1、大学英语四级考试写作部分,西安新东方国内部卢 青,第一节：考试概要及大纲解读,（一）考试大纲 全国大学英语四、六级考试委员会2007年出版的大学英语四、六级考试大纲（2006修订版）对四级写作部分提出了具体要求：写作选用考生所熟悉的题材；考生根据规定的题目和所提供的提纲、情景、图片或图表等，写出一篇不少于120词的短文；写作要求是思想表达准确，意义连贯，无严重语法错误；考试时间为30分钟。,考纲中规定写作部分的考核技能包括：,思想表达：表达中心思想，表达重要或特定信息，表达观点、态度等； 篇章组织：围绕所给的题目叙述、议论或描述，突出重点，连贯地组句成段、组段成篇； 语言运用：运用恰当的词汇，
2、运用正确的语法，运用合适的句子结构，使用正确的标点符号，运用衔接手段表达句间关系（如对比、原因、结果、程度、目的等）； 写作格式：运用正确的、符合英语表达习惯的写作格式。,（二）评分原则,CET作文采取总体评分（Global Scoring）方法。阅卷人员就总的印象给出奖励分（Reward Scores），而不是按语言点的错误数目扣分。,从内容和语言两个方面对作文进行综合评判。内容和语言是一个统一体。作文应表达题目所规定的内容，而内容要通过语言来表达。要考虑作文是否切题，是否充分表达思想，也要考虑是否用英语清楚而合适地表达思想，也就是要考虑语言上的错误是否造成理解上的障碍。,（三）评分标准,1
3、.本题满分为15分。 2.阅卷标准分五等；2分、5分、8分、11分、14分。各有标准样卷一到二份。 3.阅卷人员根据阅卷标准，对照样卷评分，若认为与某一分数（如8分）相似，即定为该分数（即8分）；若认为稍优或稍劣于该分数则可加一分（即9分）或减一分（即7分）。但不得加或减半分。,4.评分标准 2分条理不清，思路混乱，语言支离破碎或大部分句子均有错误，且多数为严重错误。 5分基本切题。表达思想不清楚，连贯性差。有较多的严重语言错误。 8分基本切题。有些地方表达思想不清楚，文字勉强连贯，语言错误相当多，其中有一些是严重错误。 11分切题。表达思想清楚，文字连贯，但有少量语言错误。 14分切题。表达
4、思想清楚，文字通顺、连贯，基本无语言错误，仅有个别小错。,5.字数不足应酌情扣分。 6.为了便于阅卷人员掌握评分标准，现将各档作文换算成百分制的得分，列表于下，称分得分率。其中9分的得分率为60分(相当于百分制的60分)。,第二节：写作透析快速写作流程,审题 1. 确定题型；2011年12月17号的那一次大的改革之后，出题形式发生了一些变化，以前的提纲三段式的作文已经淡化了。出题机会更多的是三种作文 。 2.从题目中找出关键词，总结出该题目涵盖了哪几个方面的内容，尤其是侧重点。,第一类叫素材英语作文：给你一句名人名言，或者说是一句社会上流传的俗语，那对这句名人名言或者俗语进行的评论，从中提炼这
5、句英语深层内涵到评论，这就写出一篇议论文。,第二类是素材图表作文。也是给你一个素材，当然这个素材是我们说的给你一份表格，比如柱状表曲线表或者是饼状图或者是excel表格，四种表格里面选一种来考，那么同学们先要描绘这个图表，并且进而对这个图表所隐含或者所显示的一种社会现象进行评论。,第三类是我们说的素材图画作文，那就是给你一幅漫画，同学们要读懂这幅漫画它所隐含的一个社会现象，或者说是一个深层的哲理，那么读出这个现象之后我们进行议论和论述，通过各种论证的方式比如说正常论证或者说是原因分析的论证等等，把这个观点给对证出来。,构思列提纲：不同的作文题型中，对提纲的要求也有所不同。简要的列出提纲之后，对
6、提纲的材料进行加工、补充、扩展。各段的展开根据提纲的来龙去脉进行，尤其要注意确定重点，选准扩充点，将比较抽象的内容具体化，阐述透彻。,提笔写作：这是一个遣词造句，连句成篇，将不同信息排列组合的过程。写作过程中得到的是些杂乱无序的字、词、句，需要通过一些过渡手段将其连成完整的文章，对构思素材的取舍增补，框架结构的调整，段落、语句顺序的排列，并兼顾各种语法现象。一定要注意以所拟的提纲为知道，注意语言的正确性和流畅性。,修改润色： 应该做语篇结构上的检查，这主要是检查文章的主题是否明确，篇章层次是否明显，段落衔接是否连贯，内容是否切题等。 具体检查每个段落，这一步主要检查段落是否完整，中心是否突出，
7、段落各句是否衔接紧凑等。 作语法结构上的检查，包括用词是否恰当，标点是否正确，句子结构是否完整，语句是否通顺等。,第三节：高分技巧,第一章：词汇层面 第二章：句式层面 第三章：段落层面 第四章 完整篇章-经典三段式,写作替换词库,事物的特征 1.Important: essential, significant(=be of great significance), vital, crucial, profound, indispensable, critical, fundamental, primary, elementary，decisive,Big: gigantic, massive
8、, enormous, immense, tremendous, titanic, giant, vast, huge Many: numerous, innumerable, infinite, countless, a great number of, an ocean of, a host of,Good: marvelous, fabulous, gorgeous, spectacular, outstanding, distinguished, remarkable, incredible, unbelievable, magnificent, fantastic, terrific
9、, excellent, great, wonderful, amazing, awesome, positive, favorable(有利的), rosy（美好的），promising(有希望的), pleasurable(令人愉快的)，wholesome(健康的，有益的),Bad: awful, terrible, dreadful, defective, faulty, imperfect, inadequate, poor, substandard, unsatisfactory, harmful, damaging, deleterious, detrimental, hurtfu
10、l, ruinous, unhealthy, evil, immoral,Beautiful: charming, attractive, gorgeous, pretty, sweet, adorable, eye-catching, handsome, hot, cute, good-looking, lovable，chic, graceful, elegant,问题 1.表示“问题的产生”：create(cause, lead to, result in, be responsible for, give rise to) a problem 2.表示“成为一个问题（威胁）”：pose
11、 a problem(threat) to sb. , present sb. with a problem(threat) 3.表示“严重的问题”：a serious(severe, grave) problem,4.表示“处理问题”：deal(address, tackle, combat) the problem 5.表示“解决问题”：solve(resolve, overcome, address, tackle, deal with, handle) the problem 6.表示“使问题减轻”：ease(reduce, alleviate) the problem 7.表示“使问
12、题变得更加严重”：make the problem worse, aggravate the problem, complicate the problem,数量（图表作文必用） 增加：increase/ raise/ rise/ go up/ accelerate 减少：decrease/ grow down/ drop/decelerate 波动：fluctuate/rebound/undulate/wave 稳定：remain stable/stabilize/level off,表示数据变化的单词或者词组： rapid/rapidly 迅速的，飞快的，险峻的 dramatic/dram
13、atically 戏剧性的，生动的 significant/significantly 有意义的，重大的，重要的 sharp/sharply 锐利的，明显的，急剧的 steep/steeply 急剧升降的 steady/steadily 稳固的，坚定不移的 gradual/gradually 渐进的，逐渐的 slow/slowly 缓慢的，不活跃的 slight/slightly 轻微的 stable/stably 稳定的,数字：number, figure, statistics 比例：proportion 百分比：percentage,议论文常用表达 表达个人观点（think）: assu
14、me, argue, emphasize. insist, that, believe, deem, reckon, maintain, suppose, conceive, consider, perceive，insist, to my knowledge, when it comes to me, for my part, as for me, in my point of view, in the eyes of me, the way I see it, from my personal perspective, as far as I am concerned, from my p
15、oint of view, from my angle,重视：give weight to, give stress to, attach importance to 强调：place weight on, put emphasis on 赞同：approve of, vote for, stand by 反对：disapprove of, object to, be opposed to 努力：make every effort to do, many effort should be made to do, spare no effort to do,决心：be determined to
16、 do, make up ones mind to do, be convinced to do 结论：sb. may come to a conclusion that, sb. may arrive at a conclusion that, sb. may reach a conclusion that 坚持：adhere to, insist on, persist in 打算：mean to do, intend to do, attempt to do 认识到：be aware of, be conscious of, realize,常用连词篇：（介词，副词） Firstly:
17、previously, beforehand, foremost, initially, originally, formerly, principally, mainly, essentially, basically, generally, commonly, universally, on the whole, fundamentally, to begin with, to start with,Then: subsequently, afterward, thereafter, after that, secondarily, what is more, furthermore La
18、stly: ultimately, eventually, in conclusion, to conclude, as a final point, last of all, last but not least, finally,So (adv.): therefore, thus, consequently, accordingly, as a result, for that reason, hence, thats why Because: as, due to, since, as to, in that, for the reason that, for, now that Bu
19、t: however, moreover, nevertheless, nonetheless, on the contrary, on the other hand, 让步although, even thought, though, even if, while, as, despite the fact that,Very: extremely, exceedingly, absolutely, completely Actually: as a matter of fact, indeed, in fact, in point of fact, in reality, in truth
20、, literally, truly,常用动词篇 Show: convey, reveal, express, corroborate, justify, imply, verify, clarify, signify, exemplify, illuminate, substantiate, demonstrate, elucidate, denote, characterized as, instruct, display, disclose, indicate, means, explain,Know: realize, comprehend, identify, distinguish
21、, discern, notice, perceive, recognize, see, understand, figure out, be acquainted with, be familiar with Give: present, award, contribute, deliver, donate, grant, hand over, hand out, provide, supply,第四节 句式层面,英语的句子分成3种：简单句，并列句和复合句； 简单句共有5种句式结构； 并列句共有2种句式结构； 复合句共有3种句式结构，分别是：名词性从句，定语从句和状语从句。,五大基本句型,主
22、+系+表 主+谓 主+谓+宾 主+谓+宾（间接宾语）+宾（直接宾语） 主+谓+宾+宾补,写好简单句的原则,1始终抓住句子结构。简单句的基本结构就是主语+谓语，即英语种的任何句子都必须一个明确的主语和谓语。同时，要记住只有动词才可以做谓语。 2以动词为核心。一个英语句子中只有一个“谓语动词”，因此，主要抓住了谓语动词，就能写好句子。要特别注意区分动词的词性，比如哪些是及物动词，哪些是不及物动词。,3注意时态和主谓一致。时态和主谓不一致是写作中非常常见的错误。比如很多人喜欢用“过去时”。其实，四级作文都是针对生活，工作或者社会的普遍问题出题的，如果写作的题目和提纲当中没有特殊的要求，一般都要选择“
23、一般现在时”。另外，主谓一致，看似是小问题，实在出错频率极高，需要引起同学们的重视。,4使用修饰成分和附加成分。 简单句+介词短语（介词短语位于句末时，无须用逗号） 介词短语，简单句（介词短语在句首时，需要用逗号与简单句隔开）,常见的介词短语有四种：,表示时间，如last year; 表示地点，如 in contemporary society 表示范围，如 for the young people; 表示总结，如 in short. 例句： 1Teachers have a very difficult job in contemporary society. 2For the mankin
24、d, internet is a great invention.,复杂的句式,简单句变复杂的方法 六大经典句型,1）简单句变复杂的方法,形容词和副词 时间状语+背景原则（伴随状语） 懒惰原则（it做形式主语的主语从句） 插入语原则 非限定性定语从句,形容词和副词,口红原则： 平行原则 修饰原则,时间状语+背景原则,时间状语： In todays society In contemporary society In this highly competitive society 背景原则： with the rapid advancement of,懒惰原则,It做形式主语的主语从句（注意和强
25、调句的区分） its a fact that,插入语原则,用法：放在句子的主语和谓语之间，前后用逗号隔开。 from my perspective in the eyes of me,非限定性定语从句,，which is of great significance. , which is extremely feasible.,(2)六大 经典句型,倒装（部分倒装） 虚拟语气 被动语态（提出建议和措施） 强调句 名言警句及其替换 as引导的状语从句,a 倒装,介词地点状语提前，后接系表倒装 In the sunshine, stands a young tree.(注意主谓一致) 否定副词提前
26、，部分倒装。 Hardly can I do it.Only+状语引起倒装：Only in this way can we solve this problem in the near future.,b 虚拟语气,It is high time that 主语did/should+V（是做某件事情非常紧急和迫切的时刻了。） 问题如此严重，我们必须马上解决这个问题。 The situation being so serious, it is high time that we took effective measures to ,b 虚拟语气,It is important/ necessa
27、ry/ urgent/imperative +that +(should)+do 我们必须制订（work out）一些法律法规（laws and regulations）来解决这个问题。 It is urgent and imperative that laws and regulations should be worked out to ,c 被动语态,laws and regulations e.g.: Laws and regulations should be worked out and enforced to impose a heavy penalty on those who
28、 It is essential that laws and regulations should be worked out and enforced to impose a heavy penalty on those who,c 被动语态,education campaign e.g.: A large scale education campaign should be launched to inform the public of the importance of It is advocated that a large scale education campaign shou
29、ld be launched to inform the public of the importance of ,harmonious society We should bear in mind that building a harmonious society is everybodys duty, which is of great significance.,In view of the seriousness of this problem/issue, effective measures should be/must be taken before things get wo
30、rse.It is reasonable for us to believe that this grave problem can be perfectly solved in the near future.,d 强调句,It is + 被强调部分 + that + 剩下的部分 和it做形式主语的主语从句要区分开来,第五节 段落层面,A.形成思路 社会现状：社会秩序：social order 社会现实：social reality 生活质量：quality of life 减少犯罪率：reduce crime rate 失业率：unemployment rate 科学水平：scientif
31、ic level 基础设施建设：construction of infrastructure 高速公路：highways 民主与自由：democracy and liberty 大学教育：college education,节省时间：save time 充分利用时间：make the most use of ones time 集中时间和精力：concentrate time and energy on 珍惜时间：cherish ones time 浪费时间：waste ones time; murder ones time 消磨时间：kill time,时间分配,环境问题,环境：enviro
32、nment 环境污染：environment pollution 环境保护：environmental protection 保存自然资源：preserve the natural resources 保持生态平衡：maintain the balance of ecosystem 全球变暖：global warming 沙尘暴：sandstorms 酸雨：acid rain 温室效应：greenhouse effect 森林砍伐：deforestation 沙漠化：desert expansion,方便层面,缩短距离：shrink the distance 顺畅沟通：smooth the c
33、ommunication 消除障碍：remove the barriers,效率角度,效率：efficiency 高效的：efficient 低效的：inefficient,安全影响,安全：safety; security 安全的：safe 使安全：secure 保护：shield; protect 危险：danger 危险的：dangerous 保险：insurance 伤害：hurt 威胁：threat 危及：endanger 危机：crisis,健康状况,健康：health/健康的：healthy; wholesome/保持生理和心理健康：keep fit physically and
34、mentally/参加各种体育运动：participate in a variety of sport activities/防止心脏病：prevent heart diseases/巨大的压力：considerable pressure; enormous stress/紧张：tension/给我们一个新的角度看世界：give us a new perspective of the outside world,娱乐休闲,娱乐：entertainment; amusement/减轻压力：relieve ones pressure/放松自己：relax oneself/参观旅游景点：visit
35、places of interest/接触不同的文化和传统：contact different cultures and customs/开阔眼界：broaden ones horizon/各种休闲活动：a variety of leisure activities/丰富经验：enrich ones experience,文化交流,文化：culture/文化的：cultural/文化交流：cultural exchange/国际文化：international culture/民族文化：national culture/传统文化：traditional culture/京剧：Beijing O
36、pera/歌剧：opera/文化全球化：globalization of culture,成长教育,经济援助：financial aids/成功：success/成功的：successful/物质支持：material support/扩展心灵：broaden ones mind/增加收入：increase income/培养竞争精神：cultivate the spirit of completion/合作精神：cooperation spirit/鼓励：encouragement/对于幸福的追求：pursuit of happiness/积累财富：accumulate wealth,B.构
37、建骨架,首段描述图表描述+说明现象 图画描述+阐释寓意,段落展开,解释原因 举例说明 阐释个人观点 说明利弊,段末总结,总结归纳+建议措施（针对负面的社会现象） 总结归纳+客观评价（针对中立的社会现象） 总结归纳+弘扬提倡（针对正面的社会现象）,1描述图表,柱状图：The graph, presented in a bar chart, vividly illuminates the general trend in + 主题词。（1.下降：描述主体 grows down over the period from 年份 to 年份。2.增长: 1In the xx years spanning
38、 from 年份 through 年份，the statistics +程度副词+ goes up from 数字 to 数字.2Compared with + 小年份， the figures is xx times as much/many as that of 大年份. 3.平稳: From this bar chart we can also see that 描述主体 remains stable. ）Isolated as the figures seem to be, as a matter of fact, they are connected to one another c
39、losely.,饼状图：The graph, presented in a pie chart, vividly illuminates the general trend in + 主题词。The total +主题词+is divided into xx parts, with A, B, C and D making up % % % and % respectively.（四种表达法：A makes up %; % stands for B; % refers to C; % is defined as D.）如需对比数据增长或下降时参考柱状图的表达。Isolated as the f
40、igures seem to be, as a matter of fact, they are connected to one another closely.,线状图：The graph, presented in a line chart, vividly illuminates the general trend in + 主题词，whose rise and fall varies with 横坐标单位. 如需对比数据增长或下降时参考柱状图的表达。Isolated as the figures seem to be, as a matter of fact, they are co
41、nnected to one another closely.,表格：The graph, presented in a table, vividly illuminates that +总体趋势（变量的描述）。数据描述参见饼状图，抓主要矛盾。Isolated as the figures seem to be, as a matter of fact, they are connected to one another closely.,2描述图画,As is vividly and subtly illuminated in the picture, we can obviously se
42、e that + 图片描述（总体描述:sb. is doing）.Lets look at the picture in detail.细节描述1-2句话. Simple as the picture is, the meaning behind it is as deep as ocean.,解析“如图所示”句型：,间接式 According to the picture, As can be seen from the cartoon, As is shown in the picture, Its clear/apparent from the cartoon, ,直接式 The pic
43、ture shows 关于show的替换： reveal/ suggest/ illustrate/ display/ demonstrate/ illuminate/ indicate/ depict/ describe/ clarify,描述图画的思路：在什么时间，什么地点，（什么样的）人/物在（怎么样地）做什么事情 “什么时间”和”什么地点”写成时间状语和地点状语； “什么样的人”需要用到修饰人和物的词语，总结如下 ：,穿着：wear, dress, be dressed in+颜色 年龄：old, aged, young, middle-aged 身材：fat, plump(丰满的)，
44、slim，thin 特点：cute, lovely, adorable, charming, handsome, pretty, gorgeous, gorgeous, graceful, elegant 表情：喜 happy, pleased, joyful, cheerful 怒 angry, resentful(愤怒的)，raging 哀 sad, sorrowful, heartbroken 愁 worried, fearful, anxious, afraid 惊讶：astonished, surprised, shocked 动作：stand, run, walk, jump, l
45、eap, sit, “怎么样地做”写成方式状语，常用的词语有：actively（积极地），energetically(精力充沛地)，bravely(勇敢地)，mutually(相互地),表示“做什么样的事情”： a.正在做某事 be doing（用现在进行时） b.努力做某事 make every effort to do; do ones utmost to do; exert oneself to do c.试图做某事 attempt to do d.忙于做某事 be engaged in doing; be busy in doing d.打算做某事 intend to do; be d
46、oing to do,3阐释寓意,The purpose of this picture is to reveal/ expose/ disclose/ betray a common and serious problem in our social life:这幅图画意在揭示/显示/表明/说明我们社会中一个普遍而严重的问题： As is implied in the drawing, 就像图画中所隐含的一样。 It is most likely that the drawer means to reflect a problem of 作者最想揭示的是一个关于的问题。 The pictur
47、e tells us on no account can we ignore the value of 这幅图画告诉我们，绝不能忽视的价值。 The cartoon brings one controversial issue into the limelight， 该漫画使一个极具争议的话题成为了公众关注的焦点，,Simple as the picture is, the meaning behind it is as deep as ocean. 尽管图片看起来很简单，但是寓意深刻。 This picture looks common at first glance, but it is
48、thought-provoking after our serious pondering. 这张图画第一眼看很普通，仔细斟酌却发人深省。,4解释原因, A host of different factors account for the instance, however， the following are the most crucial ones. 许多原因都能解释这个现象，但是如下的却是最重要的。 Though the causes for may be very complex, there are three main factors that can account for
49、it. 尽管造成的原因非常复杂，但是最主要的原因有三点。,5举例说明,There are many examples to support the viewpoint in question, but the following are sufficient. 许多例子都能支持这个观点，但是如下的就足够了。 The most persuasive is the case of 最具说服力的是的案例。 A case in point is 一个恰当的例子是 Let me cite as an example. 让我举作为例子。,6阐述个人观点,Contrary to generally accepted views, I argue that与大家普遍的看法不同，我认为 Although I appreciate that, I can not agree with 尽管我非常欣赏，但是我还是不能同意 Those who object toargue thatBut people who favor, on the other hand, argue that 那些反对的人争论到。然而那些支持的人则说到,
