1、4.6 Recursiveness,递归性,Recursiveness,It means that a phrasal constituent can be embedded within（be dominated by） another constituent having the same category.递归性指的是一个短语成分可被镶嵌（即被支配）于另一个属于同一范畴的成分之中。,Recursiveness has become an umbrella term , under which may be drought together several important lingui
2、stic phenomena such as coordination and subordination ,conjoining and embedding , hypotactic and paratactic.递归性已成为涵盖性术语，其涵盖对象还包括其他几个重要语言现象，如并列关系，从属关系，并列和嵌入，形合与意合。 例：I met a man who had a son whose wife sold cookies that she had baked in her kitchen that was fully equipped with electrical appliances
3、that were new.,Recursiveness , together with openness, is generally regarded as the core of creativity of language.递归性和开放性通常被视为语言创造性的核心。,例：(a) Johns sisterJohns sisters husbands uncleJohns sisters husbands uncles daughter, etc.(b) that house in Beijingthat garden of that house in Beijingthat tree in
4、 the garden of that house in Beijinga bird on the tree in the gaeden of that house in Beijing,4.6.1 Conjoining,Conjoining refers to the process where one clause is coordinated or conjoined with another. 并列指的是一个分句与另一个分句结合或连接的过程。,The conjunction used in this case are and , but ,and or.,例: John bought
5、a hat and his wife bought a handbag.Give me liberty or give me death.Art is long , but life is short.,4.6.2 Embedding,Embedding refers to the means by which one clause is included in the sentence(main clause) in syntactic subordination.嵌入指的是在句法从属中将一个分句包含于一个句子的手段。,The three basic types of subordinate
6、 clause are complement , adjunct (or adverbial) and relative clause. 从属分句的三种基本类型是补足分句，附加分句（或状语分句）和关系分句。,例： A : I saw the man who had visited you last year.（relative clause 关系分句） B： I dont know whether Professor Li needs this book.（ complement clause 补足分句） C： If you listened to me , you wouldnt make
7、mistakes.（ adverbial clause 状语分句）,4.7 Beyond the sentence,4.7.1 Sentential Connection,Hypotactic 从属分句 (subordinate clause)A: You can phone the doctor if you like. However, I very much doubt whether he is in.B: We live near the sea. So we enjoy a healthy climate. Paratactic 并列分句 (coordinate clause)A:
8、 In Guangzhou it is hot and humid during the summer.In Beijing it is hot and dry. B: He dictated the letter. She wrote it.C: The door was open . He walked in.,4.7.2 Cohesion,Cohesion, it refers to relations of meaning that exist within the text, and defines it as a text.衔接，指的是语篇之间存在的意义关系，并将其定义为篇章。话语
9、或篇章的衔接性，可通过运用连接(conjunction),省略(ellipsis),词汇搭配(lexical collocation),词汇重复(lexical repetition),所指(reference),替代(substitution)等各种衔手段得以实现。,例： A: He couldnt open the door. It was locked tight.(所指) B: “Why dont you use your own recorder ？”“I dont have one.” (替代) C: “Did she get there at six?”“No, (she got there) earlier (than six).”(省略) D: I want to help him. Unfortunately it was too late.（逻辑连接） E: “ Shall we invite Zhang Hui?”“No. I cant stand the man.”（词汇搭配）,
