1、大学英语写作讲座之一,写作临场实战思路 四六级作文试题分析 写作技巧及作文结构安排 写作模板与例题分析 写作高分七大技巧 连接词的选择,主讲：刘丽莉,写作临场实战思路与经验,第一部分：总体原则：六个字：先结构后表达，总体做法：三步法1. 审题：两项内容：1)英文标题+2)汉语提纲 (如果汉语提纲不是三条，则将其转化为三条提纲)2. 将三个汉语提纲转化为一个英文表达，充当该段主题句。(首尾段可无主题句，但中间段落最好有)3. 将主题句扩展成一个英文段落。(方法：举例、数据、对比、列举、补充说明、因果法等).,写作临场实战思路与经验,第二部分：实例及具体时间分配第1、2步为准备工作 时间控制在三分
2、钟以内：(注：建议考生带上手表，以便掌握写作时间分配，超过三分钟按照已经列出的关键词的内容展开文章的开头部分)如一道六级的写作考题为：Directions: For this part, you are allowed thirty minutes to write a composition on the topic College Students Part-time Jobs. You should write at least 150 words, and base your composition on the outline (given in Chinese) below:1.
3、有些人赞成大学生做兼职， 有人反对2. 我的看法,写作临场实战思路与经验,审题： 1. 题目：College Students Part-time Jobs 2. 提纲：1. 有些人赞成大学生做兼职， 有人反对2. 我的看法题目关键词为： part-time jobs 3. 提纲转化为三条：1.有些人赞成大学生做兼职 2. 有些人持相反意见3. 我的看法 先结构：联想老师课堂所讲：三段或四段式结构，且每段只写一项内容。以“三段式”为例.后表达：(三方面：句、词、衔接)关键词罗列.,写作临场实战思路与经验,1. 联想开篇句式：when it comes to , people opinions
4、differ/vary. 或者it is a common phenomenon for to do sth, 或者 it can be noticed that an increasing number of 将这些表达以关键词的形式列出：如： when 或者 it is 2. 转化主题句：1)有些人赞成大学生做兼职- hold the positive view理由：1. ease financial burden 2. enrich experience2) 有些人持反对意见- Others hold the opposite view。理由：1. main task- academic
5、 study, 2. society complex- cheated3) 我的看法- both right 。 3. 扩展成文,写作临场实战思路与经验,例文如下：It can be noticed that an increasing number of college students are doing part-time jobs in their free time. However, people opinions on this issue vary greatly. Some hold the opposite view. Firstly, they claim that it
6、 is academic pursuit that is college students primary task. Secondly, owing to the complexity of the society, students may be easily cheated.Others, on the contrary, are of students part-time jobs. They argue that by doing part-time jobs, students can earn a little money to ease their parents financ
7、ial burden. Besides, they believe that part-time jobs enable them to enrich their personal experience and broaden their horizons. Thus, they can acquire the knowledge which can not be obtained in campus。Who is right? I think both sides have something right. Actually, part-time jobs can be viewed as
8、a two-edged sword, which presents us both benefits and troubles. But we should not give up for fear of choking. The best policy, as I see it, is to maximize their advantages and minimize their unhealthy influences, so that they can benefit us in a better way. (最后一段属四、六级模板套用)。(182词) 最后，请检查基本语音错误：1、 单
9、词拼写； 2、 时态； 3、 单复数；4、关联词,把握大学英语写作的 “四度”与 “四步”四度 四步 切题度 读题与审题 内容表达清晰度 构思与布局 文字通顺连贯度 草拟题纲 语法正确度 写作与修改,写作临场实战思路与经验,写作过程注意:,一.内容不跑题即可，注意：1.不要妄图以情动人;2.不要妄图在构思上出奇制胜。 二.结构上牢记总分总：先写主题句(Topic Sentence)，再写分论点，最后写总结句(Conclusion)。 三.写完之后修改注意：(内容方面尽量不要修改) 1、字母大小写 2、标点符号 3、单词拼写 4、主谓一致 5、动词时态 6、名词单复数,写作临场实战思路与经验,一
10、.四六级作文试题分类 四六级作文从试题角度可以分为现象解释型、对比选择型、问题解决型、观点论证型与应用文五种类型。(一) 现象解释型此类作文在四六级考试作文中最为常见。命题主要要求考生对某一社会现象进行解释并加以评论。 其基本结构是：首先说明现状;其次阐述这种现状产生或存在的原因;最后做出分析，提出建议或总结观点。,四六级作文试题分析,(二) 对比选择型此类作文同样是四六级考试中常见的类型，它的标志十分明显。作文题目要求较明确，富有针对性，即：1）直接要求考试比较两种观点或做法，2）进而表明自己对问题或事物的态度或观点，也就是做出选择。 (三) 问题解决型此类作文要求考生： 1）从提示性文字或
11、图表、图画入手，解释提示性文字、图表、图画反映出的问题，提出问题的危害性或解决这一问题的紧迫性; 2）然后对问题展开分析，提出解决问题的方案或应对措施; 3）最后一段要求考生表明自己的态度、做法等。,四六级作文试题分析,(四) 观点论证型此类作文往往要求考生根据题目 1）给出论点， 2）按照提纲的结构要求对其下论证， 3）然后表明自己的立场和看法。通过摆事实、讲道理的方式剖析事物，论述事理，发表意见，确立或否认某一主张。 (五) 应用文应用文中的信函，也是四六级作文设计的试题之一。在这类题型中，考生会读到一个特定的场景，试题要求考生按照这个场景给相关人士写一封短信，并在信中明确表达自己写信的原
12、因、动机、目的和愿望等。文章所设及的内容多种多样，但大部分都与日常生活比较贴近。书信的类型可能变化万千，如邀请信、申请信、感谢信、道歉信等，但是万变不离其宗，只要掌握了英语书信的格式，并应用恰当的句式和语句，就一定能够写出好的文章来。,四六级作文试题分析,二. 解决方案 建议考生：1. 分解作文观点，扩充内容。2. 在写作时只选择自己能够驾驭的句式和词语。3. 在文章中长短句搭配使用，用短句表达观 点，长句推理分析。4. 选用作文模板，限定文章逻辑结构。5. 采用固定的句式，限定文章的字数。,四六级作文试题分析,一. 写作技巧 1. 根据文章大意判断作文题型。 2. 各种题型的写作方法。现象解
13、释型：描述现象分析原因对现象做出预测或如何促进(限制)这种现象的进一步发展。对比选择型：阐述一种观点或态度并表明这种观点或态度正确的理由;阐述第二种(相对或相反的)观点或态度并说明这种观点或态度正确的理由;表明个人支持或反对以上观点或态度，并说明原因。问题解决型：提出问题分析问题解决问题。观点论证型：分析主题得出结论举例论证得出结论(证明观点的正确性)。应用文基本方法为：分析所给情景选择写作方法。,写作技巧及作文结构安排,3. 三段式作文的结构安排,写作技巧及作文结构安排,(第一段)Nowadays/ In recent years/ In modern society, 总述现象,which
14、 has been brought focus/has aroused great concern. 现象表现. Moreover/In addition, 进一步描述表现.The reasons for this phenomenon are varied. /are many different factors deciding/ influencing 该现象或相关情况.,一、现象解释型,写作模板,(第二段) Among all these reasons /factors, 原因一plays a critical role. 进一步说明原因Furthermore/Whats more,
15、 原因二. Besides , 原因三.,写作模板,(第三段) In my opinion/As for me, 我的态度. For one thing/On the one hand, 理由一. For another/On the other hand. To conclude/Therefore, 总结或建议。 或者是： No doubt/From my point of view, 对该现象做出总体评价. However, 可能存在的问题. 进一步描述问题. All in all/ Therefore, 总结全文。,写作模板,Limiting the Use of Disposal B
16、ags 1. 一次性塑料袋曾被广泛的使用；2. 造成的问题；3. 限制使用塑料袋的意义 Limiting the Use of Disposal Bags These days disposal products often hit the headlines of newspapers and have been brought into focus of the public. Indeed, it is widely accepted that they have gained increasing popularity among people in all walks of life
17、. Taking a look around you, you can find examples too numerous to list: When you walk on the street, you can see plastic bags flying over your head; When you ramble along the river, you can find plastic bottles floating on the water; When you stroll in the park with your lover, you can notice waste
18、paper thrown everywhere. Among the most important reasons often cited by people is the quickening pace of modern life. They are often too busy to wash dirty dishes or glasses, as a result they can do nothing but use disposal products. Also playing a part is the improvement of peoples life. As a resu
19、lt of the policy of opening and reform, an increasing number of people are much richer than before and can afford disposal products. (原因) Admittedly, they might benefit us in a short term. Unfortunately, they will do us harm in more than one way. The major harm is (that) they are sure to pollute the
20、 environment. To make matters worse, they are likely to have potential harm to public health. To illustrate this point, I can think of no better example than HP, the river through S. As a result of disposal products in it, the water has caused some diseases in the local people. (影响) To sum up, for t
21、he factors mentioned before, we can safely reach the conclusion that the prevalence of disposal products is bound to cause a chain of undesirable effects. In view of the present situation, it is high time that the government tried every means to protect the environment. Only in this way, can we have
22、 a bright future.,四级范文,二、问题解决型,(第一段)Nowadays/In recent years, 问题is/ are becoming / have/has become a serious problem. /问题is/ are getting more and more concern/ drawing wide attention.问题表现一. Even worse/Besides, 问题表现二.,写作模板,(第二段)There are many factors resulting in/ influencing 该问题./Many reasons contri
23、bute to 该问题./该问题 is due to the following reasons/ factors. Among these, 原因一plays a vital role.进一步阐释原因一. Whats more/ In addition, 原因二.,写作模板,(第三段)Considering the seriousness of 该问题./the great harm brought by该问题/ the importance of该问题, I think it is high time 采取措施/ we paid more attention to该问题.Firstly,/
24、 Above all,方法一.Secondly/ Moreover,方法二.Thirdly/ Besides/ In addition,方法三. To conclude/ In a word, it is everyone responsibility to解决该问题./It depends on common efforts from对解决问题起作用的人 to 最终解决该问题./ It is an urgent thing 解决该问题. Only in this way/ through these ways 该问题才能解决.,写作模板,My View on Fake Commodities
25、. 1. 假冒伪劣商品的危害 2. 怎样杜绝假冒伪劣商品My View on Fake CommoditiesNobody could have failed to notice the fact that fake commodities have been a grave problem with which we are confronted. Fake and shoddy goods flood the market. Taking a look around, we can find examples too numerous to list: pirated editions o
26、f books and films, food and drinks of poor quality and the like. Fake and shoddy goods are bound to generate severe consequences if we keep turning a blind eye to them. First and foremost, they directly infringe upon consumers rights, wasting their money and threatening their health and even lives.
27、Besides, the production and sale of fake goods cause serious losses on the part of honest and lawful producers. Last but not least, the destruction of fake commodities means a grievous waste of the nations resources. In view of the seriousness of this problem, effective measures must be taken before
28、 things get worse. First, it is essential that laws and regulations be worked out and enforced to ban the manufacture and circulation of fake and shoddy goods. Secondly, the public should enhance their awareness of identifying and refusing sub-standard commodities. With proper laws and an alert publ
29、ic, it will only be a matter of time for fake and shoddy goods to become things of the past. / With these measures taken, it is reasonable for us to believe that the problem will be solved in the near future.,四级范文,(第一段)When it comes to 谈论主题，there is no complete agreement among people./When asked谈论主题
30、，different people will give different answers/offer different views/ have different choices/ preferences. /Nowadays/ In recent years ，观点的背景. Some people take it for granted/believe/ like/ choose一种观点或倾向.However, others maintain/ argue/ prefer/ would rather另一种观点或倾向.,写作模板,三、对比选择型,(第二段)Those people who
31、hold the first opinion/ make the former choice/ have the first preference believe 观点一的理由一.In their eyes/ They insist/ They maintain/ They point out观点一的理由二. However, still others thinks differently/ have different choices/ preferences. In their opinions,观点二的理由一. Besides, they argue观点二的理由二.或者是 Both of
32、 the two choices have their own advantages/ features/ characteristics/ consideration/ reasons. /Whichever choice one makes, he has his own consideration/ reasons.观点一的好处、理由一.Furthermore/ Moreover/ Whats more,观点一的好处二、理由二.As to the second/ other choice/ preference或其它观点./ However/ In contrast,观点二的理由一.Be
33、sides, 观点二的理由二.,写作模板,(第三段) Weighing up these two arguments/ choices/ preferences，I prefer to/ am inclined to/would rather choose the former/ the latter one./ As to me, I tend to/ prefer to / am inclined to 我的观点. For one thing, 理由一. For another/ Furthermore/ Moreover/ Whats more, 理由二或进一步说明理由一. Consid
34、ering these/ Taking above-mentioned factors into consideration, we/ I may reasonably conclude/ I suggest/ I think重申观点./ In a word,提出建议.,写作模板,Should Firecrackers Be Banned? 1. 有人认为放鞭炮是好事，为什么? 2. 有人认为放鞭炮是坏事，为什么? 3. 我的看法 Should Firecrackers Be Banned? There is no denying the fact that setting off firec
35、rackers has been a hotly debated topic in China. Peoples opinions differ sharply on this issue. Some hold the positive view. They say that it is an ancient Chinese custom which should be preserved. They also claim that firecrackers make festivals and holiday occasions more colorful and entertaining
36、for both adults and children. Without firecrackers, festivals would become dull and cheerless.Others, however, hold the opposite view. They maintain that firecrackers should be banned. They point out that firecrackers are responsible for fires, which destroy, property, and for injuries suffered both
37、 by the people who set them off and by innocent bystanders. They also argue that firecrackers are a waste of money and resources.Personally, I believe that we should not go to extremes. On the one hand, we should preserve the old custom of letting off firecrackers; on the other hand, we should make
38、it harmless. This can be done by banning firecrackers from public places. In addition, the setting off of firecrackers should be restricted to festival days.,四级范文,(第一段) It is well known/ generally accepted that 论点.正确性表现一. Besides/ In addition, 正确性表现二.或者是论点has been generally accepted. (It tells us)论点
39、含义. The truth of it is deep and profound./ The truth of it is self-evident.,写作模板,四、观点论证型,(第二段) There are numerous examples supporting this argument./ Many remarkable examples contribute to this argument. A case in point is 例证一. This is close to suggest 例证一的理由. For another example,例证二.进一步说明例证二. Moreo
40、ver,例证三或其它证据.,写作模板,(第三段) Judging from the evidence offered, we might safely draw the conclusion that 重申观点. But 需要注意的问题或违背该观点可能带来的影响. To conclude/ Therefore,指出正确的做法或态度.,写作模板,谚语格言题文章逻辑结构 ： Para. I:（1）点明要阐释的谚语或名言(general)；（2）用自己的话解释这一谚语或名言的意 思，有时有正反两面的逻辑(specific)。 Para. II:（1）作者对该谚语或名言的观点态度，即 文章的论点句；（
41、2）支持性的细节分论点，举例子论证（至少两点，有时有正反两面的逻辑）；（3）本段总结（可以省略）。 Para. III: 总结全文，定下结论（通常为阐明其现实或更深远意义）。,写作模板,五、谚语警句型,Haste Makes Waste. 1. 为什么“欲速则不达”？2. 举例说明。 Haste Makes WasteA famous saying goes “Haste makes waste”, which means that one should do everything step by step. Even simple operations can easily be spoil
42、ed if we rush to complete them, neglecting important stages in the process. One should make full preparations before beginning any task.Taking a look around, we can find examples too numerous to list. The best illustration might be English study. Without a good command of pronunciation, we can never
43、 hope to speak in an understandable way. Similarly, if we do not learn to spell properly and to acquire a basic grasp of grammar, we will never succeed in writing good compositions.(或Actually, history abounds with examples of haste making waste. A well-known Chinese fable goes that a farm tried to h
44、elp the shoots grow by pulling them upward, only to find that they died soon. Another case in point is the so-called Great Leap Forward movement in China in 1950s and 1960s. At that time, the Chinese people were so eager to develop their economy that they took some improper measures, only to hinder
45、the expansion of economy.)(或Here I can think of no better illustration of the proverb than the experience of my own. At the age of 11 or 12, I began to learn to ride. Eager to ride as well as others, I started by sitting on the saddle at the very beginning. Predictably, I often fell from over the bi
46、ke. Lots of time had been wasted before I realized that I should do it step by step. I tried to slide by standing on one pedal. Then I began to ride the bike from under the cross bar. Finally, I succeeded. )In short, laying a solid foundation is essential if we want to make achievements in our studi
47、es or work, or indeed in any other aspect of our lives. At every step, review what has been achieved and assess the problems ahead before moving to the next step. And remember, Rome was not built in a day.,四级范文,图表题： 三图一表-柱状图（Bar Graph）、线形图(Line Graph)、饼状图(Pie Graph)、表格(Table) 图表题文章写作逻辑结构： Para I:（1）
48、描述图表：趋势描写；（2）描述图表：必要数据支持（细节性）。 Para II:（1）提出自己理由和观点；（2）细节性分论点（支持自己观点）。 Para III:（1）预测未来和提出解决方法；（2）总结全文和表达作者自己观点。 图表题的要求一般是第一小节描述变化趋势，即图表的数据分析，第二小节解释变化的原因，第三小节展望未来趋势或分析一些相关的问题。,写作模板,六、图表作文,Student Use of Computers. 1. 上图所示为某校大学生平均每周使用计算机的时间: 1990年（2 hours）、1995年(4 hours)、2002年(14 hours)，请描述其变化； 2. 请说
49、明发生这些变化的原因（可从计算机的用途、价格或社会发展等方面加以说明）； 3. 你认为目前大学生在计算机使用中有什么困难或问题。 Student Use of Computers As is shown by the bar graph, the average number of hours a student in a certain university spends on the computer per week increased dramatically over the period from 1990 to 2000. In 1990, it was less than tw
50、o hours. And in 1995, it hit/reached four hours. And in 2000, the number soared to nearly twenty hours, which is over ten times than that of 1990. Obviously computers are becoming increasingly popular for males and for females. A multitude of factors could account for the rise. In the first place, c
51、omputers facilitate us in more aspects of life. Also, the rapid development of the Internet enlarges our demands for using computers. We can easily contact friends in remote places through the internet. In the second place, the prices of computers are getting lower and lower, which enables more students to purchase them.However, there still exist some problems, such as, poor quality, out-of-date designs and so on. And how to balance the time between using computers and studying is also a serious problem. Anyhow, we will benefit a lot from computers as long as we use them properly.,
