1、大学英语四级考试,翻译题型,新改革后翻译题型:段落翻译（汉译英）,测试学生把汉语所承载的信息用英语表达出来的能力。分值比例：15%考试时间：30分钟。内容：中国历史、文化、经济、社会发展长度：140-160个汉字；,2013年12月四级翻译真题及范文（一）Part IV Translation (30 minutes) Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to translate a passage from Chinese into English. You should write your answer on Ans
2、wer Sheet 2.很多人喜欢中餐，在中国，烹饪不仅被视为一种技能，而且也被视为一种艺术。精心准备的中餐既可口又好看。烹饪技术和配料在中国各地差别很大。但好的烹饪都有一个共同点，总是要考虑到颜色、味道、口感和营养（nutrition）。由于食物对健康至关重要，好的厨师总是努力在谷物，肉类和蔬菜之间取得平衡。所以中餐美味又健康。（6句-130字）,中餐：Chinese food; Chinese meal; Chinese cuisine; 精心准备的 carefully prepared ; well-prepared; Exquisitely prepared 烹饪：cooking; 厨
3、师： cooker 配料： ingredients 口感： taste,【1】很多人喜欢中餐，在中国，烹饪不仅被视为一种技能，而且也被视为一种艺术。,Many people like Chinese food. In China, cooking is not only regarded as a skill but also an art.,【2】精心准备的中餐既可口又好看。,The well -prepared Chinese food is tasty and good-looking.,【3】烹饪技术和配料在中国各地差别很大。,Cooking methods and ingredien
4、ts vary greatly across China.,【4】但好的烹饪都有一个共同点，总是要考虑到颜色、味道、口感和营养（nutrition）。,However, good cooking has one thing in common, that is, to always concern colors, smell, tastes and nutrition.,【5】由于食物对健康至关重要，好的厨师总是努力在谷物，肉类和蔬菜之间取得平衡。,As food is vital for mans health, good cooks are always making efforts to
5、 maintain balance between grains， meat and vegetables.,【6】所以中餐美味又健康。,Thus, Chinese food is delicious and healthy .,原文,Many people like Chinese food. In China, cooking is regarded not only as a kind of skill but also as a kind of art. Chinese food, which is prepared carefully, is both delicious and g
6、ood looking. Cooking skills and ingredients differ greatly from place to place in China. However, good cooking shares one thing in common: color, taste, feel and nutrition are always under consideration. Since food is of vital importance to health, good cooks are always trying to be balanced with gr
7、ain, meat, and vegetables. By contrast, Chinese food is delicious and healthy.,11分参考译文 Many people like Chinese food. In China, cooking is regarded not only as a kind of skill but also as a kind of art. Chinese food, which is prepared carefully, is both delicious and good looking. Cooking skills and
8、 ingredients differ greatly from place to place in China. However, good cooking shares one thing in common: color, taste, feel and nutrition are always under consideration. Since food is of vital importance to health, good cooks are always trying to be balanced with grain, meat, and vegetables. By c
9、ontrast, Chinese food is delicious and healthy. （红色字体为有错误部分） 评语： 1. 本译文表达了绝大部分原文的意思，文字通顺连贯，用到了复杂句式，显示出了较强的语言功底。属于10-12分分数档的翻译。 2. 有一个严重错句，且出现了2出明显的语言错误，所以最终定为11分翻译。,Many people love Chinese food. In China, cooking is not only regarded a kind of skill, but also art. Well-prepared Chinese dishes taste
10、 good besides good look. There is a big different in cooking skills and ingredients between different parts of China. But one thing which is common in good dishes is that they all consider about the color, the tasting and the nutrition. As food is so important to health, good cookers always try to m
11、ake a balance between corn, meat and vegetables. As a result, Chinese dishes are delicious and healthy.,8分参考译文 Many people love Chinese food. In China, cooking is not only regarded a kind of skill, but also art. Well-prepared Chinese dishes taste good besides good look. There is a big different in c
12、ooking skills and ingredients between different parts of China. But one thing which is common in good dishes is that they all consider about the color, the tasting and the nutrition. As food is so important to health, good cookers always try to make a balance between corn, meat and vegetables. As a
13、result, Chinese dishes are delicious and healthy. （划线句为正确句） 评语： 1. 译文基本表达原文意思，但用词欠缺，语言错误相当多，且其中很多属于重大语言错误，所以归为7-9分档。 2. 划线句为正确句，总共4句，参照表2可知，本译文最终分数为8分。,5分参考译文 Many people like Chinese food. Cooking is not only a skill but also it is a kind of art. It is delicious and beautiful that Chinese meals car
14、efully prepared. It is differently in cooking and material beside in Chinese. But, good meals have a common point which color, teast and nutrition are though about. Then a good cooker is always trying their best to balance it from meat vegetables and so on. Therefore, Chinese meals are delicious and
15、 heathy. （划线句为正确句） 评语： 1. 译文仅表达一部分原文意思。存在用词不准确，语言错误多等问题。所以定位为4-6分档译文。 2. 参照表2，本译文中划线句为正确句，仅一句，所以最终定为5分译文。,2分参考译文 Many people like China food. In China, not only a technolege make food, and also an artist. Good food is eated fine and seems fine. How make food and make the food need what is defferent
16、in defferent place in China. But make good food just only think the foods colour teste, feel make people and nutrition. Food is importand for health, so good people that make food is use more power for better on meat and vagitable, so Chinese food is taste good and more health. 评语： 本译文将原文内容基本表达，但是没有
17、一个正确的句子，全部都存在严重语法错误。结合表一中的总体评分标准以及表二的语言错误量化标准，本译文为2分译文。,14分参考译文 Many people enjoy Chinese food. In China, cooking is not only viewed as a skill but also regarded as a form of art. A carefully-prepared Chinese dinner can be both tasty and good looking. While cooking skills and ingredients differ larg
18、ely from place to place in China, fine cooking always has something in common, that is the consideration of color, flavor, taste and nutrition. Since food is vital to the health, a fine cook is always trying to achieve a balance between cereals, meats and vegetables. Therefore, the Chinese food is b
19、oth delicious and healthy. （红色字体为有错误部分） 评语： 1. 本译文用词贴切，行文流畅，注意到了句式的变化以及衔接词的使用。属于13-15分分数档的高分翻译。 2. 出现了5出语法、用词的错误，所以最终确定为14分翻译,0分 未作答或者只有几个孤立的词，或与原文毫不相关的摘抄为0分。在此处需要特别指出的是，学生通过关键词“中餐“，“好吃“等创作的作文，也不给分。,汉译英解题方法,1. 阅读原文，理解原文，获得总体印象。 2. 处理原文句子，正确断句，合句，找准主语。理解原文中的语言现象和逻辑关系，注意汉英两种语言的不同表达习惯，综合翻译技巧进行翻译。 3.修改，
20、对译文修正、加工、润饰。,汉语 VS 英语 不同表达习惯,一、英语重结构，汉语重语义 二、英语多长句，汉语多短句 三、英语多从句，汉语多分句 四、主语，宾语等名词成分“英语多代词，汉语多名词” 五、英语多被动，汉语多主动 六、英语多变化，汉语多重复 七、英语多抽象，汉语多具体 八、英语多引申，汉语多推理,英汉结构差异,连接方式： 汉语隐形，即连接词很少出现或不出现，这体现为意合(parataxis); 英语显性，即连接词出现，体现为形合(hypotaxis)组句方式： 汉语：动词多，短句多，常按时间顺序或前因后果的逻辑关系排列，呈链状； 英语：常按句内主次从属关系排列，在句子主体上添加修饰语以
21、及限定语，形成严谨的树状结构。,1. 正确判断句子之间的关系，补充连接手段，实现显性连接。 e.g. 在这一年半中，她抄写、背写英语单词的纸，累起来( stack up)可达桌子高。 思路：SVO=纸+达到+桌子高。 问题：累起来怎么处理？In that year and a half, the paper on which she had copied English words or written them down from memory, if stacked up, could reach the table from the floor.,结构差异带来的启示,2. 掌握内在联系正
22、确断句我们的班主任姓王，五十开外，方脸，一脸的胡子。 Mr. Wang, the head teacher responsible for our class, was over fifty. He had a square-shaped face with a full beard.,结构差异带来的启示,3. 正确安排句子基本框架，主次清楚，符合原意。如果有人认为中国人好用武力，动不动就用拳脚来解决问题，那就大错特错了。 It is utterly wrong to imagine that Chinese people are liable to use force and resolve
23、 problems through violence.一个人无论做什么事，都不要使自己的父母感到羞耻，这才是真正的孝顺。 One is truly filial when he never puts his parents in shame no matter what he does.,结构差异带来的启示,汉译英的基本技巧,一、 汉译英的基本技巧,1. 增词 为了充分传达原文含义，必须增补词语，以求达意.学汉语，学到的将不仅是汉语的抑扬顿挫(tone)，还有中国悠久的历史和丰富的传统。 In the study of the Chinese language, you will learn
24、not only the tones, but also some things about Chinas long history and rich traditon .在京剧脸谱中，黑色代表刚直，白色代表背叛和狡诈。 In the masks of the Beijing opera, black stands for uprightness, while white signals treachery or deception., 剪纸最常用的颜色是红色，象征健康和兴旺。 The color most frequently used in paper cutting is red, wh
25、ich symbolizes health and prosperity.,1. 我不觉得用英语与外国人交谈有什么困难。I dont think it is difficult to speak to a foreigner in English.2. 虚心使人进步，骄傲使人落后。Modesty helps one to go forward, whereas conceit makes on lag behind.,增加形式主语 it,增连词,Practice Please.,2. 减词:,汉语喜欢重复，英语崇尚简洁。这是革命的春天，这是人民的春天，这是科学的春天！让我们张开双臂，热烈拥抱这
26、个春天吧！ Let us stretch out our arms to embrace the spring, which is one of the revolution, of the people, and of science.,见到自己的故乡，他想起了童年的情景。 The sight of his native place reminded him of his childhood. 他连续讲了两小时的法语，没有出现任何错误。 He has been speaking in French for two hours without any mistakes.长嗟短叹 sighing
27、 deeply发号施令 issue orders土崩瓦解 fall apart,Practice Please.,情景,没有出现,省名词,(省动词),3. 词类转换,词类变形和转换，是英语语言的一个很重要的特点，尤其是名词、动词、形容词这三种最主要的词类。规律为：英语多名词，汉语多动词eg. 他的演讲给我们的印象很深。 His speech impressed us deeply.(名词变动词) eg. 你说他傻不傻？ Dont you think he is an idiot? (形容词变名词),4. 语态转换,在英汉两种语言当中都有主动和被动两种语态。在英语中被动语态的使用频率要远远高于汉
28、语。如果一味按照汉语原句的语态来翻译，会使译文显得十分别扭。这个小男孩在放学回家的路上受了伤 。 The little boy was hurt on his way home from school. 门锁好了。 The door has been locked up. 新教材在印刷中。 New textbooks are being printed.,5. 分译 & 合译(按内容层次分译),分译： 需要分译的句子多数是长句，或者是结构复杂的复句。这种句子如果译成一个长句，就会使译文冗长、累赘、意思表达不清楚，也不符合英文习惯。如果采用分译，则会使译文简洁、易懂、层次分明。少年是一去不复返的
29、，等到精力衰竭时，要做学问也来不及了。 Youth will soon be gone， never to return. And it will be too late for you to go into scholarship when in your declining years.,(按内容层次分译),(从主语变换处分译),合译： 相较于汉语而言，英语长句多，因此在翻译中，要把汉语的两个或多个句子合译为英语的一句，使译文紧凑、简练。对我来说，我的水族箱就像我自己的一个小王国。我就是里面的国王。 To me my aquarium is like my own little kingd
30、om where I am king.第二天，我又接到一个电报。这个电报有34个字，比前一个电报说得更详细。 The following day I received another telegram consisting of 34 ciphers with more details.,从主语变换处合译,按内容连贯合译,6. 正、反表达翻译,I.汉语从反面表达，译文从正面表达 他提出的论据相当不充实。 The argument he put forward is pretty thin. 他七十岁了，可是并不显老。 He was 70, but he carried his years li
31、ghtly.II.汉语从正面表达，译文从反面表达 她来得正是时候。 She couldnt have come at a better time. 对于汉译英，你越细心越好。 You can never be too careful about Chinese-English translation.,7.变序,从译文的行文上考虑，有时需要对原文的词序作一番调整，以适应英文的修辞习惯，或者为了避免因结构而产生的歧义。例：到西安你可以买兵马俑、唐三彩。 Unique local creations are available in Xian, such as the three colored
32、glazed pottery of the Tang Dynasty and terra-cotta figures.(“兵马俑”和“唐三彩”在译文中变换了位置，是为了避免”of the Tang Dynasty”在结构上产生歧义。),Practicemakesperfect!,练习 1,中国将进一步发展经济、扩大开放，这对海外企业（enterprises）意味着更多的商机。改革开放以来， 中国企业与海外企业一直积极开展经济技术合作，并取得了巨大成就。海外企业不仅帮助了中国企业的成长，而且也在合作中获得了收益。中国政府将继续提供有利的政策和条件，推动中国企业与国外企业进一步开展合作。,key
33、1,China will develop its economy further and open itself wider to the outside world, which offers more business opportunities to overseas enterprises. Since Chinas reform and opening up, Chinese enterprises have been cooperating with overseas enterprises in terms of economy and technology, and have
34、scored great achievement. Overseas enterprises have not only helped Chinese enterprises with their growth, but also benefited from the cooperation. Chinese government will continue to offer favorable policies and conditions to promote the further cooperation between Chinese and overseas enterprises.
35、,练习 2,狮舞（Lion Dance）是中国最广为流传的民间舞蹈之一。狮为百兽之首，在中国传统中，狮子被视为是能带来好运的吉祥物（mascot）。古人将狮子视作是勇敢和力量的化身，能驱赶邪恶、保护人类。据记载，狮舞已拥有了2,000多年的历史。在唐代（the Tang Dynasty），狮舞就已经被引入了皇室。因此，舞狮成为元宵节（the Lantern Festival）和其他节日的习俗，人们以此来祈祷好运、平安和幸福。,Key 2,The Lion Dance is one of the most widespread folk dances in China. The lion is
36、the king of animals. In Chinese tradition, the lion is regarded as a mascot, which can bring good luck. Ancient people regarded the lion as a symbol of braveness and strength, which could drive away evil and protect humans. The dance has a recorded history of more than 2,000 years. During the Tang D
37、ynasty, the Lion Dance was already introduced into the royal family of the dynasty. Therefore, performing the lion dance at the Lantern Festival and other festive occasions became a custom where people could pray for good luck, safety and happiness.,练习 3,假日经济的现象表明：中国消费者的消费观正在发生巨大变化。根据统计数据，中国消费者的消费需求
38、正在从基本生活必需品转向对休闲、舒适和个人发展的需求。同时，中国人的消费观在蓬勃发展的假日经济中正变得成熟。因此产品结构应做相应调整，来适应社会的发展。另一方面，服务质量要改善，以满足人们提高生活质量的要求。,Key 3,The phenomenon of holiday economy shows that Chinese peoples consumption concept is undertaking great changes. According to statistics, the demands of Chinese consumers are shifting from th
39、e basic necessities of life to leisure, comfort and personal development. Therefore, the structure of products should be adjusted accordingly to adapt to social development. On the other hand, services should be improved to satisfy peoples demand for an improved quality of life.,练习 4,端午节，又叫龙舟节，是为了纪念
40、爱国诗人屈原。屈原是一位忠诚和受人敬仰的大臣（minister）,他给国家带来了和平和繁荣。但最后因为受到诽谤（vilify）而最终投河自尽。人们撑船到他自尽的地方，抛下粽子，希望鱼儿吃粽子，不要吃屈原的身躯。几千年来，端午节的特色在于吃粽子（glutinous dumplings）和赛龙舟，尤其是在一些河湖密布的南方省份。,Key 4,The Duanwu Festival, also called the Dragon Boat Festival, is to commemorate the patriotic poet Qu Yuan. Qu Yuan was a loyal and h
41、ighly esteemed minister, who brought peace and prosperity to the state but ended up drowning himself in a river as a result of being vilified. People got to the spot by boat and cast glutinous dumplings into the water, hoping that the fishes ate the dumplings instead of Qu Yuans body. For thousands
42、of years, the festival has been marked by glutinous dumplings and dragon boat races, especially in the southern provinces where there are many rivers and lakes.,练习 5,2013年6月20日在中国各地，剧估计60万儿童和他们的老师观看了有宇航员（astronaut）王亚平在距离地球300公里的上空所讲授的科学课。王亚平与两个同事乘坐天宫一号实验舱(the Tiangon-1 laboratory module) 执行为期两周的任务。她
43、在课上进行了一系列太空的物理演示。在有些演示中还对比了在地球上重力（one-gravity）环境下同样的实验。这堂物理课不仅让孩子们享受了一堂知识与乐趣兼具的物理课，也显示了我国通信科技的前进。,Key 5,On June 20, 2013, an estimated 600 thousand school children and their teachers across China watched a science lesson taught from 300km above the Earth by astronaut Wang Yaping. Wang is aboard the
44、Tiangong-1 laboratory module with two crewmates, for a two-week mission. Her lessons were a series of physics demonstrations in the space. In some demonstrations, she compared with the same experiment under the one-gravity environment on Earth. The lesson has not only offered children a physics less
45、on with knowledge and interest, but also shows the advance in communication technology of China.,样题,剪纸（paper cutting）是中国最为流行的传统民间艺术形式之一。中国剪纸有一千五百多年的历史，在明朝和清朝时期（the Ming and Qing Dynasties）特别流行。人们常用剪纸美化居家环境。特别是在春节和婚庆期间，剪纸被用来装饰门窗和房间，以增加喜庆的气氛。剪纸最常用的颜色是红色，象征健康和兴旺。中国剪纸在世界各地很受欢迎，经常被用作馈赠外国友人的礼物。注意：此部分试题请在答
46、题卡2上作答。,答案,Paper cutting is one of Chinas most popular traditional folk arts. Chinese paper cutting has a history of more than 1,500 years. It was widespread particularly during the Ming and Qing Dynasties. People often beautify their homes with paper cuttings. During the Spring Festival and wedding
47、 celebrations, in particular, paper cuttings are used to decorate doors, windows and rooms in order to enhance the joyous atmosphere. The color most frequently used in paper cutting is red, which symbolizes health and prosperity. Chinese paper cutting is very popular around the world and it is often given as a present to foreign friends.,Thank you!,
