1、第一章 细菌的形态和结构,一、细菌的大小和形态,微小:肉眼不可见。测量单位;微米( mm )1 mm=1/1000 mm,Bacteria on a Human Epithelial Cell from the Mouth,The bacteria are the small dark purple dots and dashes on the light blue cell. The oval purple mass in the center is the nucleus of the epithelial cell.,1. 大小,球菌、杆菌、螺形菌。,2. 基本形态,Arrangemen
2、ts of Cocci,Note cocci in squares of four (arrows).,Tetrad Arrangement,Sarcina Arrangement,Note cocci in cubes of eight (arrows).,Gram Stain of Staphylococcus aureus,Note gram-positive (purple) cocci in clusters.,Electron Micrograph of Staphylococcus aureus , a Staphylococcus,Scanning Electron Micro
3、graph of Streptococcus pneumoniae,Diplococcus Arrangement,Streptococcus pyogenes,Electron Micrograph of Streptococcus pyogenes , a Streptococcus,Single Rod (Bacillus),Scanning Electron Micrograph of Pseudomonas aeruginosa,Note bacilli in chains,Streptobacillus Arrangement,Spiral Forms,Fig. 3D: Vibri
4、o,A vibrio appears as a curved bacillus (arrows).,Electron Micrograph of Vibrio cholerae , a Vibrio,Spirillum,二、细菌的结构,细胞壁、细胞膜、细胞质、核质,(一)基本结构,荚膜、鞭毛、菌毛、芽胞,(二)特殊结构,(鞭毛),(核糖体),(细胞膜),(荚膜),(菌毛),(核质),(细胞壁),(中介体),(细胞浆),(胞质颗粒),1. 细胞壁,Electron Micrograph of a Gram-Positive Cell Wall,Electron Micrograph of a G
5、ram-Negative Cell Wall,(一)基本结构,Gram Positive Cell Wall,革兰阳性菌(G+菌):肽聚糖 磷壁酸,Structure of a Gram-Positive Cell Wall,Gram Negative Cell Wall,革兰阴性菌(G菌):肽聚糖 外膜,(1)肽聚糖,G+菌:聚糖骨架 四肽侧链 五肽交联桥,Fig. 1: Structure of Peptidoglycan,Fig. 2: A Peptidoglycan Monomer,G+菌: 四肽侧链 五肽交联桥,聚糖骨架,四肽侧链,五肽交联桥,革兰阳性菌肽聚糖组成 聚糖骨架:N-乙酰
6、葡糖胺(G) N-乙酰胞壁酸(M) 四肽侧链:L-丙、D-谷、L-赖、D-丙 五肽交链桥:5个甘氨酸组成肽聚糖层厚,形成坚韧的三维立体网架结构,革兰阳性菌细胞壁的肽聚糖层厚(2080nm、1550层),G菌肽聚糖:聚糖骨架 四肽侧链,聚糖骨架,四肽侧链,二氨基庚二酸与D-丙氨酸连接处,革兰阴性菌细胞壁的肽聚糖层薄,(1015nm,13层),革兰阴性菌肽聚糖组成 聚糖骨架:N-乙酰葡糖胺(G) N-乙酰胞壁酸(M) 四肽侧链:L-丙、D-谷、M-二氨基庚二酸、D-丙 缺乏五肽交链桥 仅有二维结构,肽聚糖层少,结构松散。,化学结构:多个磷壁酸由磷酸二酯键连接组成长链 类别:壁磷壁酸: 与细胞壁连接
7、膜磷壁酸:与细胞膜相连 作用:具有抗原性,是重要的表面抗原黏附作用,(2)G菌特有的成分:磷壁酸,(3)G菌特有的成分:外膜,脂蛋白 脂质双层 脂多糖,脂多糖(lipopolysaccharide,LPS),LPS,内毒素的毒性和生物学活性的主要成分 无种属特异性,属特异性,G菌的菌体抗原(O抗原),具有种特异性,脂质A(lipid A),核心多糖(core polysacchride),特异多糖(specific polysacchride ),(4)G菌与G菌细胞壁差异及其意义,(5)细胞壁的功能,维持菌体形态, 决定菌体的抗原性:LPS、磷壁酸,保护细菌,抵抗外界低渗透压, 物质交换和通
8、道, 致病性:LPS、磷壁酸,G菌的外膜具有屏障作用,(6)细菌L型,细菌细胞壁的肽聚糖被坏或合成被抑制,这种细胞壁受损的细菌在高渗环境下仍可存活者,称为细菌细胞壁缺陷型,即细菌L型。,G细菌原生质体。,G细菌原生质球。,L型细菌的形成,细菌,L型细菌,破坏肽聚糖或肽聚糖合成被抑制,高渗环境,培养,高渗低琼脂含血清的培养基, 生长缓慢,“油煎蛋”状的细小菌落,形态染色,G,多形性,细菌L型与临床,细菌L型有致病性,常规细菌培养阴性L型细菌的专门培养。,Animation Illustrating the Role of Penicillins in Blocking Transpeptidas
9、e Enzymes from Assembling the Peptide Cross-Links in Peptidoglycan,2.细胞膜,(1)物质转运 (2)呼吸和分泌 (3)生物合成 (4)参与细菌分裂,双层脂质结构,不含胆固醇,功能,(1)核蛋白体,3.细胞质,(2)质粒,细菌染色体外的闭合环状双链DNA,控制细菌某些遗传性状,非细菌生存所必需,可自我复制并传给子代,也可转移至其它细菌。,医学上重要的质粒:,F质粒(致育性质粒),R质粒(耐药性质粒),Vi质粒(毒力质粒),控制细菌的致育性,控制细菌的耐药性,控制细菌的毒力,4. 核质,无核膜、核仁、核基质和有丝分裂器。,拟核,闭
10、合环状双链DNA,细菌染色体,即细菌染色质存在的区域,荚膜、芽胞、鞭毛、菌毛,(二)特殊结构,1. 荚膜(capsule),是某些细菌在生长过程中合成并分泌到细胞壁外周的一层与四周有分明界限的黏液性物质。,(1)化学组成:多糖、多肽等 (2)形成的条件:在营养丰富条件下形成。 (3)功能:抗吞噬,细菌毒力的构成因素;具有抗原性,可用于细菌的鉴定和分型;抗有害物质的损害;黏附作用变异链球菌。,荚膜不易着色,荚膜染色法,肺炎链球菌,A Bacterial Capsule Preventing C3b Receptors on Phagocytes from Binding to C3b Attac
11、hed to a Bacterial Cell Wall,2. 鞭毛(flagellum),鞭毛是某些细菌在菌体上附有的细长呈波状弯曲的丝状物,是细菌的运动器官。,化学本质:蛋白质,Electron Micrograph of Bacteria with Flagella,Transmission Electron Micrograph of Escherichia coli O157:H7,Monotrichous Flagellum of Vibrio cholerae,鞭毛染色后,光镜下可见鞭毛。,Salmonella with a peritrichous arrangement of
12、 flagella,Lophotrichous,Monotrichous,Amphitrichous,Peritrichous,(1)鞭毛的种类,(2)鞭毛的功能,(1)是细菌的运动器官,用于鉴别细菌(动力试验); (2)有些细菌的鞭毛与致病性有关; (3)具有抗原性,用于细菌的鉴定和分型。,鞭毛染色法后,在光镜下可见鞭毛。,(1)普通菌毛:细菌的黏附结构,为细菌毒力的构成因素; (2)性菌毛:与细菌遗传物质的传递有关。,3. 菌毛(pilus),菌毛是许多革兰阴性菌和少数革兰阳性菌菌体表面上的一种比鞭毛更细、更短而直硬的丝状物。,E coli, strain 0157:H7,Fig. 2:
13、Bacterial Pili,Escherichia coli,菌毛只有在电镜下可见,Electron Micrograph of Escherichia coli with Pili,Lacking any means of adherance, urine typically flushes bacteria from the urethra.,Flushing Away of Bacteria Lacking Pili,Bacteria Resisting Flushing by way of Pili,Bacteria such as Neisseria gonorrhoeae use
14、 pili to adhere to the mucous membranes of the urethra and thus resist the flushing action of the urine.,Electron Micrograph of Escherichia coli with a Conjugation Pilus,F+ Conjugation,4. 芽胞,芽胞是细菌细胞质脱水浓缩,在菌体内形成的圆形或椭圆形的小体,是细菌的休眠形式。,Figure 16. Electron micrograph of a bacterial endospore. The spore ha
15、s a core wall of unique peptidoglycan surrounded by several layers, including the cortex, the spore coat and the exosporium. The dehydrated core contains the bacterial chromosome and a few ribosomes and enzymes to jump-start protein synthesis and metabolism during germination.,核心,皮质,芽胞壳,外膜,芽胞外衣,内,外,(1)芽胞的结构,内膜,芽胞壁,(2)形成和发芽,(3)芽胞的特性,1个芽胞体,1个繁殖体,不利条件,条件适宜,不易着色,芽胞染色法,抵抗力强,(1)抵抗力强,灭菌以杀灭芽胞为标准; (2)细菌的鉴别。,(4)意义,三、革兰染色法,结晶紫,碘液,95%酒精,稀释复红,1分,水洗,1分,水洗,30秒,水洗,步 骤,Gram stain of Staphylococcus aureus,Gram stain of Escherichia coli,G菌 紫色,结 果,G菌 红色,