystem,trophic level 营养级organism that represents a feeding step in the movement of energy and materials through an organisms than any other biome,food web 食物网model that shows all the possible feeding relationsh
16、ips at each trophic level in a community,biomass 生物量（或生物的数量）the total mass or weight of all living matter in a given area,http:/ 2-5,limiting factor 限制因素any biotic or abiotic factor that restricts the existence, numbers, reproduction, or distribution of organisms.,biome 生物群系group of ecosystems that
17、have the same climate and dominant communities,estuary 河口湾A coastal body of water, partially surrounded by land, in which freshwater and saltwater mix,taiga 针叶树林地带 biome just south of the tundra; characterized by a northern coniferous forest composed of pine, fir, hemlock, and spruce tree and acidic
18、, mineral-poor topsoils,rain forest 雨林 a biome near the equator with warm temperatures, wet weather, and lush plant growth,tundra 苔原 Biome that surrounds the north and south poles; treeless land; characterized by topsoil that is a layer of permafrost.,carrying capacity 承载量 the maximum number of orga
19、nisms of one species, or the maximum population size, which an environment is able to support indefinitely,density-dependent factor 密度制约因子 limiting factors, such as disease, parasites or food availability that affect growth of a population,density - independent factor 非密度制约因子 factor such as temperat
20、ure, storms, floods, drought, or habitat disruption that affects all populations, regardless of their density,exponential growth 指数增长population growth pattern where a population grows faster as it increases in size,birth rate 出生率the number of babies born per 1,000 people in an area in a given year,d
21、eath rate 死亡率number of deaths per 1000 population in a given year,biodiversity 生物多样性variety of life in an area; usually measured as the number of species that live in an area,endangered species 濒危物种a species in which the number of individuals falls so low that extinction is possible,extinction 灭绝the
22、 disappearance of a species when the last of its members dies,habitat degradation 栖息地退化damage to a habitat by air, water, and land pollution,habitat fragmentation 栖息地断裂the separation of wilderness areas from other wilderness areas,ozone layer 臭氧层layer of the atmosphere that helps to protect living o
23、rganisms on Earths surface from damaging doses of ultraviolet radiation from the sun,captivity 笼养（或樊笼）when members of a species are held by people in zoos or other conservation facilities,conservation biology 保护生物学field of biology that studies methods and implements plans to protect biodiversity,suc
24、cession 演替orderly, natural changes, and species replacements that take place in ecosystem communities over time.,desert 沙漠arid region with sparse to almost nonexistent plant life,grassland 草地biome composed of large communities covered with rich soil, grasses, and similar small plants,temperate decid
25、uous forest 温带落叶林biome composed of forests of broad-leaved hardwood trees that lose their foliage annually,Biology Chapter 6 (Glencoe, Dynamics of Life),acid 酸any substance that forms hydrogen ions (H+) in water, pH below 7; sour taste; turns blue litmus red; phenolphthalein remains clear; example:
26、lemon juice,atom 原子smallest particle of an element that still retains the same characteristics of the element; composed of neutrons, protons and electrons,base 碱any substance that forms hydroxide ions in water (OH-); pH above 7; bitter taste; slippery; turns red litmus blue; phenolphthalein turns pi
27、nk; example: soap,compound 化合物composed of atoms of two or more different elements that are chemcially combined; can be either covalently or ionicly combined,covalent bond 化学键a bond formed between two or more atoms by the sharing of electrons; most organisms have covalent compounds within their struc
28、ture; examples include lipids, protiens and water,element 元素a substance that cannot be broken down into simpler chemical substances; composed of the same type of atoms,ion 离子charged particle made of atoms; can be positve when there are more protons than electrons or can be negative when there are mo
29、re electrons than protons,ionic bond 离子键 attractive force between two ions of opposite charge; example: salt, NaCl; Na+ has a positive charge and Cl- has a negative charge,isotope 同位素atoms of the same element that different number of neutrons; has the same number of protons; can be radioactive,metab
30、olism 新陈代谢 All of the chemical reactions that occur within an organism,mixture 混合物 combination of substances in which the individual components retain thier own properties; example - sugar in water or salt in water,molecule 分子 group of atoms held together by covalent bonds; no overall charge; exampl
31、es: glucose and water,nucleus 原子核center of an atom; contains the protons and neutrons; postively charged. Atomic mass is the combination of the neutrons and protons, atomic number is the number of protons only,PH 酸碱度measure of how acidic or basic a solution is; pH scale is from 0 to 14. 0 to 7 is ac
32、idic; 7 to 14 is basic; 7 is neutral,solution 溶液 a mixture in which onre or more substances (solute) are distributed evenly in another substance (solvent); water is the universal solvent; example: sweet iced tea,amino acid 氨基酸 builing blocks of proteins; 20 amino acids,carbohydrate 碳水化合物biomolecule
33、composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a ratio of of two hydrogen atoms to one carbon atom to one oxygen atom; starch, glycogen and cellulose are forms of this biomolecule,enzyme 酶 protein that changes the rate of a chemical reaction; is not changed in reaction; is affected by heat and pH; if n
34、o longer can function - is said to be denatured,iosmer compounds that have the same chemical formula but have different three dimensional structures; examples include glucose and fructose, both have the same chemical composition: C6H12O6.,lipid 脂质 large moleucles composed mostly of carbon and hydrog
35、en atoms with a few oxygen atoms; examples include waxes, fats, oils and steroids; insoluble in water; make up part of cell membrane,nucleic acid 核酸complex biomolecule that stores cellular information in the form of a code; DNA and RNA are examples,nucleotide 核苷酸 consist of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen,
36、 nitrogen and phosphorus; building blocks of nucleic acids; three groups: nitrogenous base, simple sugar and a phosphate group,peptide bond 肽键covalent bond formed between amino acids; creates proteins,polymer 多聚物 large molecule formed when many smaller molecules bond together; can be formed by conde
37、nsation - removal of water or can be formed by the creation of peptide bonds,protein 蛋白质 large complex polymer composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and sometimes sulfur; building blocks are amino acids; enzymes; created at ribosomes,polar molecule 极性分子 molecule with an unequal distribution
38、 of charge, resulting in the molecule having a positive end and a negative end.,hydrogen bond 氢键 weak chemical bond formed by the attraction of positively charged hydrogen atoms to other negatively charged atoms,diffusion 扩散 random movement of particles from an area of higher concentration to an are
39、a of lower concentration,dynamic equilibrium 动态平衡 result of diffusion where there is continuous movement of particles but no overall change in concentration,Chapter 7 Biology:dynamics of life,Cell 细胞the basic structural and functional unit of all organisms,Nucleus 细胞核 a part of the cell containing D
40、NA and RNA and responsible for growth and reproduction,Prokaryote 原核细胞界a unicellular organism having cells lacking membrane-bound nuclei,Phospholipid 磷脂 any of various compounds composed of fatty acids and phosphoric acid and a nitrogenous base,Selective Permability 选择渗透性 a process in which the plas
41、ma membrane of a cell allows some molecules into the cell while keeping others out,Cell Wall 细胞壁 a thin membrane around the cytoplasm of a cell,Cell Theory 细胞理论 the theory that cells form the fundamental structural and functional units of all living organisms,Eukaryote 真核细胞an organism with cells cha
42、racteristic of all life forms except primitive microorganisms such as bacteria,Organelle 细胞器 a specialized part of a cell,Fluid Mosaic Model 流动镶嵌模型 The currently accepted model of cell membrane structure, which envisions the membrane as a mosaic of individually inserted protein molecules drifting la
43、terally in a fluid bilayer of phospholipids.,Transport Proteins 运输蛋白质A transmembrane protein that helps a certain substance or class of closely related substances to cross the membrane.,Chorophyll 叶绿素 green substance in a chloroplast that traps energy from sunlight,Chloroplast 叶绿体 plastid containing
44、 chlorophyll and other pigments,Cilia 纤毛 short, hair-like structures made of microtubules that enable movement of cells or movement of materials outside a cell,Cytoskeleton 细胞骨架a microscopic network of actin filaments and microtubules in the cytoplasm of many living cells that gives the cell shape a
45、nd coherence,Flagella 鞭毛 whiplike tails found in one-celled organisms to aid in movement,Lysosome 溶酶体 an organelle found in the cytoplasm of most cells (especially in leukocytes and liver and kidney cells),Mitochondria 线粒体 Powerhouse of the cell, organelle that is the site of ATP (energy) production
46、,Nucleous 核仁 large membrane-enclosed structure that contains the cells gentic ,aterial in the form of DNA,Ribosome 核糖体 an organelle in the cytoplasm of a living cell,Chromatin 染色质the readily stainable substance of a cell nucleus consisting of DNA and RNA and various proteins,Cytoplasm 细胞质a jellylike
47、 fluid inside the cell in which the organelles are suspended,Endoplasmic Reticulum 内质网an internal membrane system in which components of cell membrane and some proteins are constructed,Golgi Appartus 高尔基体 to modify, sort, and package protiens and other materialsf rom the ER for storage in the cell o
48、r secretion outside the cell,Microfilament 微丝 solid rod of protein, thinner than a microtubule, that enables a cell to move or change shape,Microtubules 微管 hollow tubes of protein about 25 nanometers in diameter, support the cell and moves,organelles 细胞器within the cell Ex: look like straws,Plastid 质
49、体 any of various small particles in the cytoplasm of the cells of plants and some animals containing pigments or starch or oil or protein,Vacuole 液泡 a tiny cavity filled with fluid in the cytoplasm of a cell,Biology: The Dynamics of Life Ch 8,osmosis 渗透（作用）diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane depending on the concentration of solutes on either side of the membrane,isotonic solution等渗溶液 in cells, solution in which the concentration of dissolved substances in the solution is the same as the concentration of dissolved substances in a cell,
