1、必修一语法点一：Be+v.ing 表将来 use the present continuous tense for future plansIn English, we have lots of ways of talking about the future. The most common ways of talking about the future we encounter use will or be going to followed by an infinitive（动词原形）, and we tend to use be going to most often for tal
2、king about future plans. Sometimes, we also use the present continuous tense to talk about future plans. Ex. we are going to Mexico next Sunday. Are you coming to the cinema? He is leaving for London in two hours. We are spending next winter in Australia.Only some verbs can be used in this situation
3、, such as: go, arrive, come, leave, start, stay, return, play, have, work, wear, spend, see, meet, etc.扩展：Whats the difference between using be going to and the present continuous to talk about future plans? Lets look at some more examples:“Im going to play football on Saturday”You have made a plan
4、in your head but possibly not taken any real action to confirm it. Also, playing football on Saturday is probably not a regular event for you.“Im playing football on Saturday”You have made a plan and taken some real action to confirm it (e.g. called your friends or booked a place to play). In this c
5、ase, its likely that playing football on Saturdays is a common activity for you.语法点二：Direct speech and indirect speech( 直接引语和间接引语)Lets first define the terms, then look at how to talk about what someone said, and how to convert speech from direct to indirect or vice-versa.You can answer the question
6、 What did he say? in two ways:by repeating the words spoken (direct speech)by reporting the words spoken (indirect or reported speech).Direct speech repeats, or quotes, the exact words spoken. When we use direct speech in writing, we place the words spoken between quotation marks (“ “) and there is
7、no change in these words.Reported or indirect speech is usually used to talk about the past, so we normally change the tense of the words spoken. We use reporting verbs like say, tell, ask, and we may use the word that to introduce the reported words. Quotation marks are not used.1、 declarative sent
8、ence 陈述句Change in pronoun: The pronoun (subject) of the reported speech is changed according to the pronoun of reporting verb or object (person) of reporting verb (first part of sentence). Sometimes the pronoun may not change.In following example the pronoun of reported speech is “I” which will be c
9、hanged in indirect speech into the pronoun (Subject) of reporting verb that is “he”.He said, “I like it very much.” He said that he liked it very much.Change in tense: If the first part of sentence (reporting verb part) belongs to past tense the tense of reported speech will change. If the first par
10、t of sentence (reporting verb part) belongs to present or future tense, the tense of reported speech will not change.Change in demonstrative pronoun 指示代词, temporal adverbial 时间状语, adverbial of place 地点状语 and verbs.Ps：(1)if the direct speech indicates objective truth, then there is no change in tense
11、 when its converted to indirect speech.Ex. He said, “Light travels much faster than sound.” He said that light travels much faster than sound.(2) 如果在当地转述， here 不必改成 there，come 不必改为 go，如果在当天转述，yesterday, tomorrow 等时间状语也不必改变。2、 imperative sentence 祈使句Imperative sentences do not normally have an expres
12、sed subject. In order to change an imperative sentence into the indirect speech, we use a to-infinitive. Note that instead of said we use one of the following reporting verbs:Ask, Tell, Advise, command, request, order, forbid, decree, propose etc.If the imperative sentence is in negative form, then
13、add not in front of to-infinitive when convert the speech.Ex. The hostess said to us, “Please sit down.”The hostess asked us to sit down. He said, “Dont make so much noise, boys.”He told the boys to not to make so much noise. 3、 interrogative sentence 疑问句Turn word order in interrogative sentence int
14、o that in declarative sentence, and use a full stop in the end. The subject, tense, adverbial etc have to change accordingly.(1) general question 一般疑问句General questions are changed into the indirect speech by using the connective if or whether. The reporting verb say or said changes to ask or asked.
15、Ex. He said, “Are you interested in English?” He asked (me) if I was interested in English.(2) special questionSpecial questions are changed into the indirect speech by using the same interrogative.Ex. “What do you want?” he asked me. He asked me what I wanted.语法点三：The Attributive Clause 定语从句Attribu
16、tive clause is a sentence that is used to modify a noun or a pronoun to make clear which person or thing we are talking about.Ex. The man who lives next to us sells vegetable.You must do everything that I do.In the two examples above, man and everything are called antecedents 先行词. Who lives next to
17、us and that I do are attributive clauses. Who and that are relative pronoun 关系代词. The words to connect main clause and attributive clause are divided into two groups, they are relative pronouns, namely that, which, who, whom, whose, and relative adverbs, namely where, when, why. Relative pronouns: W
18、e use who and whom for people, and which for things. We use that for people or things.1. That, which, who2. WhoseWhose replaces a genitive noun 名词所有格 in an attributive clause. The antecedent can be thing or person. Ex. This is the scientist whose name is known all over the world.The room whose windo
19、w faces south is mine.3. When, where, whyFirst, when the antecedent is about reason, and it acts as an adv in the attributive clause, we will use “why”. Second, when the antecedent is about time, and it plays the role of an adv,“when” will be used. Third, when the antecedent is about place, playing
20、the role of an adv of place, we will consider adopting where.必修二语法点一：（接定从讲）4. The restrictive and non-restrictive attributive clause.限制性和非限制性(1) Restrictive clauses limit the possible meaning of a preceding subject. They are usually not marked by pauses in speech, and they are not set off by commas
21、in writing. Sometimes the relative pronoun which serves as an object in clause can be omitted.Ex. What is the name of the tall man who just came in?Beijing is a city (that) Ive always wanted to visit.He has found the book (that) he was looking for.(2) Nonrestrictive clauses tell you something about
22、a preceding subject, but they do not limit, or restrict, the meaning of that subject. They are usually marked by brief pauses in speech and are usually set off by commas in writing. Relative cannot be omitted.Ex. Beijing, which is the capital of China, has a very long history.Yesterday I met Li Ping
23、, who seemed to be very busy.Ps: In restrictive attributive clause, relative adverbs behind time or place sometimes can be omitted in spoken English.Ex. That was the year (when) I first went abroad.We need a place (where) we can stay for a few days.Why clause can only modified reason and it can be c
24、onverted to for which. In spoken English, we can also use that or just omit the relative.Ex. The reason (why/for which/that) I bought the roses is that Mary likes them.How cannot be used as relative adverbs. We use in which, that, or no relative to modify way.Ex. This is the way (how) I did it. (wro
25、ng)This is the way(in which/that) I did it. (correct)the attributive clause can also be called as relative clause.语法点二：The passive voiceWe have learned the passive voice of the simple present tense and simple past tense.1. The simple future tense (use ask as an example)Ps: affirmative form; negative
26、 form; interrogative form2. The present perfect tense3. The present continuous tense4. Phrasal verb 短语动词Normally, only transitive verbs can be used in passive voice, but with the addition of preposition or adverb to intransitive verbs, some phrasal verbs serve as transitive verbs, so they have passi
27、ve voice too. Pay attention, we cant miss any part of phrasal verb when we change it into passive voice.At last they put out the fire. At last the fire was put out.They will put up a notice on the wall. A notice will be put up on the wall.Have you sent for a doctor? Has the doctor been sent for?Ps:
28、必修三语法点一：modal verbs 情态动词A modal verb is a type of verb that is used to indicate modality that is: likelihood, ability, permission, and obligation. They have to be used with infinitive.Can-could may-might shall-should will-would have to-had to must1. Can could is more formal and polite than can.2. Ma
29、y when neither functions as an adjective to modify a singular noun, the predicate verb should be singular.6. The verb in an or, eitheror, neithernor or not onlybut also sentence agrees with the noun or pronoun closest to it.Either you or Jane is to be sent to New Zealand.Neither he nor I have finish
30、ed the experiment.7. In sentences beginning with here or there, the true subject follows the verb.There are four hurdles to jump.There is a high hurdle to jump.Here are the keys.8. Sometimes the subject is separated from the verb by such words as with, along with, together with, as well as, like, ex
31、cept, besides, including, in addition to, etc. These words and phrases are not part of the subject. Ignore them and use a singular verb when the subject is singular.The teacher with two students was at the meeting.The girl as well as the boys has learned to drive a car.9. Plural nouns that indicates
32、 time, money, distance, weight is considered as a whole when they are used as the number of a unit, so the predicate verb should be singular.Sixty years is a long time.Ten dollars is enough for him.Three thousand miles is a long distance.语法点二：the verb -ing formSubject, object, predicative, attribute
33、, object complement, adverbial语法三：构词法 word formation1. Compounding 合成2. Conversion 转化The characteristic of a certain word 词性3. Derivation 派生Prefix 前缀， suffix 后缀， root 词根Dis, un, in, im, non, mis, re, en, able, al, er, or, ess, less必修五语法点一：verbsThe past participle语法点二：inversion 倒装Inversion happens wh
34、en we reverse (invert) the normal word order of a structure, most commonly the subject-verb word order. For example, a statement has the subject (s) before the verb (v). 1. QuestionTo make question word order, we invert the subject and the verb, with an auxiliary (aux) or modal verb (m) before the s
35、ubject (s)What do I need to take with me?2. There beThere are some flowers on the table.3. Direct speech, sometimes“Is it ready yet?” asked Hu Xin.4. Inversion can happen after there, here, out, in, up, down, away, in front of, etc when it is as an adverb or prepositional phrase of place or directio
36、n. It is used for emphasis.Here comes the bus!Heres your coffee.There goes the bell.5. When we use an adverb or conjunction with negative meaning (e.g. never, not, not only, little, seldom, rarely, scarcely, hardly) in front position for emphasis, we invert the subject (s) and auxiliary (aux)/modal
37、verb.Not only was there no electricity, but also no water.Never will he forget his first time to take a place.Hardly had I got out of the house when it began to rain.6. Only in front.Only then did I begin my work.Only in this way can you learn from your friends.7. So, neither, norMy sister enjoys tr
38、avelling. So do I.I dont know and nor do I care.8. So/suchthat. So or such in front.So proud was he that he never listened to any advice.So absorbed was he in the novel that he did not notice his father at the door.9. In sentences for wish.Long live the Peoples Republic of China!May you have a happy
39、 holiday!10. When if is omitted in a subjunctive sentence.Should you need more information, please let me know. (=if you should need more information, please let me know.)Had Mark invited me, I would have been glad to come. (=If Mark had invited me, I would have been glad to come.)语法点三：省略 Ellipsis选修
40、 6语法点一：the subjunctive mood 虚拟语气In a sentence, the grammatical mood conveys the speakers attitude about the state of being of what the sentence describes.1. the indicative mood 陈述语气The indicative mood is used to make factual statements, ask questions, or express opinions as if they were facts. Any v
41、erb tense may be deployed in the indicative mood.2. the imperative mood 祈使语气A sentence in the imperative mood expresses commands or requests. It indicates that the speaker desires for the action expressed in the sentence to take place. In most imperative sentences, theres an implied you.3. the subju
42、nctive mood 虚拟语气The subjunctive mood is the verb form used to express a wish, a suggestion, a command, or a condition that is contrary to fact. If in conditional clauses In objective clause1) After wishUse past tense to indicate the condition at present, past perfect tense to indicate the condition
43、in the past and would/could/might + infinitive to indicate condition in future.He wishes he could paint as well as a professional artist.I wish I had been with you yesterday.We wish the rain would stop2) After would ratherUse past tense to indicate the conditions at present or in future and past per
44、fect tense to indicate conditions in the past.I would rather you did it.I would rather you hadnt told me the truth.3) After demand, suggest, order, propose, request, command, insist, etc.Use should + infinitive or just infinitive to express wish, suggestion, command, request, etc. Should can be omit
45、ted.John Snow suggested that the source of all water supplies (should) be examined.They requested that the meeting be postponed. The subjunctive mood can also be used in subject, predicate, appositive clauses and the predicate of the clauses is “should + infinitive” or just infinitive.Its important
46、that we (should) attend the meeting.Its a pity that he (should) refuse our invitation.My advice is that she wait till next week. the subjunctive mood can be used for wish, curse, prohibition, etc.Long live the unity of the Chinese people!God bless you!语法二：the use of “it”1. Pronoun it To replace the
47、things that have been mentioned before.My pen is missing. I cant find it anywhere. Replace demonstrative pronouns like this and that.A: Whose umbrella is that?B: Its Marys. Used as impersonal pronoun to indicate time, date, place, weather, temperature, distance etc.Its a beautiful day.2. Introducer
48、引导词 Used as dummy subject to replace the true subject in form of the infinitive, verb -ing form or clauses.Its no use crying over spilt milk.Its difficult to give up smoking. Used as dummy object to replace the true object in form of the infinitive, verb -ing form or clauses.I think it best that you
49、 should do more exercise.He found it difficult to do homework. We use it in cleft sentences. It emphases the subject or object of the main clause. It is (was) + stressed constituents + that (who/whom) + other constituents.Its human activity that has caused this global warming.It was Jim Brown who/whom/that you should ask.选修七语法点一：verbsThe infinitive 动词不定式1. Perfect infinitiveTo+ have + past participle2. Passive infinitiveTo + be + past participle3. When “to” is omitted in the
