1、四级作文,一篇好的四级考场作文,字数适中 切题，语意连贯 基本无语法错误、标点错误 措辞遣句准确、简洁、有新意（用词多样性） 卷面整洁、书写流畅,写作步骤,1、审题 2、草拟提纲 3、正文写作 4、检查修改,审题,用12分钟认真快速地审题 避免走偏路、防止跑题,一、常考话题,1、学习： 出国留学or国内学习 学习压力过大产生的影响 文凭的重要性 考试的利弊 科学的学习方法,一、常考话题,2.工作或课余生活 网上求职的优劣性 获取信息的方法 假期长好还是短好 网上聊天的利弊 寝室生活的利弊,3.社会热点话题 保护残疾人的权利 收入悬殊是好是坏 城市居住or乡村居住 丈夫应不应该和妻子分担家务 谁
2、应该支付教育费用,二、审题步骤,1.确定体裁 议论文？ 应用文？ 说明文？ 描述文？ 2.确定主题句（论点） 把中文提纲英文,段落（ paragraph ）是由表达单一中心思想（controlling idea or central idea ）的一组句子（包括主题句 topic sentence,推展句supporting sentences及结论句concluding sentence）构成，是文章结构的基本独立单位。我们将就主题句和中心思想这两个方面进行讨论。,主题句,主题句（topic sentence）是表达段落主题的句子。它用以概括段落大意，要求全段其他文字都围绕它展开。请看下例：
3、 My mother has passed along to me certain rules for getting along with others. Dont argue with parents; they will think you dont love them. Dont argue with children; they will think themselves victimized. Dont argue with spouses; they will think you are a tiresome mate. Dont argue with strangers; th
4、ey will think you are not friendly. My mothers rules, in fact, can be summed up in two words: Dont argue.,主题句的位置,主题句通常放在段落的开端，其特点是开门见山地摆出问题，然后加以详细说明。其作用是使文章的结构更清晰，更具说服力，便于读者迅速地把握主题和想象全段的内容。主题句可以放在段中起到承上启下的作用，或放在段尾起概括全段的作用。但初学者比较难于掌握，因而在四级考试中，考生应尽量采用将主题句放在段落开头的写作手法。,（主题句）No one can avoid being influe
5、nced by advertisements. （推展句1）Much as we may pride ourselves on our good taste, we are no longer free to choose the things we want, for advertising exerts a subtle influence on us. （推展句2）In their efforts to persuade us to buy this or that product, advertisers have made a close study of human nature
6、and have classified all our little weakness.,如何写好主题句中的关键词,段落的主题句对主题的限定主要是通过句中的关键词来表现的。关键词要尽量写得具体些。对“具体”的要求包括两个方面：一是要具体到能控制和限制段落的发展；二是要具体到能说明段落发展的方法。准确地把握关键词是清楚地表达段落主题、写好段落主题句的重要前提之一。,如何写好主题句中的关键词,原句1: He can fix a bicycle himself. 划线部分应为主题句中的关键词。但它只是限制了段落发展的部分内容，并没有告诉读者该用哪种方法展开，是用因果关系法还是用分类法？ 修正：He
7、can fix a bicycle himself in several simple steps. 修正：There are several reasons why he can fix a bicycle himself.,如何写好主题句中的关键词,原句2: She tries to improve her looks. 斜体部分应为主题句中的关键词。她试着改变她面容的理由是什么？或者她采取什么方法来改善呢？我们无法从关键词中清楚得知。 修正：She tries many ways to improve her looks. 修正：There are some reasons why sh
8、e tries to improve her looks.,如何写好主题句的中心思想,主题句由两部分组成，即主题(topic)和中心思想（controlling idea）。中心思想的作用是导向(control)和制约(limit)。我们前面谈到的关键词就反映了中心思想。所谓导向就是规定段落的发展脉络，所谓制约就是限制主题的覆盖范围，两者不可分割。没有导向，内容就会离题或偏题；没有制约，内容就可能超出一个段落所能容纳的范围,对于初学写作的人来说，“导向”的重要性容易理解，但如果由他们自己来构思一个主题句，就可能忽视“制约”这一面。例如： There are two ways in which
9、one can own a book. The first is the property right you establish by paying for it, just as you have made it a part of yourself and the best way to make yourself a part of it is by writing in it. 本段的主题句如果没有in which 引出的定语从句，那么two ways 不仅不能起制约作用，而且也不能起导向作用，句子本身读起来也就使人觉得欠缺点什么。,Exercise is beneficial to
10、 your heart. A 22-year study was conducted by doctors in California. They found that people who work at physical jobs experience fewer heart attacks than other people. These active people work all the time at moderate speeds, their daily routine gives them an adequate amount of exercise and helps th
11、em stay in shape. “Exercise is beneficial“这是毫无疑义的。但主题句中如不加上to your heart来加以 control 和 limit，那就流于空泛。 因此，紧紧把握主题句中controlling idea的导向和制约作用，是短文写作成功关键之一。,主要推展句 主要推展句(major supporting statement)的主要特点是：围绕段落主题句展开的每一个推展句本身都不要求作进一步的说明或证明，句与句之间的关系是相互独立又是互相连接的。,次要推展句(minor supporting statement)是指对主要推展句作进一步的事实分析
12、和举例说明。它从属于某一个或某几个推展句。,：(主题句)I dont teach because teaching is easy for me. (主要推展句1)Teaching is the most difficult of the various ways I have attempted to earn my living: mechanic, carpenter, writer. (主要推展句2)For me, teaching is a red-eye, sweaty-palm, sinking-stomach profession. (次要推展句1)Red-eye, becau
13、se I never feel ready to teach no matter how late I stay up preparing. (次要推展句2)Sweaty-palm, because Im always nervous before I enter the classroom, sure that I will be found out for the fool that I am. (次要推展句3)Sinking-stomach, because I leave the classroom an hour later convinced that I was even mor
14、e boring than usual.,写好推展句的方法 主题句及关键词确定后，开始选择和主题有关的信息和素材。实质上，针对关键词测试每一个所选择的素材就是一个分类的过程。有一种常用的方法就是句子展开前加以设问，然后解答，即设问解答(why-because)的方法。下面我们通过举例来看一看这种分类过程是如何完成的。,假设(suppose) Topic sentence: English is an international language? 设问(why) Why can we say English is an international language? 解答(because) B
15、ecause: English is spoken by pilots and airport control operators on all the airways of the world. Because: Over 70 percent of the worlds mail is written in English. Because: More than 60 percent of the worlds radio programs are in English. Because: Pakistan was once one of the British colonies. Bec
16、ause: Many members of the International Language Society are selected from English-spoken countries.,2.草拟提纲,围绕提示句 关键词 扩展提示句所提供的信息 记录,中文？ English？,Campus Life,1.有的大学生认为大学生活是丰富多彩的； 2.有的大学生对大学生活不满意； 3.你理想中的大学生活是怎么样的？,Some students think campus life is colorful and rewarding; Others do not think they be
17、nefit from their campus life; In my mind, campus life,给提纲列顺序,如： 学习资源老师课外活动锻炼机会朋友自己支配的时间,避免重复,老师 朋友 学习资源 课外活动学习资料 锻炼机会时间自由支配,三、正文写作,结构： 首段： 综述（引出话题）中间段： 分论点1（主题句，论据）分论点2（主题句，论据）末段：综述（总结全文，前后呼应）,开篇句型六大法,1.对立法： When asked about _, the vast/ overwhelming majority of people say that_. But I think/view a
18、bit differently that_.Now it is commonly/widely believed that_. They claim/believe/ argue that_. But I wonder/doubt whether_.,开篇句型六大法,2.现象法 Recently, the rise in the problem/phenomenon of _ has aroused public/popular/wide concern.Recently the issue of _ has been brought into focus/ brought to public
19、 attention.,开篇句型六大法,3.观点法 History never has the change of _as evident as_. Nowhere in the world/China has the issue/idea of _being more visible/popular than_.Now people in growing/significant numbers are beginning/coming to realize/accept/be aware that_.,开篇句型六大法,4.引用法 “_”is the remark made by_. It h
20、as been shared by more and more people.“_” How often we hear such statements/words as these.,开篇句型六大法,5.比较法 For years，_have been viewed as_. But people are taking a fresh look now. With the growing_, people_.People used to think that_. (In the past,_.) But now people share a new idea of _.,开篇句型六大法,6.
21、问题法 Should/What_? Options of _vary greatly: some _,while others _.But in my opinion,_.,中间段的写作,1.列举法 通过列举一系列论据对论点进行多方面的陈述、解释 列举的顺序可按照内容的重要性、时间顺序、空间层次等确定。,中间段的写作,2.举例法 举出具体事例阐述或说明论点（主题句）的内容与列举法的区别：前者侧重罗列事实，力求全面；而举例法侧重举出典型事例，事例可多可少,中间段的写作,3.对比比较法 同类事物按照某种特定的规则进行比较分析 异同、优缺点,中间段的写作,4.因果分析法 逻辑性 One reason
22、 is that.Another reason is that.,末段的写作,概括全文内容，进一步强调或肯定文章的中心思想 展望未来 提出解决方案或令人深思的问题,末段的写作,1.结论法 From what has been discussed above, we may safely draw the conclusion that_. In summary/In a word/On balance, it is more valuable that_.,末段的写作,2.建议法 While it cannot be solved immediately, still there are wa
23、ys. The most popular is _. Another method is _. Still another one is _. Awareness/Recognition of the problem is the first step toward the situation.,末段的写作,3.方向性结尾法 Many solutions are being offered here, all of which make some sense, but none is adequate enough. The problem should be recognized in a
24、wide way. There is no quick method to the issue of _, but _might be helpful/beneficial.,四、检查修改,1.时态： 议论文一般现在时 描述文过去时 时态一致 2.主谓关系单复数 3.人称一致 4.可数不可数 5.指代问题,6.冠词的用法 7.词组和短语的固定搭配 8.单词拼写 9.标点符号,书信,私人信件 给外国朋友介绍你的家乡、中国传统节日等 事务信函 询问信：留学、旅游 求职信：明确应聘的职位名称；说明你已了解这项工作和公司的要求；你自己的优势；简单提及自己的期望 投诉信：语气要坚决、措词要礼貌；反映的问
25、题要明确、具体；叙述带来的不便；提出合理的解决方案,图表题,有选择地提取归纳图表中的信息，说明问题所在。 This bar chart（长条图） describes significant changes in _. It can be seen from the chart that a very noticeable trend _ was the dramatic increase in _ as opposed to the huge drop in _. In 1990, three out of four houses were state-owned. However, by 2
26、000, the percentage of the ownership of private houses has soared to 80%.,1. individuals, characters, folks替换people, persons。 2. positive, favorable, rosy (美好的), promising (有希望的), perfect, pleasurable, excellent, outstanding, superior替换good。 3. dreadful, unfavorable, poor, adverse, ill (有害的)替换bad, 如
27、果bad做表语, 可以用be less impressive替换。 4. an army of, an ocean of, a sea of, a multitude of, a host of, many, if not most替换many。 注：用many和if not most 一定要小心, many后一定要有词。,5. a slice of, quiet a few, several替换some。 6. harbor the idea that, take the attitude that, hold the view that, it is widely shared that,
28、 it is universally acknowledged that替换think。 7. affair, business, matter 替换thing。 8. shared替代common。9. reap huge fruits 替换get many benefits。 10. for my part, from my own perspective 替换in my opinion。 11. increasingly, growing 替换more and more 12. little if anything, little or nothing替换hardly 13. benef
29、icial, rewarding替换helpful,14. shopper, client, consumer, purchaser替换customer 15. exceedingly, extremely, intensely 替换very 16. hardly necessary, hardly inevitable替换 unnecessary, avoidable 17. sth. appeals to sb., sth. exerts a tremendous fascination on sb. 替换sb. take interest in / sb. be interested i
30、n 18. capture ones attention替换attract ones attention. 19. facet, dimension, sphere替代aspect 20. be indicative of, be suggestive of, be fearful of分别替代 indicate, suggest, fear,高分语法结构,状语前置: 状语前置就是把一个修饰动词的状语结构，如介词短语，分词形式或动词不定式引导的短语放到句首。 Like self-awareness, this is also very difficult to achieve, but I t
31、hink these are the two factors that may be the most important for achieving happiness . Throughout the century, the largest quantity of water was used for agricultural purposes. With a population of 176 million, the figures for Brazil indicate how high agricultural water consumption can be in some c
32、ountries .,使用状语前置的最大优点是让单调的句子有了跳跃的节奏感。考官一天看上百张考卷，看到这样的句子也会心情愉悦。注意插入语,此种语法结构是可以理解为是状语前置的另一种变体，它将状语结构提到了主句的主语和谓语之间。插入语也是相对地道的英语表达方法。请看以下几例： Universities, when it is functioning well, should offer both theoretical knowledge as well as professional training . So overall, I believe that, attending school
33、 from a young age is good for most children . 插入语的功能和状语前置基本相似，都能使句子更有跳跃感和地道。,The parents should spend time on their children, they should also communicate with them. We can never lose sight of the significance of education. 以上两句话都没有任何错误，但是读来非常平淡，没有任何特色，如果我们用倒装句，出来的效 果就完全不一样了。 Not only should parents
34、 spend time on their children, they are also advised to interact with them. On no account / by no means / in no way can we lose sight of the significance of education . 当然在平时教学和备课的过程中我们还是要不断积累各式各样的倒装句句式进行替换，灵活运用。,It is the interaction of the two that shapes a persons personality and dictates how tha
35、t personality develops . 强调句是考生比较难把握的一种句型，容易和it 引导的形式主语相混淆，但其实我们只要找到强 调句的一个特点，即去掉It is that / It is who 仍然是一个完整的句子。,二十世纪末科技的繁荣，人们开始广泛使用电脑。 The late 20th century witnessed the prosperity in science and technology, thereby giving rise to the wide application of computers. (witness 句型) With the prosper
36、ity in science and technology in the late 20th century, the computers were widely applied. (With 结构状语前置) So flourishing was the science and technology in the late 20th century that computers were widely applied in various fronts . (倒装句) It was the prosperity in science and technology in the late 20th century that gave rise to the wide application of computers . (强调句型),
