1、Riparian Soils - Properties, Structure, Fertility, Amendments,University at Buffalo Engineering for Ecosystem Restoration Summer Workshop Series 2011 Workshop 2 Stream Restoration, Hydraulic Structure and Bioengineering Design June 13-17, 2011,Paul Fuhrmann Riparian Restoration Design Landscape Ecol
2、ogy 368 Pleasantview Drive Lancaster, New York 14086 Email: Tel: (716) 684-8060 Fax:(716) 684-0844 ,Diagnosing Soil Erosion and Bank Instability,Stability and Function by Design,Planting Pockets Planting Zone 1 September 2003,Planting Zone 3,Planting Zone 2,Pre Project Bank Failures, Channel Incisi
3、on and Widening,Soil Instability, Erosion, Restoration and Soil Components,The Living (organisms) The Dead (All that composes, decomposes)MineralsAtmosphere,Soil Functions (in one slide),In the absence of adverse physical, chemical or biological conditions, soil provides and modifies Water (micropor
4、es) Nutrients Anchorage Drainage Aeration (macropores) FiltrationCalvin Ernst Ernst Conservation Seeds ,Soil Problems = Restoration Problems,Compaction Low Organic Matter Fertility Levels Soil pH (Anion/Cation Exchange - nutrient uptake) Competition from invasive exotics Salinity Overproduction or E
5、xcessive Tilling Chemical contamination Anoxia in non-hydric soils,Soil Elements that Respond to Amendments,Organic Content (Humus, Compost) Hydrology Texture (Stability) Consistency Microbiology pH Fertility (N,P,K and Minor Nutrients),Agronomy is an Evolving Science,Soil Food Web (Microbiology) So
6、il Dynamics Compost (Compost Tea) Mulch Geo Textiles Geotechnical Engineering Horticulture Traditional Knowledge Soil Analysis Micro morphology DNA, Micorrhizae Contaminants,Soils and Restoration Design,Soil and Land have capacity to grow their own protection from Erosion Invasive Organisms Herbivor
7、y Biodegradation Human Disturbance,Soil Function and Process in Natural and Managed Landscapes,Water Quality Chemical Buffering Nutrient Cycling Plant Production Micro Climate Modulation Habitat Energy Balance Water Land Climate,Dynamics of Soil,Mechanical - Tilth, Erodiblity, Freeze/Thaw, Compactio
8、n, Sliding, Sloughing, FlowingChemical - Warehouse and Processing PlantBiological Microorganism Bank,Soil Inhabitants,Bacteria Soil Makers Decomposes Organic Matter Filter and Biodegrade (anaerobic and aerobic) Pollutants,Fungi - Structural Workers,Decomposes Complex Carbon Accumulation and Ecologic
9、al Association with Organic Matter Particle Binding Competes with Pathogens Micorrhizae Associations with Root Systems for Nutrient Uptake,Soil Chemistry and Microbiology,Mycorrhizal Fungi Different types of mycorrhizal associations occur on native plants. They are symbiotic relationships between ne
10、arly all higher plants and soil fungi. The fungal partner increases uptake of nutrients while plant provides photsynthate to the fungus.(Hickman 1993),Primary Types of Micorrhizal Root Associations,Arbuscular mycorrhizae (AM) , sometimes called endomicorrhizae or vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizae (VA
11、M) Grasses, perennial herbs and many trees/shrubs Ectomycorrhizae (ECM)most woody species and conifers,Mycorrhizal Benefits are Site Specific,Degraded Sites Organic deficient soils Disturbed soils Dredged sediments Urban soils Nursery Grown Stock Bare Root Transplants,Benefits of Micorrhizal Associa
12、tions,Improved nutrient and water uptake Improved root growth Improved plant growth and yield Improved disease resistance Reduced transplant shock Reduced drought stress Parasitic nematode control,Protozoa - Chemists,Chemical Release of Nutrients Increased rate of Decomposition,Nematodes - Doctors,P
13、olice and Regulate Other Organisms Mineralize Nutrients Consume/Neutralize Disease Organisms,Micro Arthropods - Farmers,Aerators Shredders/Reducers of Course Organic Matter Stimulate Micro Biotic Activity by preparing food,Geotechnical Attributes of Soil,Stability on Slope Infiltration of Surface Wa
14、ter Move water Down slope Internally, within Substrate Protect Subsurface Soils from Erosion Minimize Particulate Movement and Turbidity,Soil and Plant Associations,Water Quality - Filtering Surface Water Attenuation and Availability Workability/Tilth (Paul Sachs - North Country Organics) Anchorage
15、for vegetation Nutrient Sinks Phytoremediation and Bioremediation,Vegetation as Indicator of Soil Health,pH tolerance (Artemisia vulgaris 8.5) Salinity (Halophytes) Hydrology/Soil Moisture (Hydrophytes) Fertility (Legumes, N Fixation) Contamination (Atrazine),Lupines Gone Wild,Soil Amendments and Co
16、nditioners,Compost - Bio Active Organic Matter Compost Tea Aerated water extract brewed from compost containing Soluble Nutrients Growth Stimulants Bacteria, Fungi, Protozoa, Nematodes,Dr. Elaine Ingham Compost Tea Brewing Manual 2001,Compost Tea Quality In - Quality Out,Compost Filtration Water Qua
17、lity (Chlorinated) Brewing Time Aeration/Oxygenation Micorrhizal Fungi Inoculation (post brewing),Soil Nutrients and Bio Stimulants,N, P, K Organic sources Chemical Sources Minor Nutrients/Trace Elements (16) Bio or Natural Growth Stimulants Seaweed Extract Kelp Products Compost Tea,Geo Textiles for
18、 Riparian Restoration,Wood Chips Biodegradable materials (first choice) Jute Straw with tackifier or binder (weed seed free) Coir Open Weave Burlap (no preservatives)(All moisture retention and erosion control properties),Structural Soil and Soil Amendments,Hendrikus Schraven Soil Dynamics http:/ Soil Foodweb, Inc. http:/ Dr. Nina Bassuck Cornell University Urban Horticulture Institute http:/www.hort.cornell.edu/UHI/,
