1、English in Science and Technology,授课进度安排,专业文献阅读内容选自：Bruce A. Rogers. The Nature of Metals. The American Society for Metals. 1951 论著阅读并英译汉内容选自：Sanford L. Moskowitz. The Advanced Materials Revolution-Technology and Economic Growth in the Age of Globalization. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2009 论文阅读内容选自：Dong
2、 Yuanda. Scientific and Technical English for Postgraduates. School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai University,专业文献阅读理解分组,汉译英练习 1）这一点在文献1-7中有论述。 2）应该指出，这些信号在数值上没有很大的区别。 3）与现有的方法相比，这种新方法具有一些优点。 4）我们获得了86.3%的分辨率。 5）最后，本文给出了有待于解决的几个问题。 6）本文论述了该系统的设计思路与结构，深入探讨了模型检验。 7）应该指出，这种方法与现有的方法相比有许多
3、优点，例如取样网络比较简单、成本低，等等。 8）本文注意到该系统具有永久磁铁的特点，提出一种比较简易的方法，解决其磁路的计算问题。 9）所有这一切表明采用PECVD方法制备TiSi2薄膜的工艺是完全可行的。 10）本文应用场匹配方法分析和计算了这种结构的色散特性和耦合特性，结果与Karp的实测值基本一致。 11）本规则有几个例外。 12）这台仪器的价格很昂贵。,13）结果表明，这两种方法其实质是一样的，只不过各有其应用的条件。 14）我和我的同事们愿对W. 史密斯教授给予我们的大力帮助表示感谢。 15）直流电总是朝一个方向流动。 16）不仅温度和光影响导电率，而且给半导体夹杂也会使导电率变化很
4、大。 17）为了做到所有这一切，对计算机科学必须要有一个清晰的了解。 18）半导体将在第二章加以讨论。 19）这些窗子均经受不了这么大的力。 20）铁的导电性能几乎与铝一样好。 21）这个设备有它的一些独特的优点。 22）这种材料很难加工。 23）这个问题有待解决。 24）最后提出了实现这种方法应注意的一些问题和解决方法。,汉译英练习参考答案 1. This point is described in literature 1-7. 2. It should be pointed out that these signals do not differ greatly in magnitude
5、. 3. This new method has a few advantages over the existing methods (or over those available). Compared with the existed methods, this new method has a few advantages. 4. We have obtained a recognition rate of 86.3%. 5. Finally, this paper presents several problems which remain to be solved. 6. This
6、 paper discusses the design guideline for and the structure of the system, with a deep inquiry into model testing. 7. It should be pointed out that this method has many advantages over those available, such as a simple sample network, low cost, etc. 8. On the basis of the fact that this system has t
7、he property of a permanent ring magnetic, this paper presents a simple method of calculation for the magnetic circuit.,9. All this illustrates the technology of the preparation of the TiSi2 thin film by PECVD is quite workable. 10. A field-matching approach has been used to analyze and calculate the
8、 dispersion characteristic and coupled impedance of this structure. The results obtained are in good agreement with the experimental ones given by Karp. 11. There are a few exceptions to this rule. 12. The price of this instrument is high. 13. The results indicate that these two methods are consiste
9、nt in essence, with the exception that they have their own specific application conditions. 14. My colleagues and I would like to express our thanks to Professor W. Smith for his great help. 15. Direct current flows always in one direction. 16. Not only do temperature and light affect the conductivi
10、ty, but the addition of impurities to semiconductors will also make it change greatly.,17. To do all this, a sound knowledge of computer science is necessary. 18. Semiconductors will be discussed in Chapter 2. 19. None of these windows can withstand so large a force. 20. Iron is almost as good a con
11、ductor as aluminum. 21. This equipment has a few advantages all its own. 22. This material is very difficult to machine. 23. This problem remains to be solved. 24. Finally, some problems that deserve to be noted in implementing this method and their solutions are presented.,3. 英语科技论文的结构组成,IMRAD结构Int
12、roductionMethodsResults and discussion 3.1 标题（title）accuracy brevity clarity, 反映论文的研究范围和深度。 3.1.1 标题的拟定原则准确性 关键词 例：Concerning Some Applications of a Theorem of J Doe(关于J窦氏理论的一些应用)Algebraic Solutions of Linear Practical Differential Equation（线性偏微分方程的代数解）,a. Solubility of Fluorothene (氟乙烯的溶解度)； b. Pha
13、se Equilibria between Fluorothene and Organic Solvents (氟乙烯与有机溶剂之间的相平衡)； c. A Study of the Phase Equilibria between Fluorothene and Some Solvents Such as Dibutyl Phthalate and Chlorotrifluoroethylene at Elevated Temperatures(关于在高温下氟乙烯与邻苯二甲酸二丁酯和氯三氟乙烯等溶剂之间的相平衡研究)。,Action of antibiotics on bacteria(宽泛)
14、以下为几种可接受 a. Action of Streptomycin on Mycobacterium tuberculosis. b. Action of Streptomycin, Neomycin and Tetracycline on Gram-Positive Bacteria. c. Action of Polyene Antibiotics on Plant-Pathogenic Bacteria. d. Action of Various Antifungal Antibiotics on Candida albicans and Aspergillus fumigatus.,
15、尽管这些标题更能被接受，但仍不够具体，如果将“Action of ”具体给出，其含义会更清楚，如可将上述标题a进一步改为“Inhibition of growth of Mycobacterium tuberculosis by Streptomycin ”，将完全符合准确、简练、清晰的原则。,3.1.2 标题的撰写技巧. 每条标题不要超过1012个词，如果10个词不足以概括全文的内容，可使用副标题加以补充说明。如：Methods for Testing the Performance of Dust Particle Counter: Particles Concentration . 标题
16、通常由名词短语构成，即由一个或多个名词加上其前置定语或后置定语构成，因此标题中一般出现名词、形容词、介词、冠词和连词，若出现动词，一般是现在分词、过去分词或动名词形式。如：Solidification of Sn-Pb Alloy Droplets Prepared by Uniform Droplet Spray (Solidification为名词；Prepared为动词的过去分词形式，用来修饰Alloy Droplet ),. 标题中应慎重使用缩略语，只有那些全称较长，缩写后已得到公认的，才可使用。为方便二次检索，标题中应尽量避免使用化学式、上下角标、特殊符号等。 . 取消不必要的冠词和
17、多余的说明性词。避免使用材料仪器的公司名称或商品名、商业标记等，以采用客观的学术名称为宜。 . 标题中应尽量不使用标点符号，除非必须使用时。 . 标题中Studies on、Investigation on、Some Thoughts on、A Few Observations on、Study of、Investigation of、A Final Report on、A Complete Investigation of等，只是增加标题的长度，未提供新的信息，不宜使用。,3.2 作者署名及其工作单位,论文署名作者应满足以下条件：1）必须参与过该项研究的设计和开创工作，如在后期参加工作，必须
18、赞同该研究的设计；2）必须参加过论文中的某项观察和获取数据工作；3）必须参与过对所观察的现象和所取得的数据的解释，并从中导出论文的结论；4）必须参加过论文的撰写；5）必须阅读过论文的全文，并同意其发表。论文作者数目不宜过多，一般以不超过6人为宜。第一作者应对论文做出主要贡献，并为主要责任人。对于不能列为作者但对研究成果有贡献者，可在文后致谢里说明。,Title: Adsorption of Proteins to Hydrophobic Sites on Mixed Self-Assembled Monolayers Authors: Emanuele Ostuni, Bartosz A. G
19、rzybowski, Milan Mrksich Their affiliation: Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USATitle: Network Traffic Analysis with Extreme Value Theory Authors: SHU Yantai1, WANG Guanghong1, GAO Deyun2 Their affiliation: 1. School
20、of Electronic Information Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China; 2. School of Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China.,3.2 关键词,关键词的选取原则 . 选词要精炼，同义词、近义词不要并列为关键词，复杂有机化合物一般以基本结构的名称作关键词，化学分子式不能作关键词。 . 关键词的选择大多从标题中产生，如标题没有提供足以反映论文主旨的关键词，则需再从摘要或论文中选取。如一篇论文的标题为：“Full-Wave Analy
21、sis of Slotline Using Time-Domain Finite-Difference Method”若从标题中提取关键词，还不能具体反映论文的主题内容，需进一步根据摘要及论文内容，将关键词进行补充修订。Slotline, modified dispersive boundary, condition time-domain finite-difference method . 通用词不适合用做关键词。如Influence, Principle, Difference, Investigation, Prediction, Voltage, Laser等。总之，关键词要便于检索
22、。,关键词的排序关键词之间有一定的排序规则，这种规则反映了词与词之间的逻辑关系。一般地，应按照研究目的-研究类型-研究方法-研究结果的顺序标引关键词。如一篇论文的标题为：“Stability Analysis of Bank Slope Formed by Fill Construction” (填筑形成的码头岸坡稳定分析)选取4个关键词的排列顺序如下：Keywords: slope stability (岸坡稳定); fill construction (填筑); finite element method (有限元方法); failure model (破坏模式),3.3 引言Writin
23、g in Introduction,Why, What History, Importance, Value Range, Limit Base Objective DefinitionAtractive,原则 1. 介绍研究领域，选择重要且说服力强的文献。考虑读者对象 2. 介绍并评论国内外其他学者对该问题或现象曾经发表的相关研究，即文献回顾。选择引用密切相关的文献，先从普遍问题开始，然后逐步缩小讨论问题的范围，最后将重点落在与论文所探讨的问题密切相关的主题上。投稿人最常犯的错误之一是论文缺少对相关研究的论述，使读者无法看出作者研究工作的重要性和创新性。因此，作者在撰写文献回顾时，对引用文献
24、要仔细研究，以便突出作者自己的研究工作的意义、动机及价值。,3. 指出仍然有某个问题或现象值得进一步研究，点明此研究的重要意义。绝大部分作者在文献回顾结束处使用however这个转折副词，以清楚地表示作者进行有针对性的研究。在however后面的句子则可描述过去研究的缺点或不足之处。4. 介绍作者的研究目的或研究活动。要用客观公正的语言，突出介绍本次研究的重要结果或发现，体现作者的贡献或工作的创新性，避免自我评价。,总之，撰写引言时作者要通过研究背景的介绍，指出目前研究中存在的不足，引出值得研究的问题或现象即论文的主题，最后点出研究的意义。在写作过程中既要突出创新点，又要承上启下，过渡自然，要
25、将作者研究中的逻辑思维过程清晰地呈现给读者，使读者能顺着这样的逻辑演进而阅读全文。下面给出一篇范文的引言，阅读时请注意时态的运用。,Introduction,Studies of the adsorption of proteins to surfaces were originally motivated by practical concerns in bioengineering, with particular emphasis on the design of biocompatible materials1. A wide range of materials are import
26、ant in bioengineering, but the most important class, and that with the greatest variability in surface properties, is polymers1. Studies of the adsorption of proteins to polymers have always been difficult because the composition and structure of the surfaces of most polymers is undefined at the mol
27、ecular level2,3. In fact, almost every feature of these systems is undefined. An important qualitative conclusion from this body of work is, that the hydrophobic effect was the dominant interaction between surface and protein4. However, current inability to prepare and study surfaces that present st
28、ructurally well-defined hydrophobic sites has limited progress in establishing,structure-property relationships that describe hydrophobic adsorption of proteins at surfaces. (该段介绍现状，同时指出问题) This paper introduces a model system for studying the adsorption of proteins to surfaces that present structur
29、ally well-defined hydrophobic groups at surfaces that are otherwise terminated with groups resistant to the adsorption of proteins. We used mixed self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) of alkanethiolates to generate the required surfaces. In this system, the proteins interacted predominantly, or exclusive
30、ly, with the hydrophobic groups. At sufficiently low surface densities of the hydrophobic groups, we expected the groups to be statistically unclustered and their interactions with the protein isolated. (该段介绍作者的研究主题及预期目标),The system we describe here allows an estimate of the average number of hydrop
31、hobic groups required to cause the adsorption of a protein to SAMs. We infer that an aggregate hydrophobic surface equivalent in area to approximately six trityl groups is required for adsorption of carbonic anhydrates. Our results also support the hypothesis that surfaces composed predominantly of
32、hydrophobic groups promote more conformational changes in the adsorbed proteins than surfaces that present low densities of hydrophobic groups, probably because the proteins on very hydrophobic surfaces denature and spread, forming a thinner film than those on less hydrophobic surfaces that cause le
33、ss extensive denaturation and structural rearrangement of the protein.(该段进一步介绍作者的创新性),The study of protein adsorption on surfaces has historically been a difficult one. The heterogeneity of most surfaces, plasticity, and tendency to denature of protein, have all contributed to the difficulty in the
34、field. The work described here has not yet provided a completely defined system, but it suggests that the use of SAMs that do not adsorb proteins, combined with the presentation of discrete hydrophobic groups at the surface of these SAMs, simplifies the experimental system substantially. Surface pla
35、smon resonance (SPR) spectroscopy makes it possible to measure protein adsorption conveniently, although this technique is intrinsically relatively limited in the information it provides.,Working at low surface coverage of hydrophobic groups (a regime that we have only begun to explore in this work)
36、 plausibly minimizes the influence of microphase separation and lateral interactions between hydrophobic groups. We have not begun to explore the influence of the fluid medium on adsorption. This work should, thus, be considered as a first step in reducing the complexity of a very difficult experime
37、ntal problem, rather than as the final definition of a fully tractable system.(该段介绍作者的研究范围和意义),上面引言中使用了一般现在时、一般过去时和现在完成时。若句子的内容为普遍的、不受影响的事实，则主要动词应该为一般现在时态(例如上面引言中的第二句)；若句子的内容为特定的、过去的行为或事件，则应使用一般过去时态(例如上面引言中的第一句)；若描述的内容是从过去到现在的一种趋势，或指出对某个问题的研究程度，则使用现在完成时态(例如上面引言中的第三句 )。在引言中进行文献综述时常使用复合句，若主句说明提出方法或技术是
38、某学者过去的行为，从句的内容是描述该学者曾经提出的方法或技术，且该方法或技术已成为一种标准的方法或技术，或者现在仍被使用时，则主句用一般过去时态，从句用一般现在时态，例如：Gorden proposed a method that produces more effective results.Davis(1991) pointed out that the gravity of the largest moon affects the orbits of the other moons.,若论文作者认为从句所述的某学者的研究结果只在特定的研究条件下有效，并非不受时间影响的普遍事实，那么在从句
39、中应使用一般过去时态，例如:Smith found that the predicted concentrations were in reasonable agreement with the experimental data3.另外，在上面引言中最后一句指出了本研究的意义，在动词be前加上情态动词should。作者通常在指出自己研究结果的实际应用或建议进一步的研究方向及新的研究题目时，还可用might, may, would, could等情态动词。但若用should，则表示作者对自己研究的价值相当肯定，或表示比较强烈的建议。,小结 英语科技论文的结构组成IMRAD结构 标题accura
40、cy brevity clarity, 反映论文的研究范围和深度。 作者署名及其工作单位论文作者一般不超过6人，按贡献排名。 关键词按照研究目的-研究类型-研究方法-研究结果的顺序标引关键词。 引言通过研究背景的介绍，指出目前研究中存在的不足，引出值得研究的问题或现象，点出研究的意义。 20101012,本节教学内容涉及的生词,专业文献阅读（G6）王士栋 徐伟 齐金和 史涛涛 殷利民 魏小荣Chapter 8 Iron, Steel, and the A3 Transformation,Questions to Chapter 8 What is the meaning of the term
41、s “alpha iron” and “gamma iron”? What is the “A3” transformation? In what ways may the A3 transformation be detected? How does the addition of carbon to iron affect the temperature of the A3 transformation? What would be the probable form of the iron-carbon diagram if iron had no transformations? De
42、scribe the manner in which a 0.80% carbon steel passes through the transformation. Give a similar description of the manner of transformation of steels containing less or more than 0.80% carbon.,专业文献阅读（G7）黄清波 胡汪洋 杨彩雄 王思贞 杜亚南 余锡模Chapter 9 The Hardening of Steel,Questions to Chapter 9 What effect does
43、 tempering have on steel? How does a moderate increase in the rate of cooling trough the transformation range affect the microscopic appearance of a 0.80% carbon steel? What is the nature of the transformation that produces hardened steel? Describe an isothermal transformation curve. What effect doe
44、s carbon content have on the cooling rate necessary to avoid transformation at higher temperatures? How does carbon content affect the temperature at which the low-temperature transformation begins? How does time affect the degree of completion of the low-temperature transformation? What type of mic
45、roscopic structure does “martensite” have?,引言的撰写技巧 避免内容空泛或过于简要，力求反映作者的创意； 不要过于强调作者过去的成就，须知回顾只是为了交代此项研究的目的； 引言不应重述摘要和解释摘要； 引言不应对实验的理论、方法和结果做详尽叙述，也不提前使用结论和建议； 在引言中还应该考虑哪些术语需要明确其定义； 在引言中介绍自己的工作时，不要过分评价； 引言可不编序号，也可编“0”号。,3.4 论文主体,3.4.1 实验型论文的论文主体1) 实验用原料与材料原则：清晰、准确、简洁。尽量不采用材料商品名称。,Materials and MethodsA
46、bsorbents, Proteins and Process ChemicalsBovine Serum Albumin (BSA) with a purity of 98% and - lactoglobulin (purity 90%) were ordered from Sigma Aldrich (Deisenhofen, Germany). The mono-functional dyes CY3 and CY5 were obtained from Amersham Biosciences (Uppsala, Sweden), and a fluorescein derivati
47、ve Alexa 488 was obtained from Molecular Probes (Leiden, The Netherlands). SP Sepharose FF and all other adsorbents employed during this work were purchased from Amersham Biosciences. The resin was size fractionated in-house with lower and upper limits of 80 and 100m, respectively. Sodium acetate (p
48、. a.) and sodium hydrogen carbonate (p. a.) were purchased from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany); all other chemicals were from Roth (Karlsruhe, Germany).,2) 实验技术与方法实验部分必须特别注意实验的设计，用最少的实验次数获得最优的参数组合。如果用未经设计筹划的大量经验性实验掩饰其不足的理论分析能力，是不合理、不科学的。撰写实验技术部分时不要写成实验报告，而应写成学术论文。1) 叙述主要的、关键的、非一般常用的、不同于一般同类型的实验设备和仪器；2)
49、列出实验所用的仪器设备及操作过程，并说明实验条件的变化以及考虑的依据和设想等；3) 一般不详细论述实验过程，对于关键之处可专门说明。 撰写实验方法部分时总体要把握重点突出，详略得当。1) 对于公知公用的方法写明其方法名称即可；2) 引用尚未为人们熟熟悉的方法和标准等，应注明文献出处并做简要介绍；3) 对改进或创新部分应详细介绍。下面例子详细介绍了作者采用的实验装置及实验关键技术。,Experimental SetupA schematic drawing of the experimental setup is shown in Fig. 1. The chromatographic proc
50、ess was controlled by an kta Basic 10 system (Amersham Biosciences). Microscopic analysis of the adsorption process within the chromatographic supports was carried out by a confocal laser scanning microscope (LSM 510, Zeiss, Gottingen, Germany). On-line analysis of the fluid composition leaving the
51、micro-column was carried out by the kta system (UV 280) and a fluorescence spectrophotometer (Cary Eclipse, Varian, Victroria, Austrialia) equipped with an appropriate flow cell (Type 176.753-QS, Helma, Mhlheim, Germany). The micro-column used to investigate protein adsorption was placed under the microscope and connected to the kta system by capillaries.,
