1、译林牛津版高二英语必修五 unit1 知识点及语法总结Welcome to the unit 吸收某人参加.He is admitted to Nanjing University this year. 3) 容纳, 容许The cinema admits about 2000 people. 4) admit of 容许有; 有.可能; 容有.的余地His illness admits of no delay. 4. swear. vt/vi 发誓；郑重承诺；咒骂swear to sb. / swear that 从句 向某人承诺发誓swearswore -sworn5. focus. n/
2、vt/vi1) n. 焦点，注意力put focus on 集中注意力于2) vi/vtfocus on 集中注意力于.近义词组：concentrate on pay full attention to devote to6. guilty. adj 有罪的1) be guilty of “犯了罪”In the process of gaining our rightful place, we must not be guilty of wrongful deeds. 2)be found guilty 被判决有罪Maggie could be sentenced to up to three
3、 years in prision if (he was) found guilty.7. remark. Vt / n 评论make remarks on sth = make comments on sth 对作出评论8. apologize. vi 道歉apologize to sb=make an apology to sb 向某人道歉9. sensitive. adj 敏感的;体贴的be sensitive to 对体贴，敏感10. blame. n/vt 责备1) n. put blame on sb 责备某人2) vt. blame sb for sth 因某事责备某人blame
4、 sth on sb 把某事归咎于某人He blamed his faiure on his teacher.sb be to blame= sb should be blamed 主动形式表被动You are to blame. 你应该受责备。11. gifted. adj = talented 有天赋的1) be gifted for/as 有天赋2) have a gift for 有天赋II. 重点词组1. beg sb to do sth 恳求某人做某事2. stare at 凝视glare at 怒视gaze at 瞪眼看3. keep ones word 守诺言break one
5、s word 食言have a word with 与交谈have a words with 与吵架4. feel like doing 想要做某事sound like 听起来像5. go straight to 径直去6. spy on 监视watch over 看管7. keep pace with 与协调一致keep up with 跟上8. as a result of 由于because of= due to=owing to 由于as a result 结果result in 导致result from 源于，由于9. turn into 转变成turn up 出现，出席turn
6、out 结果是turn sb down 拒绝turn around 转身；逆转turn to 转向10. as well as 和as well 也may as well 不如不妨11. shout at 朝大喊( 生气，愤怒)shout to 朝大喊（指远处）12. make some cruel remarks 咒骂某人，说坏话13. even though 即使14. can not help doing sth 禁不住做某事cant help but do sth 只好做某事cant help to do sth 不能帮助做某事15. accuse sb of sth 指控某人某事in
7、form of 告知approve of 同意warn of 警告III.重点句式1. I must have sounded very proud of myself after the quiz, saying how easy it was and how I was sure to get a good mark. （page 2）（1）“must+完成时”表示对过去事情语气比较肯定的推测。对现在推测，用 must be.They must have been laughing behind my back. (page 2）他们在我背后一定是笑得合不拢嘴。 “must+完成时 ”结构
8、的反义疑问句 ，疑问部分应根据 must 后的动词形式采用相应的形式，可用 have (has)，也可用 did。但若句中出现了过去时间状语，则只能用 did。He must have read it, hasnt /didnt he? 他一定读过它，是吗?He must have left yesterday, didnt he? 他昨天一定走了，是吗? 表示推测的否定结构要用“can not /cant”, 或者是 can +其他具有否定意义的副词。例如：You cant be tired youve only been working for an hour. 你不可能疲倦，你只工作了一
9、小时。（2）, saying how easy it was and how I was sure to get a good mark 是非谓语动词doing 做原因状语；how easy it was and how I was sure to get a good mark 是 how 引导的名词性从句做 say 的宾语。2. I thought that Hannah must have told everyone about my grades after promising me not to.（page 2）1) must have told 表示对过去推测；2）after pr
10、omising me not to=after she promised not to tell anyone. a. after 引导的状语从句，当从句的主语 she 与主句的主语 Hannah 一致时，从句的 she 可以省略，同时从句的谓语动词 promised 要变成非谓语形式 promising;b. promising me not to 属于 to do 不定式省略动词 do 的情况，在某些动词后，如：promise, like, hope, want 等，为避免与上一句 to do 中的动词重复，可省略 to 后的动词。3. I cannot help wondering if
11、 he wants Peter to be his best friend instead of me. （page 3）1）if he wants Peter to be his best friend instead of me 为 wonder 的宾语从句2）wonder vt. (对). 感到奇怪; 想知道，不知道 I wonder if/whether you 可用来客气地提出请求；wonder 后可接其他连接词引导的宾语从句。例如：I wonder if youd give me some advice. I wonder who he is, where he came from
12、 and why he came. wonder 后可接 “疑问词动词不定式 ”作宾语：例如：They waited and wondered what to do. there is no wonder that 从句 ： 难怪.There is no wonder that you were late for school, for your bike broke down.4. He accuse me of some bad things just to hurt me. (page 3）1) accuse sb of sth= charge sb with sth 指控某人.2）ju
13、st to hurt me 属于非谓语 to do 形式，在句中做目的状语，类似的词组还有：only to (表示出乎意料的结果)，in order to/ so as to (表示目的)5. If so, the problem lies with you, not her.（page 5）(1) If so 是个条件从句，so 代替上文内容。 not 也有同样用法，构成省略句式：if not。又如：She may not be free today. 她今天可能没空。 If so, well have to put the meeting off. 如果是这样，这会就得延后了。Get up
14、 early tomorrow, if not (you dont get up early), you will miss the first bus. 明天你得早起，否则（你不早起），你会错过首班车。(2)lie with“是的责任；取决于”。例如：The solution to the problem lies with you. 解决该问题的办法落在你的肩上。7. I have no doubt he will succeed.（page 7）doubt 作名词常用句型 have no doubt 意为“毫无疑义；毫无疑问”，其中 doubt 是名词。例如：I for one have
15、 no doubt that hes lying. There is no doubt that“毫无疑问”, that 从句是同位语从句。例如：There is no doubt that Mary is qualified for the job. no/without/beyond doubt“无疑地；必定”The truth of the report is beyond all doubt. He was without doubt the very worst kind of reporter. Those who left were attracted, no doubt, by
16、 higher pay. Task 2） seem to do 表示“似乎，好像”，属于 to do 非谓语形式，其形式还有： seem to be doing( 表进行时态 )/ seem to have done(表示过去已完成)3） regardless of 表示尽管，做让步状语。5. I end up returning to the train station and spending the rest of the day in the waiting room.end up+形容词/ done/ doing/ 介词短语，表结果是,例如：1） He ends up success
17、ful after years of efforts.2） He ends up in prison because he was charged with robbery.3） He ends up finishing the task ahead of time.4） His efforts end up paid off.6. Friendship means being committed to others.1) mean. vt.意谓, 想要, 预定 vi.用意, 有意义mean to do sth. 打算做某事 mean doing sth. 意味着做某事I meant to g
18、ive you this book today, but I forgot.He means this house for his daughter.习惯用语： be meant to do 照道理，照规矩；应该，必须；得要；He was meant for /to be a doctor.mean sb. for 准备让某人干某工作mean much to sb. 对某人很重要; 对某人很可贵mean a great deal mean. adj.低劣的, 卑鄙的, 普通的 , 吝啬的, 简陋的,不舒服的Peters father was very mean; he never gave P
19、eter any new clothes.2) be committed to sb 表示对某人很投入，真诚 7. The best way to have a friend is to be a friend.to have a friend 系 to do 非谓语形式做后置定语；to be a friend 是 to do 非谓语形式做表语。Grammar: to do/ doing语法知识 :非谓语动词一、动词不定式 The Infinitive Form of Verbs动词不定式是非谓语动词形式之一，它不能充当谓语，但具有谓语动词的主要特征，即时态和语态的变化；可以有自己的宾语和状语
20、，构成不定式短语。1. 不定式的形式肯定式 to do sth. Hed like to play basketball this afternoon.否定式 not to do sth. No one likes to be looked down upon.进行体 to be doing sth. He pretended to be reading when the teacher came in.完成体 to have done sth. He seemed to have known the result.被动式 to be done He certainly deserves to
21、 be sent to prison.完成被动式to have been done He seems to have been elected a model worker.2不定式的用法不定式可以用来做主语、表语、定语、状语、宾语、独立成分，表示比较具体的意义。（1）做主语 动词不定式短语To master a foreign language is no easy job.To see this film is to waste time.To solve this problem is out of the question 为平衡整个句子，避免头重脚轻，常用 it 做形式主语，而将真正
22、主语不定式放后面，用于这种形式是一些特定的结构。例如：1）谓语部分是系表结构，表语是某些形容词或名词。例如：It is foolish to act in this way. It sounds reasonable to do it this way.It appears likely for them to arrive. It is a good idea to think this way.2）某些动词做谓语时。例如：It took much time to do this. It makes us excited to think about that.It needs hard w
23、ork to finish the job. It does no good to say like that.(2) 做表语表示打算、计划、命令和要求，有时可见用 appear, seem, happen 等做系动词，常做主语的名词有：wish, aim, duty, hope, idea, mistakes, plan, purpose, suggestion.等抽象名词，也可以是 what 引导的主语从句。例如：Such questions are to be avoided. What he said proved to be true.He seems to be ill.(3) 做
24、定语做定语时不定式一般紧跟其所修饰名词或代词后面。例如：He kept on saying really mean thing to hurt me.He was the first one to come this morning.He didnt have the chance to go to school in the past.如果不定式是不及物动词时，应注意其相应介词的搭配。例如：He has nothing to worry about.She is a very nice person to work with.There was only a small cold room
25、to live in at that time.(4) 作状语不定式作状语可以表示目的、原因和结果。 表目的常用 in order to, so as to, so+形容词/ 副词+as to ，such+名词+as to 等结构但so as to 只能放在主句之后。Check your homework so as to avoid mistakes. She goes home (in order) to see her grandmother every week. 表结果常用 only to do, enough to do, tooto do 等句型，不定式短语作结果状语具有“意料之
26、外”之意。He is too excited to speak anything.I hurried to his house, only to find him out.原因She seemed surprised to see us. He is sorry for what he did to think of his past.不定式作条件状语时谓语动词通常含有 will, shall, should, would, can, must 等。 You will do better to get her support. You must get up early not to miss
27、 the train. 不定式作方式状语时，通常采用 as if 或 as though + to 的结构，其意为“好像要”。He raised his hand as if to hit me. She took out a pen and a piece of paper as though to write something. (5) 做宾语 某些及物动词要用动词不定式作宾语, 以下及物动词常用动词不定式作宾语：agree, ask, attempt, begin, care, choose, continue, decide, desire, determine, expect, f
28、orget, hate,hope,intend, learn, like, love, manage, mean, offer, prefer,pretend,promise, refuse, start, try, want, undertake, wish 等。例如：I want to tell you about Zhao Jie. (page 7)We agreed to meet here but so far she hasnt turned up yet. Mary begged to go with us. 动词不定式作宾语时，如其后有补足语，则可以用先行语 it 作形式宾语，
29、而将真正宾语动词不定式后移，用于该形式的常见动词有：believe, consider, declare, feel, guess, imagine, judge, know, make, prove, realize, report, see, show, suppose, think, understand, find 等。例如：I felt it useless for us to say anything further. I made it a rule to get up early, take a cold bath, and then do some running. I co
30、nsider it better not to go. (6) 做宾语补足语 带 to 的不定式做宾补有相当数量的及物动词或短语可以接带 to 的不定式做宾补。例如：I shall try to persuade her to see the doctor. The villagers didnt allow them to do this. I will ask them to leave the company. I shall persuade him to take the medicine.He called on his friends to help him. 不带 to 的不定
31、式做宾补也有一些及物动词后接不带 to 的不定式作宾补，常见的有使役动词类：make, let, have；感官动词类：see, watch, look at, notice, observe, hear, listen to, smell, feel 等。但在被动结构中要带 to (let 除外 )。例如：Someone saw him enter my room. He was seen to enter my room.The boy made the baby laugh by making a face at him.The baby was made to laugh by mak
32、ing a face at him.(7)“疑问词+不定式”相当于这些疑问代词和副词引导的名词性从句。常见引导该形式的动词有：decide, find out, forget, inquire, know, learn, remember, see, settle, think, understand, wonder 等，在句子中可以做主语、宾语或表语。例如：What to do next has not been decided. = What will do next has not been decided.What worries me most is how to do it. =
33、What worries me most is how we will do it.I dont know when to leave. = I dont know when we will leave.It is not yet decided whether to discuss this.= It is not yet decided whether we will discuss this.(8) 不定式的省略动词不定式中再次出现与前面相同的动词只留下不定式符号 to, 省略其他以避免重复。例如：I thought that Hannah must have deliberately
34、told everyone about my mark after promising not to (tell everyone about my mark).We wont tell anyone about your call unless you want us to (tell anyone about your call).Will you join us? I should love to (join you). The boy wanted to ride his bicycle in the street but his mother told him not to (rid
35、e his bicycle in the street).(9) 不定式的主动形式表被动意义 不定式作定语时，若其逻辑主语是句子主语或宾语时，则可以用主动式表示被动。the important thing to remember is that both of them are friendships. (page 18) 但有时既可用主动形式也可用被动形式，意思不太一样。比较：Have you anything to send? (to send 的执行者是“你”。)Have you anything to be sent? (to be sent 的动作执行者是 “他人”。) 形容词eas
36、y，difficult ， hard，cheap ，expensive，fit ，nice ，dangerous，comfortable， exciting, funny, heavy, important, good, interesting 等后面接不定式作状语时，常用主动形式表被动意义, 可用 it 做形式主语的句型替换。This book is easy to read. = It is easy to read the book.（这本书很容易读。）We found the man difficult to deal with. =It is difficult for us to
37、deal with the man.（我发现这个人很难对付。） 在 tooto中, 不定式的主动式可以表示被动意义。The plane is too far away to see.(10) 动词不定式的复合结构 不定式的复合结构“for sb. to do sth.”可充当多种句子成分。一般情况下，不定式动作的执行者就是句子的主语。有时不定式的动作执行者不是句子的主语，此时不定式for sb.来充当不定式 to do sth.的逻辑主语。例如：I dont think it advisable for him to learn medicine. (宾语)This is for you to
38、 decide. (表语)She waved the red flag for the car to stop. (状语)The article is too difficult for a child of ten to understand. (状语)The order for them to climb the mountain was given. (定语) For a child to learn everything is impossible. (主语) 不定式的复合结构做主语时，常见用两种特定句型: “It is + adj. for / of sb. to do sth.”
39、和 “It is + n. of sb. to do sth”。1) 在 “It isfor /of sb. to do sth.”句型中，for sb.和 of sb. 有区别。for sb.前应是表事物性质的形容词如 easy, important, necessary, possible 等，sb 和这些形容词逻辑主谓关系不能成立。而 of sb. 前应是表性格特征的形容词如 good, kind, nice, brave, clever, careless, foolish, silly, stupid 等，其逻辑主谓关系能够成立。例：It is easy for us to unde
40、rstand the sentence. We are easy 逻辑主谓关系不能成立故用介词 for。It is clever of you to do that.You are clever 逻辑主谓关系能够成立故用介词 of。It is right/wrong for/of you to do that.形容词 right, wrong 后接 for sb 和 of sb 都对。2) “It is + n. of sb. to do sth”句型中常见名词多是抽象名词如pleasure, pity, mistake, honor 等，不定式的复合结构其实对抽象名词做了细节说明。例如：It
41、 is a great mistake for them to agree with you. It is a matter of honor for us to keep our standards as high as possible. It is a great pleasure for me to live with you.(11) 不定式的时态和语态 动词不定式有不同的时态。说明行为在谓语动词所表示的行为之后，多数是那些表愿望的词：want; hope; expect 等。I want to go home.I hope to see you.一般式说明行为与谓语动词表示的行为同
42、时发生，多数是些省略不定式符号的词，一般是复合宾语。I saw him come in.He helped him (to) carry things.完成式说明行为动词在谓语动词表示的行为动词之前发生。Im sorry to have troubled you. He is said to have come here.He seemed to have known it.进行式不定式的进行式所表示的动作与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生。它强调不定式动作正在进行或持续进行。They seemed to be getting along quite well. = It seemed that
43、they were getting along quite well.二、动名词动名词是一种非谓语形式，起名词的作用，但带有动词的特征，可以有自己的宾语和状语，构成动名词短语。1. 动名词的形式：肯定式 doing sth. It will be nice getting scholarships to the university.否定式 not doing sth. I am sorry for not having kept my promise.完成体 having done sth. I remember having asked her to wait us.被动式 being d
44、one I dont like being left at home in the evening.完成被动式 having been done The house showed no sign of having been damaged.2. 动名词的用法动名词句法作用表句 子 成 分 例 句主 语 Swimming is a best sport in summer.There is no telling what will happen.直接宾语 We enjoyed seeing the film.短语动词宾语 I am thinking of taking over the job
45、.宾语介词宾语 After having finished his work, he went home. 表 语 What like best is swimming in the sea.定 语 He looked me with questioning eyes.(1) 做主语 动名词做主语表示比较抽象、习惯性和经常性的意义，在传统语法上和不定式做主语表具体意义有区别, 随着语言不断进步, 这种区别正在逐渐消失。例如：Moving to a new town or area can be a trying time. (page 12)Saying is easier than doin
46、g. Collecting stamps is a good hobby. 为平衡整个句子，避免头重脚轻，常用 it 做形式主语，而将真正主语不定式放后面，用于这种形式是一些特定的结构。例如：1) 谓语部分是系表结构，表语是某些形容词。例如：Its interesting planning a holiday. Its rather tiring walking around in a city.2) 当 use， good， waste， bore， fun， shame， encouragement，等名词作表语时，通常用 it 作形式主语，把作为真正主语的动名词后置。例如：Its no
47、use talking to him again. = There is no use talking to him again.Its no good refusing to do it. = There is no good refusing to do it.It is a waste of time trying to reason with him. Its fun having guests for the weekend.Its such an encouragement being able to pass all the exams. 在“There be no+主语”这种结
48、构中，通常用动名词做主语，而不用不定式。这种结构表示“不可能、无法”，相当于“It is impossible to do sth”。例如：There is no getting along with him.=It is impossible to get along with him. (2) 作宾语某些动词或短语动词后面可以接动名词,见下表：特定动词 + doing 短语动词 + doing 惯用语或短语动词中含介词 to + doingavoid, admit, advise, allow, permit, bear, stand, delay consider, complete,
49、finish, risk, dislike, escape, mind, excuse, miss, imagine, enjoy, excuse, practise, suggest 等 be worth, cant help, cant stand, feel like, insist on, succeed in, give up, spend / waste time / money (in), have / find difficulty / trouble/ time (in) 等pay/draw/get/attract(ones) attention to, lead to, contribute to, devote oneself to, look forward to, appeal to, be / get used to, be related to, be available to, be similar
