1、句子1Inacountercurrentexchangesystem,thebloodvesselscarryingcooledbloodfromthe flippers run close enough to the blood vessels carrying warm blood from thebody to pick up some heat from the warmer blood vessels; thus, the heat istransferred from the outgoing to the ingoing vessels before it reaches the
2、 flipperitself.【难点解析】本句的难点在于复杂的后置定语干扰了阅读,给我们理解句子带来了影响。在这个句子中就是现在分词短语carryingcooledblood做了后置定语,造成了主语thebloodvessels和谓语run被分割,后面接着出现了另一个thebloodvesselscarryingwarmblood,进一步加大了理解难度,让我们一时无法理清句子结构。找到这种后置定语,划分句子主干的时候直接忽视这种修饰性成分,句子的主要信息就变得非常清晰:Inacountercurrentexchangesystem,thebloodvesselscarryingcooledbl
3、oodfromtheflippers定语runcloseenoughtothebloodvesselscarryingwarmbloodfromthebody定语topickupsomeheatfromthewarmerbloodvessels;thus,theheatistransferredfromtheoutgoingtotheingoingvesselsbeforeitreachestheflipperitself.完成了句子主干划分之后,根据汉语的表述顺序,将后置定语往前放,这样整个句子的意思就出来了。【参考翻译】在逆流交换系统中,携带着来自脚蹼冷却血液的血管与携带着来自身体温暖血液
4、的血管足够靠近,这样就可以从更温暖的血管中吸收一些热量;因此,在热量到达脚蹼之前,其从流出身体的血管转移到了流入身体的血管。【成分划分】并列句一In a countercurrent exchange system, 状语 the blood vessels 主语 carryingcooledbloodfromtheflippers定语run谓语closeenoughtothebloodvessels状语carryingwarmbloodfromthebody定语topickupsomeheat状语fromthewarmerbloodvessels.状语并列句二Theheat主语istrans
5、ferred谓语fromtheoutgoingtotheingoingvessels.状语状语从句It主语reaches谓语theflipper宾语itself.状语句子2If the pores are large, the water in them will exist as drops too heavy for surfacetensiontohold,anditwilldrainaway;butiftheporesaresmallenough,thewaterin them will exist as thin films, too light to overcome the fo
6、rce of surface tensionholdingtheminplace;thenthewaterwillbefirmlyheld.【难点解析】本句的难点是定语(例如tooheavyforsurfacetensiontohold)放在了被修饰词(例如drops)的后面,与汉语表述习惯不一致,给我们理解的带来了一定的困难。另外,后置定语中嵌套了另一个后置定语,更加增加了难度(too light to overcome the force ofsurfacetension定语holdingtheminplace.定语)。根据定语的特点(限定或者修饰名词性成分),遇到后置定语,先忽略这些修饰
7、性的定语,找到句子主干,再按照自己的理解,将英语句子切分成一小段一小段来翻译,最后再组合成一句话,这样整句话意思就清晰了。If the pores are large, the water in them will exist as drops too heavy for surfacetensiontohold定语,anditwilldrainaway;butiftheporesaresmallenough,thewater in them will exist as thin films, too light to overcome the force of surfacetension定
8、语holdingtheminplace定语;thenthewaterwillbefirmlyheld.【参考翻译】如果孔隙很大,其中的水分会以水滴的形态而存在,水滴的重量足以克服表面张力的束缚,随后水分就会渐渐流失;但是,如果孔隙足够小,其中的水会以薄膜形态而存在,薄膜太轻无法克服表面张力的束缚,因此,这种形态的水会稳稳地附着在孔隙表面上。【成分划分】状语从句Thepores主语are系动词large.表语并列句Thewater主语inthem定语willexist谓语asdrops状语tooheavyforsurfacetensiontohold.定语并列句It主语willdrainaway
9、.谓语状语从句Thepores主语are系动词smallenough.表语并列句The water 主语 in them 定语 will exist 谓语 as thin films, 状语 too light toovercometheforceofsurfacetension定语holdingtheminplace.定语并列句Thewater主语willbefirmlyheld.谓语句子3Theimagesproducedbythecameraobscura,aboxlikedevicethatusedapinholeor lens to throw an image onto a gro
10、und-glass screen or a piece of white paper,were already familiarthe device had been much employed by topographicalartistsliketheItalianpainterCanalettoinhisdetailedviewsofthecityofVenice.【难点解析】本句的难点是定语(producedbythecameraobscura)放在了被修饰词(theimages)的后面,与汉语表述习惯不一致,另外,出现同位语(aboxlikedevice)修饰定语中的名词性部分(th
11、ecameraobscura),而又有一个定语从句(thatuseda)又修饰改同位语(aboxlikedevice),使得主语和谓语被很多成分隔开,给我们理解的带来了一定的困难。找到那些修饰性成分,先忽略它们,再看句子主干就清楚了。The images produced by the camera obscura定语, a boxlike device同位语 thatusedapinholeorlenstothrowanimageontoaground-glassscreenorapieceofwhitepaper定语从句,werealreadyfamiliarthedevicehadbee
12、nmuchemployedbytopographicalartistsliketheItalianpainterCanalettoinhisdetailedviewsofthecityofVenice.【参考翻译】针孔照相机(一种盒状的装置)产生的影像已经为大家所熟知,它是一种使用小孔或透镜将影像投射到毛玻璃屏或一张白纸上的盒状装置这种装置已经为很多地貌风景画家所用,例如意大利画家Canaletto在他所创作的威尼斯精致风景画中(使用了这种装置)。【成分划分】并列句Theimages主语producedbythecameraobscura,定语aboxlikedevice,同位语were系动词
13、alreadyfamiliar.表语并列句The device 主语 had been much employed 谓语 by topographical artists 状语liketheItalianpainterCanalettoinhisdetailedviewsofthecityofVenice. 同位语定语从句Aboxlikedevice主语used谓语apinholeorlens宾语tothrowanimageontoaground-glassscreenorapieceofwhitepaper.宾语补足语句子4AmaritimecodeknownastheConsulateof
14、theSeawhichoriginatedinthewesternMediterranean region in the fourteenth century, won acceptance by a majority ofsea goers as the normative code for maritime conduct; it defined such matters astheauthorityofashipsofficers,protocolsofcommand,paystructures,therightsofsailors,andtherulesofengagementwhen
15、shipsmetoneanotheronthesea-lanes.【难点解析】本句的难点一是后置定语和定语从句分割了句子主干,造成了理解问题。主语Amaritimecode先是被过去分词短语knownastheConsulateoftheSea修饰,而这个短语后面紧接着又出现了一个定语从句来进一步修饰Amaritimecode,当我们再看到won时,就得费心思寻找won这个动词的发出者。难点二是对when引导的定语从句的理解。我们在阅读的时候还需要根据语义逻辑来理解句子,这里whenshipsmetoneanotheronthesea-lanes显然不能作为时间状语从句来修饰definedas
16、,意思理解不通。这时我们就要考虑其他可能被修饰的成分,therulesofengagement正好可以作为when从句的修饰对象,本身when可以引导定语从句,另外从意思上也合情合理。忽略修饰性定语和定语从句,句子主要信息如下:A maritime code known as the Consulate of the Sea定语 which originated in thewesternMediterraneanregioninthefourteenthcentury,定语从句wonacceptanceby a majority of sea goers定语 as the normative
17、 code for maritime conduct; itdefined such matters as the authority of a ships officers, protocols of command,pay structures, the rights of sailors, and the rules of engagement when ships metoneanotheronthesea-lanes.定语从句另外需要注意的是,by短语虽然经常引导方式状语,但是这里byamajorityofseagoers修饰的是acceptance这一名词,所以它实际上做了acce
18、ptance的后置定语。【参考翻译】一部在14世纪起源于西地中海地区的海洋法典(被称为康索拉度海法)赢得了大多数航海员的认可,成为了海上管理的规范法典;它对一些事物做了界定,比如,高级船员的权利、命令的发布规范、薪资结构、海员的权利,以及当船只在航路上遇到别的船时的交战准则。【成分划分】并列句一A maritime code 主语 known as the Consulate of the Sea 定语 won 谓语acceptance 宾语 by a majority of sea goers 定语 as the normative code formaritimeconduct.状语定语从
19、句Amaritimecode主语originated谓语inthewesternMediterraneanregion状语inthefourteenthcentury.状语并列句二It 主语 defined 谓语 such matters 宾语 as the authority of a ships officers,protocols of command, pay structures, the rights of sailors, and the rules ofengagement.同位语定语从句Ships主语met谓语oneanother宾语onthesea-lanes.状语句子5I
20、nthe1970swhenthestudyofAustralianarchaeologywasinanexcitingphaseofdevelopment, with the great antiquity of rock art becoming clear Lesley Maynardthe archaeologist who coined the phrase “Panaramitee style,” suggested that asequence could be determined for Australian rock art in which a geometric styl
21、egave way to a simple figurative style that, unlike the pan-Australian geometrictraditiontendedtomuchgreaterregionaldiversity.【难点解析】本句的难点在于修饰性成分比较复杂,而且句子主语和谓语被定语从句分隔开,不容易找到句子主干。遇到这种句子,我们需要先舍弃修饰性的定语和状语,包括定语从句和状语从句,然后再看句子会清爽很多。In the 1970s状语 when the study of Australian archaeology was in an excitingp
22、haseofdevelopment,定语从句withthegreatantiquityofrockartbecomingclear状语 Lesley Maynard the archaeologist who coined the phrase “Panaramiteestyle,”定语从句 suggested that a sequence could be determined for Australianrockart inwhichageometricstylegavewaytoasimplefigurativestyle定语从句that,unlikethepan-Australian
23、geometrictraditiontendedtomuchgreaterregionaldiversity.定语从句翻译的时候,我们可以分别翻译出主句和从句的含义,然后用汉语习惯的表达顺序表述出来就可以了。【参考翻译】20世纪70年代,澳大利亚考古学研究处于一个令人兴奋的发展时期,随着岩画明显成为重要古物,考古学家LesleyMaynard指出,澳大利亚岩画的发展顺序能够被确定下来,在岩画中,几何学风格被简单的具象风格所替代,而这种简单的具象风格和澳大利亚的几何学传统不一样,具象风格的地域性差异往往要大得多。【成分划分】主句Inthe1970s,状语withthegreatantiquity
24、ofrockartbecomingclear状语LesleyMaynard主语thearchaeologist同位语suggested谓语something.宾语定语从句The study of Australian archaeology 主语 was 系动词 in an exciting phase ofdevelopment.表语定语从句Lesley Maynard 主语 the archaeologist 同位语 coined 谓语 the phrase“Panaramiteestyle”.宾语宾语从句Asequence主语couldbedetermined谓语forAustralia
25、nrockart.状语定语从句In Australian rock art 状语 a geometric style 主语 gave way to 谓语 a simplefigurativestyle.宾语定语从句Asimplefigurativestyle,主语unlikethepan-Australiangeometrictradition状语tendedtomuchgreaterregionaldiversity.谓语句子6By contrast, in the United States an estimated 97 million birds are killed eachyear
26、whentheycollidewithbuildingsmadeofplateglass;57million arekilledon highways each year; at least 3.8 million die annually from pollution andpoisoning;andmillionsofbirdsareelectrocutedeachyearbytransmissionanddistributionlinescarryingpowerproducedbynuclearandcoalpowerplants.【难点解析】状语是句中非常灵活、应用非常广泛的句子成分
27、。本句属于并列复合句,由分号隔开,有多个并列分句,其中when从句,整个从句做第一个子句的时间状语,属于状语从句;在每个并列句中,状语的类型较多,如bycontrast,是对整句的一个解释说明,“对比之下”,可以划分为句子的评注性状语,如in the United States, each year, bytransmissionanddistribution等分别做地点状语、时间状语、方式状语等等。练习时,可将此句作为状语基本知识练习巩固之用。分清楚每个结构的对应成分以及每个成分在句中所起作用,能够帮助更好理解句子,夯实基础,掌握句子成分基本涵义。整个句子的状语使用:Bycontrast,状
28、语intheUnitedStates状语anestimated97millionbirdsarekilledeachyear状语whentheycollidewithbuildingsmadeofplateglass状语;57millionarekilledonhighwayseachyear;atleast3.8milliondieannually状语 from pollution and poisoning 状语 ; and millions of birds areelectrocuted each year 状语 by transmission and distribution lin
29、es 状语carryingpowerproducedbynuclearandcoalpowerplants.【参考翻译】相比之下,据估计,美国每年有9700万只鸟由于碰撞到建筑物的厚玻璃板而死亡;5700万只鸟死在高速公路上;每年至少有380万只鸟死于污染或中毒;而且,每年数以百万计的鸟类在核电厂和燃煤电厂的输电及配电电缆上触电而死。【成分划分】并列句By contrast, 状语 in the United States 状语 an estimated 定语 97 millionbirds主语arekilled谓语eachyear.状语状语从句They主语collidewith谓语build
30、ings宾语madeofplateglass.定语并列句57million主语arekilled谓语onhighwayseachyear.状语并列句At least 状语 3.8 million 主语 die 谓语 annually 状语 from pollution andpoisoning.状语并列句Millionsofbirds主语areelectrocuted谓语eachyear状语bytransmissionanddistributionlines状语carryingpower定语producedbynuclearandcoalpowerplants.定语句子7Forinstance
31、,ifafarmlaborerweretomakeupasongandsingittoacoupleoffriends who like it and memorize it, possibly when the friends come to sing itthemselves, one of them might forget some of the words and make up newones to fill the gap, while the other, perhaps more artistic, might add a fewdecorativetouchestothet
32、uneandimproveacoupleoflinesoftext.【难点解析】本句的难点在于整个句子中,有多个从句,其中开头的if引导的从句 (ifa farmlaborerweretomakeupasongandsingittoacoupleoffriendswholikeitandmemorizeit),在整个句子中做状语,是(虚拟)条件状语从句;后面when从句(whenthefriendscometosingitthemselves)做整个句子的时间状语,属于时间状语从句;在句子的结尾部分,while这个词可能会对句子理解造成障碍,这里的while并非引导状语从句,而是一个表示并列关
33、系的连词,再加上指示代词theother,与上文的oneofthem相对应,所以可以判断while从句(whiletheother,perhapsmoreartistic,mightaddafewdecorativetouchestothetuneandimproveacoupleof linesoftext.)是并列句,而非状语从句。整个句子中的状语使用:For instance, 状语 if a farm laborer were to make up a song and sing it to acoupleof friends状语wholike itandmemorizeit,poss
34、iblywhenthefriendscometosingitthemselves,状语oneofthemmightforgetsomeofthewordsand make up new ones to fill the gap, 状语 while the other, perhaps moreartistic,mightaddafewdecorativetouchestothetuneandimprove acoupleoflinesoftext.【参考翻译】例如,假设一个农场工人编了一首歌,并唱给喜欢这首歌的几个朋友听,他们会记住这首歌,可能也会自己哼唱这首歌,其中一个朋友可能会忘记某些歌词
35、并自己新编一些歌词来补救,而更有艺术感的朋友可能会在曲调中再加一些点缀的技巧并改进一下歌词。【成分划分】并列句Oneofthem主语mightforget谓语someof thewords宾语and连接词makeup谓语newones宾语tofillthegap.状语并列句Theother,主语perhapsmoreartistic,定语mightadd谓语afewdecorativetouches宾语tothetune状语and连接词improve谓语acoupleof定语linesoftext.宾语状语从句Afarmlaborer主语weretomakeup谓语asong宾语and连接词s
36、ing谓语itIOtoacoupleoffriends.状语定语从句Friends主语like谓语it宾语and连接词memorize谓语it.宾语状语从句Thefriends主语cometosing谓语it宾语themselves.状语句子8Scholarsbelievethatthiscooperationallowedpeopletocontendwithapatchyenvironment in which precipitation and other resources varied across thelandscape:ifyouproducealotoffoodoneyear
37、,youmighttradeitforpotterymadebyadistantallywhoishavingdifficultywithcrops-andthenextyear,theflowofgoodsmightgointheoppositedirection.【难点解析】句子的难点在于inwhich引导的定语从句(inwhichprecipitationandotherresourcesvariedacrossthelandscape)部分,which指代environment, intheenvironment在定语从句中做状语,只不过是把这部分状语提前,放在句子开头部分;句中(yo
38、umighttradeitforpotterymadebyadistantally )的forpotterymadebyadistanceally部分,forpottery是句子中的目的状语,而madebyadistantally是对状语中pottery进行的限定,是定语成分。整个句子的状语使用:Scholarsbelievethatthiscooperationallowed people to contend with a patchy environment in which 状语precipitation and other resources varied across the la
39、ndscape 状语 : if youproducealotoffoodoneyear,状语youmighttradeitforpottery状语madebyadistantallywhoishavingdifficultywithcrops状语-andthenextyear,theflowofgoodsmightgointheoppositedirection.状语【参考翻译】学者们相信,这种合作使人们能够应对这种降水和其它资源在整个区域有差异的不协调的环境:如果你一年生产了很多粮食,你也许可以从正遇到粮食困难的遥远的伙伴那里交换到陶器,而下一年商品的流动方向可能会相反。【成分划分】主句Sc
40、holars主语believe谓语something.宾语宾语从句Thiscooperation 主语allowed谓语people 宾语to contendwithapatchyenvironment.宾语补足语定语从句Inapatchyenvironment状语precipitationandother resources主语varied谓语acrossthelandscape.状语状语从句You主语produce谓语alotoffood宾语oneyear.状语宾语从句You主语mighttrade谓语it宾语forpottery状语madebyadistantally.定语定语从句Adi
41、stantally主语ishaving谓语difficulty宾语withcrops.定语宾语从句Thenextyear,状语theflowof goods主语mightgo谓语in theoppositedirection.状语句子9Wild life zoologist Hulmut Buechner(1953), in reviewing the nature of bioticchangesinWashingtonthroughrecordedtime,saysthat“sincetheearly1940s,the state has had more deer than at any
42、 other time in its history, the winterpopulation fluctuating around approximately 320,000 deer (mule andblack-tailed deer), which will yield about 65,000 of either sex and any ageannuallyforanindefiniteperiod“.【难点解析】这个长难句,第一个难点在于在句子的主语wildlifezoologistHulmutBuechner和谓语says之间,有一个非常长的非谓语结构, inreviewin
43、gthenatureofbioticchangesinWashingtonthroughrecordedtime, 是一个表示伴随的状语;状语使用的第二个难点,在宾语从句(since the early 1940s, the state has had more deerthan at any othertimeinitshistory,thewinterpopulationfluctuatingaroundapproximately320,000deer)中,thanatanyothertimeinitshistory和thewinterpopulationfluctuatingaround
44、approximately320,000deer两个结构都是状语,前者是比较状语,“比以往任何历史时期都多“,后者由有独立主格的非谓语结构来做状语。整个句子的状语使用:Wild life zoologist Hulmut Buechner(1953), in reviewing the nature of bioticchangesinWashingtonthroughrecordedtime,状语saysthat“sincetheearly1940s,状语thestatehashadmoredeerthanatanyothertimeinitshistory,the winter popul
45、ation fluctuating around approximately 320,000 deer 状语(muleandblack-taileddeer),whichwillyieldabout65,000ofeithersexandanyageannuallyforanindefiniteperiod“.状语【参考翻译】在回顾华盛顿地区有史以来生物变化的特性时,野生动物学家HulmutBuechner(1953)说道:“自从20世纪40年代早期以后,华盛顿州(黑尾)鹿的数量比以往任何历史时期都多,冬季鹿群的数量在大约32万只鹿(杂交的鹿和黑尾鹿)左右波动,每年,这些鹿群将会不定期繁殖出各
46、个年龄段的公鹿和母鹿各大约6.5万只。【成分划分】定语从句Thesedeer主语willyield谓语about65,000ofeithersexandanyage宾语annually状语foranindefiniteperiod.状语主句Wild life zoologist 主语 Hulmut Buechner(1953), 同位语 in reviewing thenatureofbioticchangesinWashingtonthroughrecordedtime,状语says谓语something.宾语宾语从句Since the early 1940s, 状语 the state 主
47、语 has had 谓语 more deer 宾语than at any other time in its history 状语, the winter population fluctuatingaroundapproximately320,000deer状语(muleandblack-taileddeer).同位语句子10While accepting that this sequence fits the archaeological profile of those sites,which were occupied continuously over many thousands
48、of years a number ofwriters have warned that the underlying assumption of such a sequenceadevelopment from the simple and the geometric to the complex andnaturalisticobscures the cultural continuities in Aboriginal Australia in whichgeometricsymbolismremainsfundamentallyimportant.【难点解析】本句的难点在于状语部分比较复杂,状语中嵌套了一个宾语从句,宾语从句中还嵌套了一个定语从句,主语淹没在了复杂的状语中,一时难以找出句子主干。另外,句子中还有一个宾语从句修饰主句,一个定语从句修饰宾语从句的某一部分。如果对各种从句的结构和用法敏感,那么