1、,研究生英语综合教程,Integrated Course for Graduates,Unit 1 Animals and Plants,Part I Suggested Teaching Plan,ObjectivesStudents will be able to: understand the cultural background related to the content.2. grasp the main idea of the text.3. master the key language points, especially the usage of the key word
2、s and phrases, and learn how to use them in contexts.,Unit 1 Animalsand Plants,Part I Suggested Teaching Plan,Objectives4. express themselves more freely on the theme of Animals and Plants after doing a series of theme-related reading, listening, speaking activities.5. Study “Writing Skills: Exposit
3、ory Essays (1)” carefully and then write an expository essay.,Unit 1 Animalsand Plants,Part I Suggested Teaching Plan,Unit 1 Animals and Plants,Time Allotment,Unit 1 Animalsand Plants,Part II Detailed Study of the Texts and Classroom,Unit 1 Animals and Plants,Activities Language Study 1.be native to
4、 原产于 Theyre generally agreed to be crimson - fronted parakeets, native to Central America. 它们被公认为是原产于中美洲的一种头部呈深红色的长尾小鹦鹉.2.be subject to 受支配，从属于 Although these targets wouldnot be internationally binding, they would be subjectto outside verification. 虽然这些目标不具有国际约束力，但它们将受到外界监督。,TAXT A,Part II Detailed
5、 Study of the Texts and Classroom,Unit 1 Animals and Plants,be subject to和be subjected to的区别1)be subject to 支配，从属于be subject to是英语一个很重要的短语,特别是商贸英语中出现的频率很高。该短语中的 subject是形容词,其基本含义是“服从于”, “易受”。例如： Also, these fuels, especially oil, are subject to uncertainties over price and future supply.此外，这些燃料，特别是石
6、油，易受到价格和将来的供应等不稳定因素的影响。,Unit 1 Animalsand Plants,TAXT A,Part II Detailed Study of the Texts and Classroom,Unit 1 Animals and Plants,be subject to和be subjected to的区别2）be subjected to指“接受，经受，遭受，使经受,使遭受等“。例如： Astronauts are subjected to all kinds of tests before they are actually sent up in a spacecraf
7、t. 宇航员在真正乘太空飞船升空之前都要经历各种实验。,Unit 1 Animalsand Plants,TAXT A,Part II Detailed Study of the Texts and Classroom,Unit 1 Animals and Plants,3.set n. shoot, slip苗，秧 vt. develop fruit结果 fruit set果苗木 / to set fruit结出果实4.resent vt.对感到愤怒；怨恨；愤恨；厌恶 Many American conscripts resent having to do their military se
8、rvice. 在美国，许多应征入伍者对被迫服兵役愤愤不平。 5.make (使)成为，是 She makes him a good wife. 她是他的好妻子。,Unit 1 Animalsand Plants,TAXT A,Part II Detailed Study of the Texts and Classroom,Unit 1 Animals and Plants,6.be irritating to使人不愉快的, 起刺激作用的Cashew nut shells contain oil that is extremely irritating to human skin. 腰果的壳里
9、含有非常刺激人类皮肤的油。7.be sensitive to 对敏感The basic making of a painter is be sensitive to all the objects. 作为一个绘画者最基本的素质就是对万物有敏锐的感受。,Unit 1 Animalsand Plants,TAXT A,Part II Detailed Study of the Texts and Classroom,Unit 1 Animals and Plants,8. to the touch摸上去, 摸起来A cats fur is soft to the touch. 猫的毛摸上去很软。9
10、.on a small scale 小规模The project was first Built on a small scale. 这计划是以小规模起步的。,Unit 1 Animalsand Plants,TAXT A,Part II Detailed Study of the Texts and Classroom,Unit 1 Animals and Plants,Key to the Exercises of Text A. Reading Comprehension 1. They are different in two ways. The Indian race is into
11、lerant of humidity while Philippine race tolerates excess moisture. The fruit of the Indian race bears monoembryonic fruit of high color and regular form but the Philippine race bears polyembryonic fruit which is pale green and elongated kidney-shaped.,Unit 1 Animalsand Plants,TAXT A,Part II Detaile
12、d Study of the Texts and Classroom,Unit 1 Animals and Plants,Key to the Exercises of Text A2. The climate in north China is not suitable for growing mangoes that require a frost-free climate. It is usual that the temperature drops below 40F in north China.3. If used for landscape, what are the advan
13、tages of mango trees? The mango tress have broad and rounded, or more upright canopy. Their life is very long with some specimens known to be over 300 years old and still fruiting. Additionally, the leaves are colourful.,Unit 1 Animalsand Plants,TAXT A,Part II Detailed Study of the Texts and Classro
14、om,Unit 1 Animals and Plants,4. Mangos are monoecious and self-fertile, so a single tree will produce fruit without cross pollination. 5. The fruit is rich and high in sugars and acid which is demanded by human body.6. They are somewhat tolerant of alkalinity. So, A pH between 5.5 and 7.5 is preferr
15、ed.7. In what way are seedlings of mangos a gamble? The fruits may be treated for either sterilization or for chilling so that the fruits dont remain viable.,Unit 1 Animalsand Plants,TAXT A,Part II Detailed Study of the Texts and Classroom,Unit 1 Animals and Plants,6. They are somewhat tolerant of a
16、lkalinity. So, A pH between 5.5 and 7.5 is preferred.7. In what way are seedlings of mangos a gamble? The fruits may be treated for either sterilization or for chilling so that the fruits dont remain viable.8. The atmosphere should be kept dry and the trees should watered on weekly basis to control
17、mites. Also, a regular spraying of appropriate pesticides for anthracnose is needed.,Unit 1 Animalsand Plants,TAXT A,Part II Detailed Study of the Texts and Classroom,Unit 1 Animals and Plants,9. To control anthracnose, copper spray or captan can be applied bimonthly as a growth flush begins, and un
18、til the flowers open. Resume spraying when the fruits begin to form.10. To keep mangos fresh and to make them ripens best, placed stem end down in trays at room temperature and covered with a dampened cloth to avoid shriveling.,TAXT A,Unit 1 Animalsand Plants,Part II Detailed Study of the Texts and
19、Classroom,Unit 1 Animals and Plants,Vocabulary1. sensitive to 2. permanent 3. rare 4.frost 5. canopy 6. extend to 7. removed 8. Traps 9. covering 10. along with,Unit 1 Animalsand Plants,TAXT A,Part II Detailed Study of the Texts and Classroom,Unit 1 Animals and Plants,III. Translation (E-C)芒果应该在充足的日
20、照下和通风良好的土壤中种植。然而，在索尔河谷，霜冻时有发生。因此，靠近家或在大树下种植芒果不失为妙招。想想看，在冬天那几个月里，你家后院何处最暖和，那便是你的芒果树最适宜的落脚地。不用担心夏日的太阳和热浪，芒果喜欢着哩。从容器中移动果树时，切不要伤及或惊扰了根系，特别是主根，这极其重要。永远不要逮着树干将果树从容器中拔出，这往往给它造成不可逆转的冲击，是此类伤害的元凶。在种植处疏松1-3英尺的土壤，掘一个两倍于容器大小的坑。坑底须疏松一下土，但坑深不要超过根垛。切割育苗容器的底部时，要仔细着点。将树苗连同余下的罐一同放到坑里。考虑到周围环境和良好通风，根垛应高于周边土壤1-2英寸。接下来，要修
21、整各边，移走容器。现在，你可以回填土啦！用余下的土绕树修一圈3-4英寸高的崖颈，里面灌满水。,Unit 1 Animalsand Plants,TAXT A,Part II Detailed Study of the Texts and Classroom,Unit 1 Animals and Plants,IV. Translation (C-E)In Chinese decorative arts pictured flowers, fruits, and trees are presentations for various aspects of life. Knowing the sy
22、mbolic meaning of a plant enables you to understand the hidden message. Every flower, branch and leave is counted to ensure irregularity (especially in displays); an odd number is preferable since it is meant to convey the dynamic irregularity of the life force itself. Unopened buds should always be
23、 included among flowers in bloom, as they represent lifes continuous journey.,Unit 1 Animalsand Plants,TAXT A,Part II Detailed Study of the Texts and Classroom,Unit 1 Animals and Plants,Generally, what fruits imply varies greatly. For example, apple means peace loving, apricot represents beauty, bea
24、utiful woman, spring and good fortune while bamboo is not only the symbol of summer but also implies youth, strength, endurance, flexibility and longevity.,Unit 1 Animalsand Plants,TAXT A,Part II Detailed Study of the Texts and Classroom,V. DiscussionTranscript of the video clip Dasyueshan National
25、Forest Recreation Area of TaiwanLayers of mountains are landmarks of Dasyueshan National Forest Recreation Area. Located in He-ping Xiang(和平乡), Taichung county, it composed of Xiao Xue Mountain and An Ma Mountain, undulating greatly from the height of 2,000 meters to the altitude of 2,996 meters. St
26、retching from the southbound range of Xue Mountain, the crest line is as long as 12 kilometers. Besides, it enjoy cool and humid climate with 12 centigrade degreed as annual average temperature. The weather in hottest summer is 18 centigrade degreed while the coldest winter is -5 centigrade degreed.
27、 Varieties in environment provides flora and fauna with pleasant inhabits.,Unit 1 Animalsand Plants,TAXT A,Part II Detailed Study of the Texts and Classroom,Whats more, the forests ranging from broadleaf forests in temper zone to Abies Kawakamii forest in rigid zone made it famous timberlands years
28、ago. Nowadays, based on spirits of protecting nature, Dasyueshan has developed proper facilities and services to entertain and educate the public. For example, footpaths is for phytoncidere bathing, observation decks for splendid sky, and pavilions for stunning panoramic views and wood cottages, bot
29、anical garden, information centers and meeting rooms and so on。,Unit 1 Animalsand Plants,TAXT A,Part II Detailed Study of the Texts and Classroom,Dasyueshan National Forest Recreation Area is famous for integrated forest with different level ranging from warm, temperate to Frigid Zone. In temperate
30、zone, visitors can observe Chamaecyparis obtsus var. formosana(台湾扁柏), red cypress(Chamaecyparis formosenisis 红桧), hemlock(Tsuga formosana铁杉), pine, Bamboo Shoot(Yushania niitakayamensis 箭筍), Miscanthus transmorrisonesis(高山芒) and so on.,Unit 1 Animalsand Plants,TAXT A,Part II Detailed Study of the Te
31、xts and Classroom,Especially in mixed coniferous-broadleaf forest, one of the best bird habitats in Taiwan, lucky visitors can spot some rare species like Mikados pheasants, Swinhoes pheasants, yellow tits, and woodpeckers or colorful singing birds including nutcrackers, Formosan laughing thrushs, w
32、hite ear sibias, Formosan hill partridge, green back tit, vivid niltava and pied wheatear. Coming to rigid zone, Abies kawakamii(台湾冷杉) thrives on scenic grasslands. Dasyueshan is one of perfect spot to experience forest changing with altitude. Whats more, there are numerous companies during trips. B
33、utterflies dance over flowers, beers buzz around, Macaque Formosa(台湾弥猴) hot in the forest and unknown fantasy surprises visitors.,Unit 1 Animalsand Plants,TAXT A,Part II Detailed Study of the Texts and Classroom,From the observation post, continuous mountains expand in front of viewers. To the west,
34、 Dajia River and Da-an River wind through downstream plains with Yuan Zui Mountains(鳶嘴山) and Guan Yi Mountain overlooking. To the south stands Mt. Jade in the distance, to the east lies Bai Gou Da Mountain and to the north stretches Xiao Xue Mountain. That is viewers can watch layers of hills in 360
35、 degreed. Moreover, it is a fabulous site to appreciate refreshing sunrise, romantic sunset, fantastic starry sky. Here, just let the beauty of mountainous sceneries fulfill your minds.,Unit 1 Animalsand Plants,TAXT A,Part II Detailed Study of the Texts and Classroom,Key to the Exercises of Text BRe
36、ading Comprehension1.T 2.T 3.F 4.F 5.F 6.F 7.T 8.F 9.T 10.FII. Use of English (omitted),Unit 1 Animalsand Plants,TAXT B,Part II Detailed Study of the Texts and Classroom,Text A参考译文芒果 芒果原产于东南亚，盛产于缅甸和印度东部。历史上，芒果很早就传播到马来亚、东亚以及东非。1880年，芒果引进到加利福尼亚（圣巴巴拉）。芒果有两种，一种产于印度，另外一种产于菲律宾和东南亚。印度芒果不耐湿度，如有霉菌，会有鲜红部分长出。其
37、果子为单胚胎果实，呈高色度，形状规则。菲律宾芒果特耐潮湿，新长出的部分呈浅绿或红色，能抗霉菌。其果实为多胚胎、浅绿色，形状细长、状如肾脏。,Unit 1 Animalsand Plants,TAXT A,Part II Detailed Study of the Texts and Classroom,芒果需要在无霜气候下生长。气温低至华氏40度以下时，即便短时低温，花和小果会被冻死。气温至华氏30度以下时，幼苗会严重冻伤，但成苗能抵御短时华氏25度的低温。果实成形则需温暖干燥的气候。在夏季，芒果能享受暑热，对凉爽的夏雾则不怎么喜欢。湿潮的气候促生炭蛆生长，致果实成形不佳。芒果树可用于美化环境
38、，形成树荫。热量充沛时，快速直立生长。华盖呈圆形且宽阔，垂直生长，树冠则相对单薄。芒果树寿命长，某些树种树龄超过300年依然产果。深层土壤中，主根向下延伸达20英尺，发达的支根衍生出很多的末根往往延伸数英尺。,Unit 1 Animalsand Plants,TAXT A,Part II Detailed Study of the Texts and Classroom,芒果叶上层为深绿色，下层呈浅绿色，嫩叶通常为红色。中肋呈灰色，清晰可见，同层静脉分界明显。成年树叶一般长4至12.5英寸，宽0.75至2.125英寸。树干光秃，不见树芽，将一簇簇树叶间隔开来。光秃秃的树干记载着连续的新梢生长。
39、新长成的新梢会因受寒而变硬，颜色渐成深绿，这一过程持续到下一个新梢开始生长为止。黄色或红色花花序点缀枝头，茂密的圆锥形花序包含高达2000朵小花。这些小花释放出挥发性物质，可致部分人群过敏性和呼吸系统疾病。授粉昆虫是苍蝇、食芽铓，偶有蜜蜂做介质。每朵花序中，完美花朵并不多见，因而多数花朵并不产花粉也不结果。高潮湿和雨天，花粉无法流出。夜间温度在55度以下时，受精也没什么效果。芒果系雌雄同株植物，能自身授粉。因此，即使无交叉授粉，单株芒果树也能产果。多胚胎型可能根本不需要授粉。,Unit 1 Animalsand Plants,TAXT A,Part II Detailed Study of t
40、he Texts and Classroom,果实生长在长长的线状树干上（前花序），每个树干偶有两个或以上果实生成。果实一般2至9英寸长，呈肾状或卵形，较少圆形。大小从8盎司到24盎司不等。皮革样的果皮柔软光滑。完全成熟后，根据树种不同，果皮为灰绿色或黄色间或有红色相间。皮不能食，其中的树液对部分人群有刺激。果肉似桃，多汁。数目不一的纤维从大个的肾状核呈放射状分布。若在硬质水中长成和施化学肥料，果实纤维更为明显。香味浓郁，富含糖、酸。芒果核有单胚胎的，长出单颗幼苗，多胚胎的则长出多颗幼苗，这些幼苗完全相同，但未必与母苗一致。有些幼苗结出细小的单性结实的芒果，但未能发育成果便凋落。芒果树往往交替
41、结果。,Unit 1 Animalsand Plants,TAXT A,Part II Detailed Study of the Texts and Classroom,芒果树芒果能长到很大的尺寸，形成茂密树荫，但根系却不具破坏性。在冬季，它需要日照充足，良好的通风。在斜坡的中高段，芒果长势最佳。在暴露开阔的区域应该造一片防护林。芒果树有时也需要铆固。在沙漠地带，芒果树需要其他树木遮荫，或者种植在房屋的北侧也是不错的选择。不管是沙地、亚粘土还是粘土，只要具备良好的通风条件，芒果都能生长，但要避开湿重土壤。pH在5.5至7.5之间是首选，因为芒果略微耐碱。芒果需要深土容纳发达的根系，方能生长良
42、好。最初两年，芒果树需要保护，譬如有霜冻威胁时要加盖头罩。待果树长到3-4英尺高时，采用头罩保护就难了，但依旧值得去做，特别是出现异常寒潮预警时。搭建板条防护罩、果园里面加热、树冠下面放置电灯、使用泡沫塑料或稻草外衣能避免霜冻。待霜冻结束方能修剪枯枝。,Unit 1 Animalsand Plants,TAXT A,Part II Detailed Study of the Texts and Classroom,幼苗栽培好似赌博，具有不确定性。超市出售的芒果已经做了消毒处理或冷冻过久而失去生育能力。这类种子往往因脱色而呈灰色。用种子种植芒果时，要先去除外壳，将种子（需在种子干燥前）种在驼峰状
43、土壤内。正常情况下，种子会在1至2周内发芽，若有底热，则情况最佳。多株多胚胎幼苗一旦成芽，要及时分离，避免子叶疏松。幼苗会在3至6年内开花结果。芒果是一种产果树，适合在容器或温室中生长。首先要确定有命名的品种。选择最好的印度培育品种，该品种最值得一试。培育时，需要一个带脚轮的大澡盆，便于移动。温室环境尽可能保持干燥，避免碳蛆病。附近放一把扇子使树周的空气流动并使用通风机。果树在早上每周一次浇灌，如此可控制螨虫。需要定期喷洒合适的杀毒剂杀灭碳蛆和水蜡虫。,Unit 1 Animalsand Plants,TAXT A,Part II Detailed Study of the Texts and
44、 Classroom,细菌性斑点会使果树叶扭曲，使树叶变黑，使发育中的水果变形。感染会传染到新鲜幼苗。新果肉开始生长到芒果花开放这段时间，每两月一次喷洒铜粉或克菌丹可控制炭蛆菌。当芒果成果时再喷洒一次。挖掘、移植或囊地鼠破坏常致根系损伤，芒果树对此类损伤十分敏感。软鼻病发于芒果尖端，是一种干皱性水果病，似与土壤中氮过量有关。高温下，暴露的果实可致晒斑。开花后100至150天，芒果果实成熟。在加利福尼亚沿海地区，冬熟芒果必须在室内成熟，但若将果实留在树上自然成熟，果实气味最佳。渐熟的果实颜色会变成该品种特有颜色并开始变软，很像梨。若要拿到市场出售需要13%溶解性固体（譬如糖）。首颗芒果着色后，所
45、有大小类似或更大的芒果都要采摘，剩下的芒果照此标准重复采摘。采摘后的芒果不宜储存在50度以下。若将一段树梢放在托盘里并置于室内温度下，加盖潮湿衣服避免褶皱，则果实成熟更佳。温室栽培的芒果成熟期较短。,Unit 1 Animalsand Plants,TAXT A,Part II Detailed Study of the Texts and Classroom,芒果是热带的苹果或梨，全世界热带地区最常吃的水果。佛罗里达州的商业化种植规模较小。该类芒果品质可与佛罗里达芒果媲美，还有其他有优势。譬如，没有果蝇和象鼻虫群。墨西哥，或者说整个中美洲，是当今美国市场芒果的主要供应商。,Unit 1 An
46、imalsand Plants,TAXT A,Part II Detailed Study of the Texts and Classroom,Text B参考译文狮子 狮子是身体健硕的猫科动物，个头仅次于老虎，夜间最为活跃，栖息地各异，但最喜栖身于草地、热带草原、茂密矮树林及开阔树林间。历史上，欧亚非均有狮子存在，但现在仅在撒哈拉沙漠以南的非洲部分地区发现还有狮子。约200头狮子构成一个较小的种类，他们生活在印度的吉尔国家公园和野生动物保护区，受严格保护。狮子肌肉发达，体长头大，四肢短。雌雄狮子的个头和外貌差异很大。鬃是雄狮的显著特点，因个体和种群而异。某些狮子的鬃和腮毛色泽极暗，几乎呈黑
47、色，令狮子外表威严。鬃让雄狮貌似强大，可用来恐吓对手或给未来伴侣留下印象。狮子的毛发较短，从浅黄，黄褐色到银灰色或深褐色，颜色不一。在尾梢处有一簇毛，颜色通常比其他处毛发暗。,Unit 1 Animalsand Plants,TAXT B,Part II Detailed Study of the Texts and Classroom,在猫科动物中，狮子独特之处在于它群居，以小组或狮群而居。典型的情况是，每个狮群的成员白天与分散的小狮群在一起，他们联合狩猎或共享大餐。一个狮群由几代有亲属关系的雌狮，少量有生育能力的雌狮和她们的幼崽组成。每个小狮群数目不等，小则4只，大则37只，但均数约为15
48、只。每个狮群都有边界清晰的领地，包括核心区和边区。核心区对入侵的狮子防御严格，边区则可以与其他狮群领地重叠。若猎物充裕，领地面积或许20平方千米大小，若猎杀游戏较少，领地面积可扩至400平方千米。据知，有些狮群几代狮子占用同一片领地，且只传给雌狮。狮子宣示领地的方式是咆哮和气味标记。它们的咆哮声各不相同，通常在晚上捕猎前和黎明起床前发出。雄狮则通过在灌木丛、树木或直接在地上撒尿留下刺鼻的气味来宣示自己的存在。排便和在灌木丛上摩擦留下不同的气味标记。,Unit 1 Animalsand Plants,TAXT B,Part II Detailed Study of the Texts and C
49、lassroom,对于狮子结成狮群的原因，许多解释相互矛盾且逐渐发展进化。就雌狮捕猎时的能量消耗来说，体型庞大，猎物群密度高或许使得群居生活更高效。譬如，雌狮群捕猎效率更高，更易于抵御捕杀幼狮的雄狮和入侵领地的其他雌狮。这些因素的相对重要性尚存争论。哪些因素与群居生活有关哪些是刺激效益尚不清楚。狮子可捕食的猎物众多，体形上看，从啮齿类动物，狒狒到水牛和河马，但主要捕食中大型有蹄类动物，如牛铃、斑马和羚羊。凡找到的肉类，狮子皆喜食，包括腐肉，清扫污物所得的新鲜肉以及强行从土狗、印度豹和野狗处窃取的肉等等。生活在热带草原的雌狮从事大部分狩猎活动，而雄狮则通常分享雌狮的猎物。然而，雄狮也是打猎能手，
50、在某些地区，它们经常狩猎。狮群中的雄狮，生活在矮树丛或树林栖息地，很少和雌狮待在一起，大部分食物都是他们自己狩猎得来的。流浪的雄狮必须自己猎食。,Unit 1 Animalsand Plants,TAXT B,Part II Detailed Study of the Texts and Classroom,尽管一群捕食的狮子是自然界中潜在的最强大的陆上捕食者，但相当一部分捕猎活动并不成功。这些大猫不注意观察风向（风向往往将它们的气味带给猎物），而且跑很短距离就疲惫不堪。典型的情况是，它们从附近的隐身处悄悄接近猎物，然后向前扑出，以极短距离快速冲上去。跃到猎物身上后，狮子直冲猎物脖颈，咬着不放直到猎物被卡死。狮群中的其他成员则迅速围上来撕咬猎物，常常为争食而大打出手。狮群有时群攻猎物，狮群成员包围一群猎物，从反方向接近猎物，然后围住猎物，致猎物惊慌失措。狮子通常饱餐一顿，然后在附近休息几天。一只成年狮子一餐能吃掉超过34公斤（75磅）肉，然后休息一个周的时间在开始捕猎。如果猎物充裕，雌雄狮一般每天21到22小时休息、睡觉或坐着，仅2-3小时捕猎。雌雄狮是多配偶动物，可经年繁殖，但雌狮通常限于与狮群中的一到两只雄狮作配偶。妊莀期约108天，同胎生崽数1-6只不等，2-6只常见。,
