1、,英语四级写作,第一部分,第一、四级作文的评分标准和要求 一、考核目的考核学生用英语进行书面表达的初步能力。 二、考核要求：1. 时间：30分钟 2. 字数：120词以上 （120150）3. 题型：1）根据给出的段首句续写 2）根据中文提要作文 3）根据图表写作4）书信写作 三、评分原则：1. 大学英语考试的目的是检查考生是否达到大学英语教学大纲规定的四级和六级教学要求，对作文的评分应以此要求为准则。 2. 大学英语考试作文题采用总体评分(Global Scoring)方法。阅卷人员就总的印象给出奖励分(Reward Scores),而不是按语言点的错误数目扣分。 3. 从内容和语言两个方面
2、对作文进行综合评判。内容和语言是一个统一体。作文应表达题目所规定的内容,而内容要通过语言来表达。要考虑作文是否切题,是否充分表达思想,也要考虑是否用英语清楚而适切地表达思想,也就是要考虑语言上的错误是否造成理解上的障碍。 4. 避免趋中倾向。该给高分的给高分,包括满分;该给低分的给低分,包括零分。一名阅卷人员在所评阅的全部作文卷中不应只给中间的几种分数。,四、评分标准：1作文题满分为15分。 阅卷标准共人为五等：2分，5分，8分，11分及14分。 2分-条理不清，思路紊乱，语言支离破碎或大部分句子均有错误，且多数为严重错误。 5分-基本切题，表达思想不够清楚，连贯性差，有较多的严重错误。 8分
3、-基本切题，表达思想比清楚，文字尚连贯，但语言错误较多。 11分-切题，表达思想清楚，文字连贯，但有少量语言错误。 14分-切题，表达思想清楚，文字通顺，连贯较好，基本上无语言错误。 阅卷人员根根据阅卷标准，对照样卷评分，若认为某一分数文件次（如8分）相似，即定为（8分）；若认为稍优或劣于该档次，则可加一分（9分）或减一分（7分），但不得加减半分。字数不足应酌情扣分：,注：1、如题目中给出主题句、起始句、结束句，均不得记入所写字数。 2、 只写一段者：04分，只写两段者：09分（指规定三段的作文） 3、白卷，作文与题目毫不相关，或只有几个孤立的词而无法表达思想,则给零分。 2. 设作文最低分，
4、采用下列成绩计算方法： 1）作文分为0分者，总分即使高于60分，一律作不及格处理； 2）作文分大于 0 分小于 6 分者，按下 列方式计算成绩： 最后报道分 = 原计算总分 6 + 作文实得分,四级写作内容篇,题材现实性四级写作的题材具有显著的现实性，基本可以分为两大类：1. 贴近大学生的学习工作及课余生活的校园题材2. 论及当前社会的现象、发展变化及进步的热点话题。,1.Limiting the use of disposable palstic bag(2008. 12)解决问题 2. Creating a green campus(2009. 6)解决问题 3. Due attentio
5、n should be given to spelling(2009. 12)现象分析 4. How should parents help children to be independent? (2010. 12)解决问题 5.Online shoping (2011. 6) 分析利弊 6.On excessive packaging (2012. 6) 现象分析 7. 图表作文Education pays (2012. 12)现象分析 8.图表作文 The importance of doing small things (2013. 6)解决问题 9.图表作文 (2013. 12),校
6、园题材,关于此类题材的近五年的真题作文列举如下： 1. Limiting the Use of Disposable Plastic Bags (2008. 12) 2. Spring Festival Gala on CCTV (2006. 12)-3 How Should Parents Help Children to be Independent? （2010）1. 目前不少父母为孩子包办一切2. 为了让孩子独立, 父母应该四级作文命题透析,社会热点话题,健康:1身体健康-health: physical:-keep fit; wellbeing(emotional/physical/
7、psychological) 2008.12/2008.06/2007.12/98.06/93.01/91/90 2人的心理健康：psychologically, mentally :independent, cooperative, competitive, considerate, confident, creative, sociable, selfish, isolated, conservative-2009.12( 绿色校园不仅指绿色环境）/2007.12/2007.06参加社团缓解压力,教育与娱乐： recreation, relax, entertainment; cultiv
8、ate, foster, enlighten, give inspiration to ,motivate, expand ones horizon,促进学生身心发展：promote the students physical, intellectual and emotional development (well-rounded/ versatile) mould ones character; team spirit 2009.06(博物馆免费开放的目的）-2008.06（娱乐使人们受益）/2007.12(学生选课不同原因)/2007.06( 参加社团的好处)/2006.12( 看春晚)
9、,十二句作文法的原则,1、只背句型和模版，不背范文。2、先写死，后写活。,十二句作文法的特点,1、适用性强。 2、模板通用。 3、简便易学。,十二句作文法的运用,1、“ 十二句”的字数决定文章的种类。 2 、“ 十二句”的结构决定文章的难度。,十二句作文法,十二句作文法写作模板,现象解释型 问题解决型 对比选择型,现象解释型,这类命题要求考生对某一社会现象进行解释, 并加以评论。 特点： 第一段：描述现象；第二段：分析或阐述这种现象或存在的原因；第三段：提出建议或总结观点。,现象解释型模板,首段（描述现象A） Nowadays, with the reform/development of （
10、现象的背景）, more and more people/an increasing number of people （描述现象） . This phenomenon has been brought into public focus and called for further concern.,1) Be brought into public focus ：引起人们的关注 2） call for 要求、需要,现象解释型模板,首段（描述现象 B） In recent years, wherever you go, （描述现象） . This issue has aroused the
11、greatest concern.,Arouse the greatest concern: 引起极大关注,现象解释型模板,首段（描述现象C） Currently, along with the advance of the society, an important issue that （描述现象） is brought to our attention. Consequently, （概况描述现象产生的结果）.,Be brought to our attention:引起了我们的注意,现象解释型模板,中间段（分析现象 A） Just as what has happened to any
12、thing in the world, many factors lead to On one hand, . _. On the other hand， . . Whats more， . _. Our list of contributors could go on, but the foregoing ones are already enough to give us a deep insight into the phenomenon,本模板第3句的空格中应该填上某个需要解释的现象或事件，第4句提出原因I，第6句提出原因，第8句提出原因，第5、第7和第9句对这3个原因进行了进一步论述
13、。,1) Give sb a deep insight into :使、对、有了深入解； 2)foregoing：前面提到的（above-mentioned） 3) contributor :促成因素，贡献者,现象解释型模板,中间段（分析现象 B） A number of factors could account for the phenomenon, but the following are the most critical ones. First of all, （原因一）. Whats more, （原因二）. In addition, （原因三）.,Account for 解释,
14、现象解释型模板,结尾段（作者看法+前景展望 A） As far as I am concerned, （作者对现象的看法）There is still a long way for us to （促进或限制现象）, but as a student myself, I find it rewarding and interesting.,Rewarding: 有报酬的、值得做的,现象解释型模板,结尾段（现象产生的结果 B） This issue may lead to a number of unfavorable consequences, with the following two th
15、e most serious. For one thing, （后果一）. For another, （后果二）. The awareness of the importance of this issue should be enhanced and some proper measures should be taken. It is reasonable for us to believe that the situation will be improved in the near future.,具体句子数量可根据实际需要调整。,范文模板应用,2007年12月英语四级作文题目及范文
16、What Electives to Choose1、各大学开设了各种各样的选修课2、学生因为各种原因选择了不同的选修课3、以你自己为例 见word版范文。2007年12月.doc 分析现象.doc,范文模板应用,2010年6月英语四级作文题目及范文 Due Attention Should Be Given to Spelling 1.如今不少学生在英语学习中不重视拼写 2.出现这种情况的原因 3.这种现象导致的结果2010年6.doc,问题解决型,这类命题通常首先提出一个有待解决的问题，然后要求考生就该问题提出解决方法、途径，有时还要求考生最后谈论适合自己的方法。 特点： 第一段：提出问题或
17、阐述某件事情的重要性或意义； 第二段：列举说明处理某事的方式或解决某个问题的途径； 第三段：针对第二段所阐述的方法给予简要的评论，也可提出个人建议或选择，并阐述理由。 此题型的写作重点在How，即解决问题的办法。,问题解决型模板,首段（提出问题 A） Nowadays, with the rapid economical development and intense competition, people are attaching more and more importance to （g提出问题）。 So it is of great importance for us to （关注问
18、题的要性）. On one hand, （问题后果一）.On the other hand, （问题的后果二）. As a result, we must spare no efforts to take some measures to solve this problem.,1) Attach importance to 重视 = place importance on 2) spare no efforts to 竭尽全力、努力去做 3）take some measure to 采取措辞,问题解决型模板,首段（提出问题 B） Along with the advance of the s
19、ociety ,more and more problems are brought to our attention, one of which is that（提出问题）。It is of great significance that （解决问题很必要）. On one hand, （解决问题的必要性一）.On the other hand, （解决问题的必要性一）. Accordingly, how to solve the problem becomes the top priority for us.,Top priority :应予最优先考虑的事,中间段（解决问题的办法 A） T
20、here are many steps which can be taken to undo this problem. First of all, (途径一). In addition, another way contributing to success of the solving problem is (途径二).,问题解决型模板,steps=measures 2) undo=solve 3) Contribute to 有助于,中间段（解决问题的办法 B）Many ways can contribute to solving this serious problem, but th
21、e following ones may be the most effective. First of all, . Another way to solve the problem is . Finally, . These are not the best and the only two/three measures we can take, but it should be noted that _.,本模版中第6句为主题句，第7、8和9句提供3个途径，第10句为结论。,问题解决型模板,结尾段（总结+个人选择+前景展望）In fact, more than three ways ca
22、n be adopted to solve the problem of (具体问题), As for me, I would prefer to solve the problem in this way, that is to say, （方法）. Anyway, Im confident that a bright future is awaiting us when all of us make joint efforts to solve this problem.,问题解决型模板,Make joint efforts to 共同努力做、,范文模板应用,2000年1月大学英语四级作文
23、题目及范文 How I Finance My College Education 1.上大学的费用（tuition and fees）可以通过多种渠道解决 2.那种渠道适合于我（说明理由） 见word版范文。2000年1.doc,对比选择型,对比/比较分析或观点对比类型作文 例如：Should the University Campus Be Open to Tourists? (2005. 12)1. 名校校园正成为旅游新热点2. 校园是否应对游客开放， 人们看法不同3. 我认为。Is a Test of Spoken English Necessary?1. 很多人认为有必要举行英语口语考
24、试，理由是。2. 也有人持不用的意见。3. 我的看法和打算,对比论述型,真题实战Is a Test of Spoken English Necessary? （2000. 6）Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition of the topic Is a Test of Spoken English Necessary? You should write at least 120 words, and base your composition on the outline (give
25、n in Chinese) below.1. 很多人认为有必要举行英语口语考试，理由是 2. 也有人持不同的意见， 3. 我的看法和打算,对比论述型 范文欣赏,When it comes to the test of spoken English, peoples opinions differ. Many people believe that it is necessary to adopt such a test. For one thing, fluent speaking ability is badly needed in todays society that is experi
26、encing reform and opening-up. For another, in a more competitive society such as ours today, fluent spoken English means more advantage you have to beat your rival in competing for a position with much appeal to both of you.Some people, however, take a different attitude. They regard the test as bei
27、ng unnecessary. In their views, fluent spoken English does not necessarily mean a better job; sometimes, opportunity plays a more important role. Furthermore, many people do not use spoken English at all in their work.As far as I am concerned, I am really in favor of the test. On the one hand, it ca
28、n encourage college students to try every means to improve their spoken English. On the other hand, college students will benefit endlessly in their future career if they can speak fluent English. So I decide to make use of every opportunity to practice my spoken English, and surely it will do me mu
29、ch good.,模式1 Different people have different opinions about （讨论主题）. Some people believe (argue, recognize, think) that （观点1）. But other people take an opposite side. They firmly believe that (观点2)./ Other people, however, think that （观点2）As for me, I agree with the former/latter idea. (I am in favor
30、 of the first/second idea.) (The following are the reasons of/for my choice/personal inclination.)First of all, (论据1).More importantly, (论据2).Most important of all, .(论据3).In summary, (总结观点). As a college student, I am supposed to ( 表决心).或 From above, we can predict that (预测). 模式2 Peoples ideas/opin
31、ions/views on （讨论主题）vary from person to person. Some people hold/think that .(观点1). From their point of view, . However, others hold/think that (观点2). In their opinion, ./ Yet other people dont think in this way. They argue that (观点2). As far as I am concerned, the former/latter opinion holds more w
32、eight. For one thing, ( 论据1). For another, (论据2). Last but not the least, (论据3)./ First of all, ( 论据1)。Furthermore, (论据2)。 Among all of the supporting evidences, one is the strongest. That is, (论据3)。To conclude, (总结观点). As a college student, I am supposed to (表决心). 或 From above, we can predict that
33、(预测).模式3 Different people have different views on (讨论主题) . Some people think that （观点1）. Other people hold that (观点2). Those who hold the first opinion think that （观点1） ( 论据1，2，3)On the contrary, those who hold the second view think that （观点2） ( 论据1，2，3) As for me, I agree with the former/ latter op
34、inion. ( 论据1，2，3)Therefore I hold that (观点1/2.)练习：1. 有些人认为某些数字会带来好运。 2. 我认为数字和运气无关， Do “Lucky Numbers“ Really Bring Good Luck?,第一、写作中的常用句式一、开头常用语式(主题段的引入) A proverb says As the proverb says Some people say that Many people believe that It is generally believed that We all know that As we all know It
35、 is quite clear that Various views exist as to , but There are many arguments/opinions/views about There is much discussion about/attention to It is well known that It is said that It has been found that It is easy to see that The pie graph shows A recent survey provides The chart/graph/table shows
36、No one can deny that Nowadays,. At present,二、 中间常用句式（扩展段的连接）通常按重要程度排列，我们习惯于先说最重要的，西方人则相反，但都得符合逻辑顺序。 1表示“首先”first, firstly, first of all, to begin with 在跌降法里用first and foremost 但不可用 at first。 2表示“第二”、“此外”“其次”、“况且”second, secondly, and, besides, moreover, additionally, furthermore, whats more, in addi
37、tion, besides+名词短语，in addition to+名词短语，another+名词短语 3表示 “最后”finally, last, lastly, 但不可用at last 或 in the end。 4表示 “最重要的是” above all, most important of all，在跌降法里用last but not least 最后但并非最不重要的是。 5.表示“更严重的是”、“更糟糕的是” more serious, even worse, to make matter worse 6. 表示“最为严重的是”、“最糟糕的是”most serious of all,
38、 worst of all例如： 1）First of all, 论据1. More importantly, 论据2. Most important of all, 论据3. In summary, 总结观点. 2) The advantages can be listed as follows：First, 好处1. Besides, 好处2. Most important of all, 好处3. But every coin has two sides. The negative aspects are also apparent. To begin with,坏处1. To make
39、 matter worse,坏处2. Worst of all,坏处3.From the above analysis, I believe 观点. 3）For one thing, 论据1. For another, 论据2. Last but not the least, 论据3. To conclude, 总结观点或 From above, we can predict that 预测. 4）First of all, 论据1。 Furthermore, 论据2。 Among all of the supporting evidences, one is the strongest. T
40、hat is, 论据3。 A natural conclusion from the above discussion is that总结观点。 或 From above, we can predict that 预测.,例文,Key to SuccessIn such a competitive society, everyone has a strong desire to be successful and in his life. But how to achieve success? In my opinion, there are three main keys a clear o
41、bjective, strong willpower and diligence.First, it is very important to set up a goal before you start. No one can be successful without a goal in his mind. Besides, you need a strong willpower to keep you go ahead. There always are tough stones in every road to success. Whether you can go through i
42、t depends on whether you are persistent enough. Last but not least, everyone who wants to suceed should be diligent. There is and old saying, “No pains, no gains.” Most successful people owe their success to hard working, such as Einstein. In conclusion, if we want to be successful, we have to maste
43、r the three main keys mentioned above.There is no shortcut to success. The three keys will assure you to realize your beautiful dream. 练习：Advertisement 1） 广告给人们带来的益处。 2） 广告给人们带来的烦恼。 Advertisement can be a service to people. First, it is informative, and can help people buy and sell goods. Second, it
44、 can widen peoples knowledge, and make people more experienced. Lastly, people can enjoy themselves through those programs which advertisements have been put into. Some advertisements, however, are not very useful to people, sometimes even harmful. An advertisement like this, for example, may put th
45、ousands of women and girls into trouble. “Disillusioned with life, love, marriage? You need help. Phone me.“ And the Savior gives his phone number to his sheep.,5其他词语或句式：1）用于强调：after all, any way, in fact, indeed, apparently, clearly, obviously, especially, 2）用于对比：however, on one hand, on the other
46、hand, in contrast, by contrast, on the contrary, while, whereas, instead, but, different from, 3）用于比较：similarly, likewise, like, in the same way, 4）用于列举：for example, for instance, such as, takefor granted, except(for) 5）表示时间：later, then, next, finally, at last, eventually, meanwhile, after that, fro
47、m now on, at the same time, for the time being, after some time, in the end, immediately, in the meantime, recently, soon, now and then, during, nowadays, presently, since, as soon as, afterwards, some time later, temporally, in the meanwhile, after a while, 6）用于解释：in other words, as a matter of fac
48、t, that is, 7) 用于让步：although, in spite of, despite, even though, even if, though, no matter how 8) 用于结果：consequently, thus, as a result, as a consequence, hence, so, therefore, accordingly 9) 其他：not onlybut also, as far as I am concerned, when it comes to, in practice, in principle, another key aspe
49、ct ofis, it is true that, what is more serious is, there is no doubt that,but it is a pity that,but the trouble /problem/point is 例1 Brain Drain in China (接开头) 1）中国人才流失的现状； 2）对人才流失的看法； 3）如何解决人才流失。 However, people see this phenomenon in different perspectives. Some hold the opinion that China suffers
50、 a lot from brain drain. They argue, on the one hand, that brain drain considerably weakens our international competitiveness. On the other hand, they believe that the talent should serve their native country first. In contrast, others highlight the advantages of international exchange and cooperation. They claim that Chinese youths should go abroad to study and gain more experience. Whats more, the long-term benefits will outweigh losses we suffer now.,
