1、1专题 11 阅读理解易错点 1 只见树木不见森林，误把细节当主题（2018新课标 III 卷）Cities usually have a good reason for being where they are, like a nearby port or river. People settle in these places because they are easy to get to and naturally suited to communications and trade. New York City, for example, is near a large harbour
2、 at the mouth of the Hudson River. Over 300 years its population grew gradually from 800 people to 8 million. But not all cities develop slowly over a long period of time. Boom towns grow from nothing almost overnight. In 1896, Dawson, Canada, was unmapped wilderness(荒野). But gold was discovered the
3、re in 1897, and two years later, it was one of the largest cities in the West, with a population of 30,000.Dawson did not have any of the natural conveniences of cities like London or Paris. People went there for gold. They travelled over snow-covered mountains and sailed hundreds of miles up icy ri
4、vers. The path to Dawson was covered with thirty feet of wet snow that could fall without warming. An avalanche(雪崩) once closed the path, killing 63 people. For many who made it to Dawson, however, the rewards were worth the difficult trip. Of the first 20,000 people who dug for gold, 4,000 got rich
5、. About 100 of these stayed rich men for the rest of their lives.But no matter how rich they were, Dawson was never comfortable. Necessities like food and wood were very expensive. But soon, the gold that Dawson depended on had all been found. The city was crowded with disappointed people with no in
6、terest in settling down, and when they heard there were new gold discoveries in Alaska, they left Dawson City as quickly as they had come. Today, people still come and go to see where the Canadian gold rush happened. Tourism is now the chief industry of Dawson City its present population is 762.27.
7、What is the text mainly about?A. The rise and fall of a city.B. The gold rush in Canada.C. Journeys into the wilderness.2D. Tourism in Dawson.【错因分析】一篇文章都是围绕着一个中心思想或一个话题展开的，因此，有的文章中最明显的特点之一是有一个反复出现的中心词，即高频词，也叫做主题词。抓住了它，便容易抓住文章的中心。通读全文可知，文章主要围绕 Dawson 的发展展开，Dawson 反复出现，再根据每一段的段首句可以总结出，文章第一段通过城市发展的原因引出
8、 Dawson，第二段介绍 Dawson 发展的原因，第三段介绍人们选择离开该城市的原因及现在的状况，从而总结出文章的主旨大意。【参考答案】 A近几年的高考阅读理解越来越倾向于从语篇的角度考查能力，考生在做题时也要相应地转变为整体思维，要从整体把握文章的大意，不可过于纠缠细节。利用文章的细节内容进行干扰是命题人常采用的干扰方式，考生千万不可被其迷惑。遇到主旨大意题或是标题归纳题，切忌只见树木，不见森林。Steven Stein likes to follow garbage trucks. His strange habit makes sense when you consider that
9、 hes an environmental scientist who studies how to reduce litter, including things that fall off garbage trucks as they drive down the road. What is even more interesting is that one of Steins jobs is defending an industry behind the plastic shopping bags. Americans use more than 100 billion thin fi
10、lm plastic bags every year. So many end up in tree branches or along highways that a growing number of cities do not allow them at checkouts(收银台) . The bags are prohibited in some 90 cities in California, including Los Angeles. Eyeing these headwinds, plastic-bag makers are hiring scientists like St
11、ein to make the case that their products are not as bad for the planet as most people assume.Among the bag makers argument: many cities with bans still allow shoppers to purchase paper bags, which are easily recycled but require more energy to produce and transport. And 3while plastic bags may be ug
12、ly to look at, they represent a small percentage of all garbage on the ground today. The industry has also taken aim at the product that has appeared as its replacement: reusable shopping bags. The stronger a reusable bag is, the longer its life and the more plastic-bag use it cancels out. However,
13、longer-lasting reusable bags often require more energy to make. One study found that a cotton bag must be used at least 131 times to be better for the planet than plastic.Environmentalists dont dispute（质疑） these points. They hope paper bags will be banned someday too and want shoppers to use the sam
14、e reusable bags for years.27. What is the best title for the text?A. Plastic, Paper or Neither B. Industry, Pollution and EnvironmentC. Recycle or Throw Away D. Garbage Collection and Waste Control【答案】A易错点 2 主观臆断，忽视逻辑Reading can be a social activity. Think of the people who belong to book groups. Th
15、ey choose books to read and then meet to discuss them. Now, the website BookC turns the page on the traditional idea of a book group.Members go on the site and register the books they own and would like to share. BookCrossing provides an identification number to stick inside the book. Then the perso
16、n leaves it in a public place, hoping that the book will have an adventure, traveling far and wide with each new reader who finds it.Bruce Pederson, the managing director of BookCrossing, says, The two things that change your life are the people you meet and books you read. BookCrossing combines bot
17、h.4Members leave books on park benches and buses, in train stations and coffee shops. Whoever finds their book will go to the site and record where they found it.People who find a book can also leave a journal entry describing what they thought of it. E-mails are then sent to the BookCrossers to kee
18、p them updated about where their books have been found. Bruce Pederson says the idea is for people not to be selfish by keeping a book to gather dust on a shelf at home. BookCrossing is part of a trend among people who want to get back to the real and not the virtual(虚拟). The site now has more than
19、one million members in more than one hundred thirty-five countries.29. Why does the author mention book groups in the first paragraph?A. To explain what they are. B. To introduce BookCrossing.C. To stress the importance of reading. 【错因分析】 考生容易做错的原因是忽视本题上下文的逻辑关系和所涉及的相关信息，单一地、孤立地分析某句内容从而不能全面总结。【参考答案】B
20、回归原文，重视逻辑考生做阅读理解题的唯一依据就是文章，所有的判断都应围绕文章进行。每篇文章都是完整的语篇，上下文之间的逻辑关系非常紧密。在做此类题时，考生需要通过上下文之间的逻辑关系揣测作者所要表达的真正意图。（2018浙江）In 1812, the year Charles Dickens was born, there were 66 novels published in 5Britain. People had been writing novels for a centurymost experts date the first novel to Robinson Crusoe in
21、 1719but nobody wanted to do it professionally. The steam-powered printing press was still in its early stages; the literacy（识字） rate in England was under 50%. Many works of fiction appeared without the names of the authors, often with something like “By a lady.”Novels, for the most part, were looke
22、d upon as silly, immoral or just plain bad.In 1870, when Dickens died, the world mourned him as its first professional writer and publisher, famous and beloved, who had led an explosion in both the publication of novels and their readership and whose characters from Oliver Twist to Tiny Tim were hel
23、d up as moral touchstones. Today Dickens greatness is unchallenged. Removing him from the pantheon（名人堂） of English literature would make about as much sense as the Louvre selling off the Mona Lisa.How did Dickens get to the top? For all the feelings readers attach to stories, literature is a numbers
24、 game, and the test of time is extremely difficult to pass. Some 60,000 novels were published during the Victorian age, from 1837 to1901; today a casual reader might be able to name a half-dozen of them. Its partly true that Dickens style of writing attracted audiences from all walks of life. Its pa
25、rtly that his writings rode a wave of social, political and scientific progress. But its also that he rewrote the culture of literature and put himself at the center. No one will ever know what mix of talent, ambition, energy and luck made Dickens such a distinguished writer. But as the 200th annive
26、rsary of his birth approaches, it is possible and important for our own cultureto understand how he made himself a lasting one.22. Dickens is compared with the Mona Lisa in the text to stress_.A. his reputation in FranceB. his interest in modern artC. his success in publicationD. his importance in l
27、iterature【文章大意】本文是一篇人物传记，主要介绍了 Charles Dickens 在英国小说方面的重要贡献和深远影响。在他 200 年诞辰之际，让我们永远记住这位对文学艺术做出重大贡献的小说家。6【答案】D易错点 3 信息错位，忽视题干Carri Kessler and her husband Will named their daughter Ottilie after a friend from the U.K., who helped them a lot. However, right after their baby girl was born, the couple n
28、oticed a big problem. “No one could remember her name and no one could pronounce it. Were going to keep having to introduce her!“ Kessler told T.The situation then grew worse as Kesslers grandmother admitted to sticking Post-it notes around the house to help remind her of Ottilies name which can be
29、pronounced either Ott-ill-ee or Oh-teel-ya. Three months after Ottilie was born, the Kesslers decided to legally change their daughters name. The couple came up with two possible names. They then settled on Margot after talking to a name expert.The Kesslers situation is not uncommon as an increasing
30、 number of parents experience the same as the Kesslers. According to BabyCenter Canada, 11% of its users wish they could change their childs name due to being overpopular, mispronounced or simply unfitting. Parents care a lot more and think a lot more about names now than their parents.To deal with
31、this, a number of name experts now offer services to help parents choose the right name. Couples have also sought help from the Internet to choose their babys name. However, parents can change their childs name in the event that they regret their choice. In Canada, the rules vary in each province. F
32、or instance, in Ontario, the child must have lived in the province for the past 12 months, or since birth if under the age of one. Each of the childs legal guardians (监护人) must also give permission.3What can we learn from the third paragraph?A. The Kesslers experience is no exception.B. Unfitness is
33、 the main reason for changing the name.7C.11% of Canadians are unsatisfied with their babys name.D. Parents always pay more attention to childrens name.【错因分析】根据第三段中的“due to being overpopular, mispronounced or simply unfitting“可知,家长想给孩子改名字的原因有名字太普通、发错音或者只是不适合,但文中并没有说不适合是改名字的最主要原因,故可排除 B 项。根据第三段中的“Acc
34、ording to BabyCenter Canada, 11% of its users wish they could change their childs name“可知,11%的 BabyCenter Canada 的用户想要给他们的孩子改名字,由此得不出 11%的加拿大人都对他们孩子的名字不满意这一结论,故可排除 C 项。根据第三段中的“Parents care a lot more.than their parents“可知,现在的父母对他们孩子的名字的关注度要比他们自己的父母对自己的名字关注度高,但这并不等于说父母一直都很关注孩子的名字,故可排除 D 项。【参考答案】 D 审清
35、题干，锁定范围考生在做阅读理解题时，一定要看清题干，即所问的问题是什么，切忌答非所问。更改原句词汇，偷换概念，变换时态以及颠倒是非都是命题人经常采用的干扰方式。由于题干或选项不是照抄文章中的句子，而是用其同意词句进行表达的，所以考生一定要仔细对照文章，做出正确判断。(2017全国新课标 II)I first met Paul Newman in 1968, when George Roy Hill, the director of Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid, introduced us in New York City. When the studi
36、o didnt want me for the film it wanted somebody as well known as Paul he stood up for me. I dont know how many people would have done that; they would have listened to their agents or the studio powers.The friendship that grew out of the experience of making that film and The Sting four years later
37、had its root in the fact that although there was an age difference, we both came 8from a tradition of theater and live TV. We were respectful of craft（技艺）and focused on digging into the characters we were going to play. Both of us had the qualities and virtues that are typical of American actors: hu
38、morous, aggressive, and making fun of each other but always with an underlying affection. Those were also at the core （核心）of our relationship off the screen.We shared the brief that if youre fortunate enough to have success, you should put something back he with his Newmans Own food and his Hole in
39、the Wall camps for kids who are seriously ill, and me with Sundance and the institute and the festival. Paul and I didnt see each other all that regularly, but sharing that brought us together. We supported each other financially and by showing up at events.I last saw him a few months ago. Hed been
40、in and out of the hospital. He and I both knew what the deal was, and we didnt talk about it. Ours was a relationship that didnt need a lot of words.24.Why was the studio unwilling to give the role to author at first?A. Paul Newman wanted it.B. The studio powers didnt like his agent.C. He wasnt famo
41、us enough.D. The director recommended someone else.【答案】C 易错点 4 断章取义，忽视语篇You may not have heard of Ashoka, but for the past 27 years, this association，founded by Bill Drayton, has fought poverty(贫困) and sickness, promoted education and encouraged small businesses. To support these worthy causes, Asho
42、ka provides money for the worlds most 9promisingchangemakers seeking to solve(解决) urgent problems and would like to create a world in which every citizen is a changemaker.Drayton believes that anyone can become an agent for change. The important thing is to simply give yourself permission. If you se
43、e a problem that you care about, you can help solve it. The young in particular are willing to accept this concept because at heart every child wants to grow into a happy, healthy contributing adult. In fact, it is many young peoples ambition to set up programmes or businesses that improve social co
44、nditions. An excellent example is an Ashoka project started in 1995 in Dhaka，which handled the rubbish problem facing the city, helped local farmers and provided an income for poor people there.When Masqsood and Iftekhar began to study the problem of all the uncollected rubbish that lay in Dhakas st
45、reets, attracting rats and disease, they discovered that 80% of it was natural waste. So they educated the poor people in the city to compost(把制成堆肥) this waste. They knew that they would have a market for the end product because local farmers were struggling with chemical fertilizers(化肥) which were
46、expensive and had reduced the natural minerals in the soil over the years. At first, they were refused, but once they were able to persuade them that there was money to be made, the project took off. In 2009 sales were $14，000.Drayton is optimistic that in ten years Ashoka will be making really seri
47、ous, practical progress in bringing about social change by changing the way we look at economic development.The authors attitude towards Ashokas programme can be described as _Achanging BforgivingCcautious Dpositive【错因分析】 文章介绍了 Bill Drayton 创办的机构 Ashoka，该机构旨在让每一个公民都成为changemaker。如果考生不通篇理解，只注意到文章的某些细
48、节内容，可能误选 A 或 C。【试题解析】文章对 Ashokas programmechangemakers 自始至终充满着赞赏之词，显然作者对此是持积极态度的。故选 D。【参考答案】 D 10重视语境，挖掘信息近几年的高考阅读理解题中出现了不少夹叙夹议类文章，或者是先叙述后议论、或者在叙述中夹有议论，无论是哪种类型的文章，作者都不直接表明自己的观点或态度，而是将自己的情感贯穿于文章之中。考生在做题过程中，要从语篇的角度推断作者的情感。遇到猜测词义或句意类试题，考生要依据上下文进行综合推断，不宜只根据某一处细节或某个句子下结论。Why College Is Not HomeThe colleg
49、e years are supposed to be a time for important growth in autonomy(自主性) and the development of adult identity. However, now they are becoming an extended period of adolescence, during which many of todays students and are not shouldered with adult responsibilities.For previous generations, college was decisive break from parental control; guidance and support needed help from people of the same age and from within. In the past two decades, however, continued connection with and depend
