1、大学英语四级写作应对策略,主要内容,常考作文类型分析提纲式作文段首句作文关键词作文情景式作文应用文通过列提纲来构思 四种常见英文体裁的写作方法 附录 例文,提纲式作文 段首句作文 关键词作文 情景式作文 应用文,1. 常考作文类型分析,题型：出题者用中文或英文就某个标题给出提纲，有时也可能没有标题，要求按提纲的思路去写，不能偏离提纲，一般是三段式。,1.1 提纲式作文,题型：是按照所给出的第一句续写，完成段落。一般说来，段首句往往是段落的主题句。,1.2 段首句作文 topic sentence,此类作文要求我们在展开段落时，一定要紧扣首句，展开的内容要有助于描述、说明或论证首句，不能偏离段首
2、句所能涵盖的内容。下笔千言，离题万里，是作文的大忌。,段首句作文,通读定主题 找出关键点和主题 controling idea 展开段首句 合理安排顺序,段首句作文,写作步骤,1平行式：每一段的段首句都表达一个观点或一种思想， 但并没有先后主次之分，无递进关系，也无因果关系。,English is a useful language. English is used throughout the world. English is one of the languages that have changed a lot in grammar.,段首句作文类型：4,2递进式：三个段首句呈现出一种
3、递进关系，由浅入 深，层层深入。,Reading Classics（经典作品） Reading classics is a good way to enjoy oneself. Reading classics is good for language learning. Reading classics is important to self-cultivation.（自我修养）,段首句作文类型：4,段首句作文类型：4,3对比式：与平行式很相似，但它有明显的对比特点。前面的两段通常给出一个有争议的问题的正反两方面看法，而第三段的段首则通常是一个提示性短语，如My idea is that
4、，要求考生阐明自己的观点。,Numbers and Luck,Some people believe that goodnumber can bring good luck.Other people think good numbers are not necessarily connected with good luck.My idea is that ,4总结式：前两段段首句点明的是两个分论 点，第三段的段首句则对这两个分论点进行总 结。与对比式不同，总结式的两个分论点并不 抵触，而是同一事物的两个方面。,段首句作文类型：4,Sports,Many people participate
5、in sports for the purpose of relaxation娱乐，消遣，放松.There are also many people who enjoy sporting events, but they prefer to be spectators（观众） because watching sport events makes them excited. As a conclusion, sports is popular among people because it provides interesting and wonderful games that make p
6、eople less nervous than they are when they are at work.,1.3 关键词作文,根据所给的关键词，在正确理解词义的基础上，充分联想、分析、归纳（列出提纲），写出既要利用关键词，又能充分表达题意的文章。关键词作文是一种控制性作文。分给标题和不给标题两种。注意审题。,carelessness、 careless smokers、 cigarette ends and matches、 smoking materials、nature、 lightening、 11% of forest fires、fires in the world、losse
7、s to many nations、 prevent、 control,Forest Fires,Forest Fires,根据标题可知,这篇文章应围绕 “森林大火”这一主题展开.通过对关键词的分析,我们可归纳出三方面的内容. 即:1森林大火是由于人们的careless而引发的，具体体现为smoking;2大火还有可能是nature造成的,具体体现为lightening;3大火给人们造成了losses,人们必须prevent和control forest fires.,三段:第一段二段写起火原因,其中第一段主要写人为原因;第二段为自然原因;第三段主要写大火造成的后果及人们的防火,治火的决心.,
8、Forest FiresMost forest fires are caused by human carelessness, negligence, or ignorance. Careless smokers are responsible for thousands of forest fires each year, many of which are started when cigarettes ends and matches are thrown out from automobiles. Other forest fires are caused by hunters, or
9、 woods workers who are careless with their smoking materials.,Forest fires can also be caused by nature. The most possible natural cause of fire is lightening. This accounts for占 11 percent of forest fires in the world. According to some studies, in the tropical areas, lightening causes a much highe
10、r percentage of fires than it does elsewhere.,Forest fires have already brought about great losses to many nations. So, measures must be taken to prevent and control them.,情景作文也叫提示作文,是指用中文或者英文给出一个具体的情景,由写作者提出自己的看法或进行评议. 与 “标题+提纲” 式作文相比,写作情景式作文时可以更加灵活.,1.4 情景式作文,明确中心意思 切情切景(注意必须按照情景中规定的范围和条件来写作文.若是英文
11、提供的情景，避免照搬英文提示的原句；若是中文提供的情景，避免逐字翻译提示中的内容，而是按照文中所提供的思路，用自己熟悉的英文来表达思想。) 注意列出提纲和主题句的写作 注意写作的逻辑性和连贯性,情景式作文,写作步骤,In some countries, most people prefer to travel by car/automobile. What is the most popular form of transportation in your country? Why is this form of transportation more popular than other w
12、ays of traveling? Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.,情景式作文,Example:,根据提示的情景，我们可以确定the most popular form of transportation in our country 是bikes,所以,第一段可点出自行车在中国非常普及;第二段进一步分析和汽车相比，自行车有哪些优点（省钱、方便、锻炼身体）；第三段可展望自行车的前景（既然自行车有这麽多好处，会有越来越多的人骑自行车）。 Although in some countries, most peopl
13、e prefer to travel by car, the most popular form of transportation in my country is bike.,情景式作文,Example:,书信简历便条假条 讲话,1.5 应用文写作,1. 信头(heading):包括发信人的名称,地址和日期,写在信纸右上角. 写地址是从小到大,先写门牌号和街道名,再写区,县,省,国家.最后一行写日期. 2. 内容地址 (inside address): 包括收信人的姓名,地址和称呼. 收信人地址置于左上方(日期之下一行,称呼之上) 3. 称呼(salutation):可以选择几种: Gen
14、tlemen, Dear Sir, Dear Sir/Madam, Dear Sirs, To whom it may concern. 敬启者,书信：8个方面,4.正文(body of the letter): 包括三部分: 1) 引言部分-写信人表明身份和写信的目的;2) 细节部分-具体说明写信人的请求或想法等细节; 3)结束语部分-对信中内容进行总结并谦恭地表明希望对方做些什么事情.,书信,5. 结束语(complimentary close): 一般写法有: Yours sincerely, Sincerely yours, Yours faithfully, Faithfully y
15、ours, Yours truly, Truly yours, 注意结束语要用逗号.,6.签名(Signature): 一般低于结束语一两行，从信纸中间偏右的地方开始. 7.附件(enclosure, 简写为:Encl. 或Enc. ): 如果信中谈到附件,则在左下角注明Encl. 或Enc.,书信,8.再启或附言(postscript,简写为 P.S.): 用于补叙遗漏的话,一般少用,郑重的函件更应避免.,写作时要遵循五C原则:correctness (正确), clarity(清晰), conciseness(简洁), courtesy(礼貌), consideration(体谅).个人信
16、件一般写给自己熟悉的人，形式很自由，只需在右上角写上日期就行了,无需信头和信内地址.直接以称呼开头即可.,书信,Beijing Avalon Industries 246 Baitasi Road, Xicheng District Beijing, 100032 P.R.C June 21, 2003,Example:,Sales Department Pacific Machines 212 Twin Dolphin Drive Redwood City, Ca 94065 U.S.ADear Sir,I am writing with reference to关 于 order No.
17、AS671, which we received last week.,Yours Sincerely, (签名） David Wang Production Manager,主要包括私人信息（姓名，住址，出生情况, 身高，婚姻，健康等）、教育背景（从高中写起）、工作经历三个部分。其他内容可包括受到的奖励，出版的作品，目前的研究方向，兴趣，爱好，特长等。,简历,便条是留给家人，邻居，同事，朋友及其他日常所接触的人的一种简短的书信，格式较简单，称呼前的dear可加可不加，结尾也不必加sincerely, 但要署名，加上时间。 便条根据内容可分为致谢，道歉，邀请，祝贺，约定等，一般50-60字即可
18、。字数虽少，但一定要把事情说清楚，如道歉时，要说明原因；邀请时，要写明时间地点，还要看别人是否方便等。,便条,25May,2006 David,I am going to have a production meeting this afternoon. Could you help me to borrow an overhead projector from the resource manager? Thanks.Tina,Example:,20March,2005Dear Helen,We are going to have an English party in our classr
19、oom this coming Saturday. The time is 7:00pm. Would it be possible for you to join us? We would be very happy if you could be with us. Drop me a line if you are interested.给某人写封短信 （Yours, ） Ann,主要有事假和病假两种，格式与私人信件相似,假条,事假条 Feb. 10 Mr. Wang,I beg to apply for 5-day leave of absence from the 16th to th
20、e 21st instant本月的, in order to return home tosee my grandmother, who is seriously ill now. To support my application, I herewith随函附上 submit a telegram from my father. Yours respectfully, Xiao Zhang,假条,病假条May 5, 2009 Dear Miss Lisa,I am really sorry that I shall not be able to attend class today. I h
21、ave got a fever of 39. Please find a enclosed函内附有的 certificate from the doctor of our college, saying I must stay in bed for three days.I will resume重返 my studies as soon as I feel better. Sincerely yours, Xiao Zhang,讲话（开幕词）：称呼；内容；致谢,Ladies and gentlemen,Good morning, ladies and gentlemen, welcome t
22、o Beijing! To begin with, I would like to make a brief introduction to myself. I am the president of Motorola (China) Electronics Ltd. (Limited的缩写，常用于股份有限公司名称之后),The following is my introduction to the conference. First, it is my great honor to be here with all of you and declare open the Conference
23、 of International Trade Cooperation. Second, on behalf of our company, I would like to express my heartfelt welcome to all the guests and delegates. At last, I believe our cooperative efforts are sure to be productive.有成效/果的,I wish all of you enjoy yourselves during this conference and hope the abov
24、e information will help you. If you have any question for me, please feel free无拘束的 to ask at any time. Thank you for your attention.,2. 通过列提纲来构思,分析完题目开始写作之前，一个必不可少的步骤是列提纲。提纲的主要作用是帮助理清思路，然后可以一气呵成。如果边想边写，文章经常会写了一半就难以进行下去，造成虎头蛇尾，或者上下文缺乏逻辑关系等。 提纲一般包括中心思想和段落层次，一般分句式提纲和标题式提纲。考虑到时间问题，考生列出标题式提纲即可。 For examp
25、le: Title: My Home city and New York City,标题式提纲： Main idea: the differences between my home city and New York CityI. My home cityA. family lifeB. educationC. economic position II. New York cityA. family lifeB. educationC. economic position,通过这个提纲，一眼可看出文章可以从家庭生活，教育和经济三个方面来具体说明这两个城市有哪些不同。同学们如果能够列出这样简洁
26、的提纲，就能够做到胸有成竹，下笔即使不能有神，也是有层次有内容的。 作文考试30分钟，同学们至少要留出10分钟时间来分析题目，构思和列提纲。写作和检查一共安排15-18分钟就足够了，还要留出2-3分钟检查，主要检查大小写、标点符号、错别字、格式等。,3. 关于各种英文体裁的写法,英语文章的体裁可分为四类，即：(1)记叙文(narration)(2)描述文(description)(3)说明文(exposition)(4)议论文(argumentation),记叙文就是叙述一件事或一连串事件。在写这类作文时，要注意以下几点：首先，在一开始就要设定时间、地点、人物，一定要交代清楚；其次，在讲述发生
27、的事件本身时，要选取一些关键的细节，不要漫无边际或不着边际，而组织那些素材一般采用“时间顺序”亦即先发生的先写，后发生的后写，或用倒叙法，先讲结局，再从头描述经过。另外，要注意人称、时间的一致性。,描述文就是用文字对一个人、一个地方、一件物体或一个场景进行描绘。在描述时，一定要尽量选取那些有助于表现人物、场景的典型特征和突出特点，剔除那些枝蔓的零碎的细节。只有这样，才能使所描述的内容呼之欲出、跃然纸上，具有极大的表现力。,如果说描述文主要涉及外表和感受，记叙文主要涉及事件和经历，那么说明文则主要是关于过程和关系。举例来说吧，我们面前有一件物体，如果要对其外观进行描写，我们就要写成描述型的作文，
28、如果要解释它是如何制作的，又是如何或为什麽使用的，那就必须写成说明文；我们可以讲述一个历史事件，到底发生了什么，何时何地发生，都有谁参与其中，那就是叙述，而要讨论该事件的前因后果，它的本质又是什么，以及在历史长河中的深远意义，那就必须写成说明文。,四级考试最常见的写作体裁就是说明文，当你看到这样的题目时， A or B, A and B, Why to do, How to do, or diagram or chart, 它们都属于说明文。说明文常用的写作手法有定义法，举例法，分类和归类法，对比和比较法，因果关系等。大家可以通过审题和构思来决定运用哪种方法，为自己的文章增色。注意三段式。,议
29、论文则是以议论为主要表达方式，以逻辑思维为主要思维方式，对现实生活中的现象和原理说长道短、论是斥非、阐明自己的立场和观点的一种文体，二者不可相混淆。说明是让人明白，而议论则要令人信服。论点要旗帜鲜明，论据要充分有力，论证要符合逻辑。就四级考试而言，真正意义上的议论文并不多见，仅出现过如幸运数字、英语口试的必要性等。,附一：大学英语四级考试写作要求,目前指导大学英语教学的要求中规定，一般要求（一般要求是高等院校非英语专业本科毕业生应达到的基本要求，也就是四级要达到的水平）的英语书面表达能力为：能用常见的应用文体完成一般的写作任务，能描述个人经历、事件、观感、情感等，能就一般性话题或提纲在半小时内
30、写出120词的短文，内容基本完整、用词恰当，语篇连贯。能在一般或应用写作中使用恰当的写作技能。,附二：四级写作评分原则,评分原则： CET作文题采用总体评分方法。阅卷人员就总的印象给出奖励分,而不是按语言点的错误数目扣分。 从内容和语言两个方面对作文进行综合评判。内容和语言是一个统一体，作文应表达题目所规定的内容，而内容要通过语言来表达。要考虑作文是否切题，是否充分表达思想，也要考虑是否用英语清楚而确切地表达思想，也就是要考虑语言上的错误是否造成理解上的障碍。 避免趋中倾向。该给高分的给高分，包括满分；该给低分的给低分，包括0分，一名阅卷人员在所阅的全部作文卷中不应只给中间的几种分数。,例文
31、： 1.图表作文（范文18 ） Directions: For this part, you are allowed thirty minutes to write a composition on the topic How People Spent Their Holiday. You should write at least 120 words, and base your composition on the chart and the outline given below:,审图很重要，要总结出规律或趋势，不要一一描述。,要求：1.请描述其变化，并总结出变化趋势；2.请说明人们度
32、假方式发生这些变化的原因；3.得出你的结论或者对此现象进行评论,图表作文开头套用句型,It can be seen from the (we can see from the/ It has been shown from the) chart/ table/ statistics/diagram According to the chart As is shown in the chart From the chart we can conclude/ see/ infer From the chart, it can be seen / concluded/ shown that,先描述后
33、说明,How People Spent Their HolidaysAs can be seen from the table, the past decade have witnessed dramatic changes in the way people spent their holidays between 1995 and 2005. In 1995, 63% of people spent their holidays at home, while the figure dropped considerably to 24% in 2005. It is obvious from
34、 the table that people tended to be more and more mobile, and they wanted to get entertainment in the outside world.,What contributed to these changes? I think the reasons are as follows. To start with, with the rapid development of economy, people earn by far more money than they used to. Thus, peo
35、ple are able to afford traveling expenses. Secondly, people think it important to get well-informed非常熟悉的 about the outside world in this new era when everything is on the move活跃起来/变得积极. Traveling, of course, is a sure way to achieve this goal. Whats more, in this competitive society, people are usua
36、lly under great stress. However, it is not difficult to find traveling an effective way to relieve peoples stress and get relaxation. Last but not least最后但同样重要的是, by traveling outside, people are close to nature, which is beneficial to both their health and peace of mind.,In conclusion, people prefe
37、r to go traveling rather than stay at home during holidays for a combination of reasons. Moreover, it seems that this trend will last in the foreseeable可预见到的 future.,2.记叙文 (先记叙后说明)1.描述一下你在公共场所所亲眼目睹的扒窃事件2.谴责这种不文明行为3.在构建和谐社会进程中，人人都应该有正义感。,Yesterday , I witnessed a theft incident on my way home. A woma
38、n took her wallet out and paid for a newspaper at Xinzhuang around 9:00 am. She put her wallet back and turned to leave when a mid-aged man brushed past檫/掠过某人 her muttering喃喃自语，小声说 “Excuse me“. She didnt notice her wallet was missing.,The rampant猖獗的 pickpocket扒手 has become a national epidemic流行病 and
39、 poses引起/造成 a grave threat to residents and visitors property safety. Pickpocket prevention, a daunting镇吓 task for police, makes sense有意义/道理. All sides involved in this problem must join their forces to remove this social cancer.,We all expect “ A World Without Thieves“. Everyone shares the huge res
40、ponsibility for demonstrating his/her justice at proper time. Personal responsibility is vital to building a socialist harmonious society.,3. 议论文 压力 Directions: For this part you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic Is Stress a Bad Thing? You should write at least 120 words and
41、 base your composition on the outline below: 1、 有人害怕压力 2、 有人认为压力并不是坏事 3、 我的看法,In the past few years, quite a number of men and women have chosen to do something less competitive. They are afraid that the stress and strains of work will rob them of joy and happiness and do them harm both physically a
42、nd mentally.,some people, however, argue that stress isnt the bad thing it is often supposed to be. Above all最重要的, unless it gets out of control, a certain amount of stress is vital to provide motivation and challenge and to give purpose and significance to a meaningless, idle life. Furthermore, peo
43、ple under stress tend to express their full range of potential and to actualize实现 their own personal worththe very aim of a human life.,In my opinion, stress is a natural part of everyday life and there is no way to avoid it. What we can do is to develop our adaptive abilities to deal with it rather
44、 than to escape from it.,4.评论文,2011年12月份英语作文 Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay entitled Nothing Succeeds Without s Strong Will by commenting on the humorous saying, “Quitting smoking is easiest thing in the world.Ive done it hundreds of times.” You should w
45、rite at least 120 words but no more 180 words.,Nothing Succeeds without a Strong WillThere is a prevalent joke around young people saying that “quitting smoking is the easiest thing in the world, and Ive done it for hundreds of times.” This seemingly funny statement ironically reflects the fact that
46、 the determination of most youngsters is often started with enthusiasm, but the passion becomes increasingly weaker each day, and then diminishes as if there has been no such thing at all.,It is obvious that their failure in “quitting smoking” and decline of determination are all ascribed (把某物归于) to
47、 their lack of will. Initially (最初，开头), every success involves several stages of setbacks and risks, and we need to summon up (鼓起，振作) our will to conquer them. Moreover, there are enormous temptation (诱惑) in our path of pursuit of success.,For instance, when we plan to quit smoking, our roommates ma
48、y smoke freely in front of us; when we are eager to keep fit, our close friends may invite us to have late night snacks(小吃，快餐). Under these occasions, only strong will can assist us to resist the temptation, and persist in chasing our goals until we triumphantly (得胜地) realize them.,In short, no drea
49、m will successfully come true if we do not have strong will. An old famous proverb says that where there is a will, there is a way. Let us bear this motto (格言，座右铭) in mind no matter how many thunders and thorns (刺，棘) are on our roads ahead, then we will be successful with such precious and powerful spirit.,1. 对原话/原事/现象总评论好/坏；对/错 2. 分析产生原因或好坏、对错的论据 3. 怎么办？措施、建议、决心与feature（特写） 的写法基本相同,
