1、1,Chapter 4 Lexicon,4.1 Introduction, Lexicon:,The collection of all the words of a language The analysis and creation of words, Morphology,refers to the study of the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed.,2,Questions:1. Why do we say words are important? 2. What is wor
2、d?“Without grammar very little can be conveyed; without vocabulary nothing can be conveyed.” (Wilkins, 1972: 111).,3,meaningful grammatical unit can be used independently relatively stable and uninterruptible,4.2 Properties of words,4,1. Word class 2. Grammatical words and lexical words 3. Closed-cl
3、ass words and open-class words 4. Variable and invariable words,4.3 Classification of Words,5,Word class,Traditional word classes: 8 or 9 categories More categories: Particles (小品词) Auxiliaries（助动词） Pro-forms （替代形式） Determiners （限定词）,6,Particles (小品词): used by C.F. Hockett in the 1950s of all forms
4、that do not take inflections. Also by Jespersen of all the elements, e.g. in English, traditionally called adverbs, prepositions, conjunctions, and interjections. Specifically, in English, the second element of a phrasal verb: e.g. up in pick it up.,7,Pro-forms (代替形式): forms which can serve as repla
5、cements for different elements in a sentence. For example: 1) A: I hope you can come. B: I hope so. (so replaces that I can come) 2) A: Mary is in London.B: John is there too. (there replaces in London) 3) A: I like coffee.B: We do too. (do replaces like coffee),8,Meaning expressed by the words: Gra
6、mmatical words and lexical words Function words and content words Empty words and full words,9,Closed class wordsgrammatical or functional words, such as conjunction, articles, preposition and pronouns.,Open class wordscontent words of a language to which we can regularly add new words, such as noun
7、s, adjectives, verbs and adverbs, e.g. beatnik(a member of the Beat Generation), hacker, email, internet, “做秀，时装秀” in Chinese.,Extendable or not,10,Variable and invariable words,mat mats,follow follows eollowing followed,big bigger biggest,11,4.4 Morpheme (词素)-the minimal unit of meaning -Words are
8、composed of morphemes. Words may consist of one or more morphemes, e.g. 1-morpheme boy, desire 2-morpheme boy+ish, desir(e)+ble 3-morpheme boy+ish+ness, desir(e)+bl(e)+ity 4-morpheme gentle+man+li+ness, un+desir(e)+abl(e)+ity 5-morpheme un+gentle+man+li+ness antidisestablishmentarianism 7-morpheme a
9、nti+dis+establish+ment+ari+an+ism(反对解散国教主义) How about internationality?,12,Types of Morphemes1. Free morpheme & bound morpheme-2. Affix, root, stem and base3. Inflectional morpheme and derivational morpheme,13,Types of morphemes,free morphemes inflectional bound bound root prefixesderivationalsuffix
10、es,14,Free morpheme -is one that may constitute a word (free form) by itself, such as bed, tree, sing, dance, etc.Bound morpheme -is one that may appear with at least one other morpheme. They can not stand by themselves, such as “-s” in “dogs”, “-al” in “national”, “dis-” in “disclose”, “-ed” in “re
11、corded”, etc.,15,Affix (词缀）Prefix - morphemes that occur only before others, e.g. un-, dis-, anti-, ir-, etc.Infix - morphemes which are added within a word, e.g. geese, teethSuffix -morphemes that occur only after others, e.g. -ful, -er, -ish, -ness, -able, -tive, tion, etc.,16,Root (词根)： A root is
12、 that part of the word left when all the affixes (inflectional & derivational) are removed, e.g. “desire” in “desirable”, “care” in “carefully”, “nation” in “internationalism”, “believe” in “unbeliev(e)able” Base （词座）A base is any form to which affixes of any kind can be added. This means any stem a
13、nd root can be termed as a base. Stem (词干): A stem is part of a word-form which remains when all inflectional affixes have been removed, e.g. “undesirable” in “undesirables”,17,The difference between root, stem & base,A base can be added by both inflectional Desirable in undesirable is only a base.,
14、18,Derivational morphemes- the morphemes which change the category, or grammatical class of words, e.g. modern-modernize, length-lengthen, fool-foolish, polite-impolite, etc.Inflectional morphemes- the morphemes which are for the most part purely grammatical markers, signifying such concepts as tens
15、e, number, case and so on; they never change their syntactic category, never add any lexical meaning, e.g.a) number: tables apples cars b) person, finiteness and aspect: talk/talks/talking/talked c) case: John/Johns,19,Allomorph,Some morphemes have a single form in all contexts, such as “dog, bark,
16、cat”,etc. In other instances, there may be some variation, that is, a morpheme may have alternate shapes or phonetic forms. They are said to be the allomorphs of the morpheme, the plural morpheme may be represented by: map-maps s dog-dogs z watch-watches iz mouse-mice ai ox-oxen n tooth-teeth sheep-
17、sheep Each of the underlined part is called an allomorph of plural morpheme.,20,Time for Break,21,4.5 Word-formation,1. Inflection(屈折) 2. Derivation(派生) 3. Conversion(转类) 4. Compounding(合成)5. Other means of creating new words1) invention(新创词)2) blending(缩合)3) abbreviation(缩写)4) acronym(首字母缩略词)5) bac
18、k-formation (逆构词)6) onomatopoeia(拟声词)7) borrowing (借词),22,Compounds,1. Noun compoundsdaybreak (N+V) playboy (V+N) haircut (N+V) callgirl (V+N) windmill (N+N) 2. Verb compoundsbrainwash (N+V) lipread (N+V) babysit(N+V) 3. Adjective compoundsmaneating (N+Ving) heartfelt (N+Ved) dutyfree (N+adj.) 4. Pr
19、eposition compoundsinto (P+P)throughout (P+P),23,Some points about compounds,-When the two words are in the same grammatical category, the compound will be in this category, e.g. postbox, landlady, icy-cold, blue-black -When the two words fall into different categories, the class of the second or final word will be the grammatical category of the compound, e.g. head-strong, pickpocket -Compounds have different stress patterns from the non-compounded word sequence, e.g. red coat, green house -The meaning of a compound is not always the sum of the meanings of its parts.,
