1、大学英语四级辅导 作文部分,一.大学英语四级考试对写作的要求 二.大学英语四级考试考核的写作评分标准 三.2006-2015年四级写作试题趋势分析 四.大学英语四级考试写作类型分类 五.写作的一般步骤。 六.写作中的一些模板句型及框架,一.大学英语四级考试对写作的要求。,大学英语四级考试写作部分要求考生达到教学要求中的一般要求，即“能完成一般性写作任务，能描述个人经历、观感、情感和发生的事件等，能写常见的应用文，能在半小时内就一般性话题或提纲写出不少于120词的短文，内容基本完整，中心思想明确，用词恰当，语意连贯。能掌握基本的写作技能。”,二.大学英语四级考试考核的写作评分标准,1、 切题所谓
2、切题是指在形式上诸如段落、字数、 文体、格式等方面满足题目要求，并在内容上没有偏差。 2、 表达清楚、条理清晰本要求考查学生对文章结构的掌握，要求文章主题观点明确，有头有尾，论证说明安排有主次，有轻重。 3、 文字通顺，连贯性较好本要求考查学生对过渡句和连接词或词组的掌握和运用，要求文章句子内部与句子之间通顺连贯，不突兀。 4、 基本无语言错误本要求考查学生语言基本功的掌握，包括语法与拼写两部分。,1.本题满分为15分。2.阅卷标准共分五等：2分、5分、8分、11分及14分。各有标准样卷 1 2份。3.阅卷人员根据阅卷标准，对照样卷评分，若认为所阅文章与某一分数(如8分)相似，即定为该分数(即
3、8分)；若认为所阅文章稍优或稍劣于该分 数则可加1分(即9分)或减1分(即7分)。但不得加或减0.5分。4.评分标准：2分：条理不清，思路紊乱，语言支离破碎或大部分句子均有错误，且多数为严重错误。5分：基本切题。表达思想不清楚，连贯性差。有较多的严重语言错误。8分：基本切题。有些地方表达思想不够清楚，文字勉强连贯；语言错误相当多，其中 有一些是严重错误。11分：切题。表达思想清楚，文字连贯，但有少量语言错误。14分：切题。表达思想清楚，文字通顺、连贯，基本上无语言错误，仅有个别小错。(注：白卷，作文与题目毫不相关，或只有几个孤立的词而无法表达思想，则给0分。)5.字数不足应酌情扣分。CET-4
4、 110-119 ,100-109, 90-99, 80-89 ,70-79, 60-69, 50-59, 49扣分 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 9(注：如题目中给出主题句、起始句、结束句 ，均不得计入所写字数。规定的内容未写全者，按比例扣分。如要判为0分，须慎重处理。),三.2006-2012年写作试题趋势分析,分析近十年来的试题可知，写作部分的命题有如下几个特点和趋势：,1.考试内容多以学生熟悉的日常学习生活和应该关心的社会热点为主。 2.题材多以议论文为主，其次为说明文(图表作文），偶尔考些简单的应用文(通知和海报，及书信（2002.1，2003.12）。 3.命题形式以文字提纲为主，图
5、表提纲为辅。 4.题目主要是陈述性短语、句子或一般疑问句。,有鉴于此，建议考生在复习备考时要注意以下几点：,1.熟悉常见的写作方法，在总结规律和背诵相关模板的同时，要学会灵活运用模板； 2.尽量能抽取时间来阅读一些与大学或日常生活相关的英语新闻、报纸或杂志； 3.无需在应用文上投入太多精力，只要将其基本格式吃透就可以，因为其具体内容的写法或结构基本等同于常见的文体。,四.大学英语四级考试写作类型分类,从大学英语四级写作历年涵盖的作文类型来看，主要有以下几类：命题作文、图画作文、引语评论、提纲作文、图表作文、应用文（书信2002.1，2003.12、公众演讲稿2005.1、导游解说词2004.6
6、、海报2006.6、 通知2007.6等。)、。,1. 提纲作文,提纲式作文是历年四、六级考试中最常见的题型。它要求考生根据给出的题目和提纲（一般为中文提纲） ，确定文章的中心思想，然后紧紧围绕中心思想展开论述，表达提纲的主旨。它的优点是提纲既体现了文章的层次，又规定了各段大体的内容，为考生提供了一条思路，稍加思索、计划、整理就可成文。但缺点是如果审题不当，反而容易丢分。另外，它的限定性较大，不理解提纲所展现的内容或词汇，就会感到难以下笔。,写作步骤和技巧：,1写好提纲式作文的关键是认真审题和分析所给的提纲，认清题目和提纲之间的关系，然后确定文章的主题、内容以及文体。 2每一个提纲可以作为文章
7、的一个段落层次，段落的展开围绕提纲的中心和内容，不能偏离，也不能任意增减。,3提纲只是对文章的提示和概括，不是主题句。这需要根据提纲的性质，写出完整的、体现提纲主旨的句子，使之成为主题句。然后围绕主题句进行扩展。 4收集材料支持主题句。材料可以是事实、例证、亲身经历、名人名言、谚语警句等。应当注意的是，所选材料要与文章的主题相符，即要“扣题”。同时要具有典型性，能充分说明问题。在有多个例证的段落中，还要注意各个例证之间的连贯性。,2010年6月四级真题,例 Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a shor
8、t essay on the topic of Due Attention Should Be Given To Spelling. You should write at least 120 words following the outline given below: 1. 如今不少学生在英语学习中不重视拼写 2. 出现这种情况的原因 3. 为了改变这种状况，我认为,Due Attention Should Be Given To Spelling,Nowadays fewer and fewer students pay attention to the spelling of the
9、 English words in their study. /Nowadays，more and more students are ignoring the importance of the spelling.(Topic sentence) According to a recent survey, there is a dramatic increase in the number of students who can only imitate the pronunciation of a word but are incapable of spelling it./Take th
10、e word “spelling” for example, they will write it as “spalling” or “speling”.,Owing to (because of / thanks to) sth.There are three reasons for this.The reasons for this are as follows.This is due to (results from) several factors.A number of factors could account forOne reason is that partly becaus
11、e, partly becauseMany factors that contribute to (lead to/account for) include,WritingCause and Effect Writing,So/Therefore/Consequently/As a resultThe effect is evident/obvious.It will have/exert a deep influence (on).It may cause a sweeping change.It leaves some serious consequences.It may give ri
12、se to a host of problems.The immediate result it produces is.,WritingCause and Effect Writing, A number of factors could account for for this situation.(Topic sentence)One of the most common factors is that/First, fewer and fewer students need to write English essays.(cause 1) Besides,/Second, the g
13、oal of most students to learn English is to speak it and pass the examination which means they just need to select the similar words according to the listening materials and passages. .(cause 1) Third/Perhaps the most contributing factor is the wide use of electronic devices such as e-dictionaries a
14、nd computers and students no longer need to correct the words by themselves. .(cause 1) So more and more students ingore the importance of spelling.(effect), There are a lot of reasons responsible for it. On the one hand, the young men are misguided by the present spoken-English- centered illusion.
15、In other words, they pay little attention to spelling or written training. On the other hand, people who merely focus on oral English may not realize that written English is a base for further language studies. And they should have known that to express ideas clearly, exactly and correctly is of gre
16、at significance.,A general statement:,A problem:,A solution:,An evaluation:,. may help you .,. is really a problem; one of the difficulties is .; the question is ,to solve . /the solution to .,by doing . you will .; play a vital role in .; it is effective to .; as a result,WritingStructure Writing,
17、To solve this problem, /To（In order to) change this situation, we can take the following effective measures. First, students must be aware of the importance of spelling, and then try their best to practice spelling. Second, teachers should tell students how to practice spelling effectively. Only in
18、this way can students learn English well. /By doing these, we can make great progress in spelling., As far as Im concerned, I firmly argue that we need to attach great importance to word-spelling. To the students, they should write English as much as they can. Meanwhile, to the teachers, the dictati
19、ons should be reinforced in the class.,2. 图表作文,写图表作文时，首先要仔细观察并分析图表，以及题中所给出的有关信息，比如，作文题目，英文提纲、英文提示、英语关键词等。在分析图表时，要抓住与主题有关的信息，要发现数据呈现的规律，要充分利用图表中的图形、数据等去说明主题。但是注意不要过多地引用数据，以免造成滥用数据的后果。另外，在写作图表作文时可以套用一些常用词汇或表达方式，这将有助于你写出较为地道的图表作文。例如：As can be seen from the table (graph, form) that.From the above table
20、it can be seen (concluded) that.A careful study of the table shows that.The number (percentage) is 3 times as much as that in 2000.It has decreased (fell, dropped) about twice, compared with (as compared with, as against) that of 2000.In 2001, it increased (went up, rose) from 5 to 15 percent of the
21、 total (to 15 percent, by 15 percent).,图表的类型,图表的类型主要有下列几种：简称“三图一表”即柱状图（Bar Graph/Chart）、线形图(Line Graph)、饼状图(Pie Graph)和表格(Table)。下边给出了三种图样：,图表题的写作逻辑结构：,Paragraph I:（1）概括描述图表：趋势描写；（2）具体描述图表：必要数据支持（细 节性）。 Paragraph II:（1）提出自己理由和观点（本段主题句）；（2）细节性分论点（主要是原因，用于支持自己的观点，至少两点）。 Paragraph III:（1）预测未来和提出解决方法；（2
22、）总结全文和表达作者自己观点。,（一）首段的写作,不管是graph还是table，都需要进行描述，一般放在文章的第一部分，长度宜适中。描述数据我们要首先看看是几个变量（A），每个变量有几个数据（B），不妨以A*B表示。如果只有一个变量，有三个数据，可以描述如下：From the chart we can see clearly that the average number of hours a student spends on Internet per week has increased from less than two hours in 1990 to nearly six hou
23、rs in 1995, and then to nearly 20 hours in 2000.,如果是最常见的是2*3的情形，可以描述如下：From the chart, we can see clearly that in a big city in China, state owned houses declined from 75% in 1990 to 60% in 1995 and then to 20% in 2000, while private houses rose from 25% to 40% and then to 80% during the same period
24、. 这里用了while引起从句来突显对比，是一种非常好的办法，如果用两句话来描述，也完全可以。如果是1*n（n3）的情形，将头与尾描述出来即可，比较好的方法就是在句中描述最后一个与第一个相比变化了多少。碰到多变量、每个变量多数据的情形，大家应首先进行分类，分成上升、下降两类，或者上升、下降、不变三类，这样问题就迎刃而解了。,（二） 第二段的写作,此段的主题句(topic sentence)的问题。 主观： We believe/I believe that three reasons can account for this phenomenon. In my mind, the reason
25、s why the overseas students are on the rise are as follows. 主观之变体（使用插入语，突显主语）：Three reasons, we believe/I believe/in my mind, can account for this phenomenon.注意:插入语的使用属于看似平淡却极富功力的技巧，可以达到很好的效果。 客观：Several reasons can account for this phenomenon.,在主题句之后，可以使用连接词分两个、三个或四个方面来写，其中分三个方面来写最为常见。,（三） 第三段的写作,第
26、三段直接写结论的情况已基本没有了。如果这篇文章讲的是一个令人担忧的问题，那么这一段写解决办法的可能性最大。 如果这篇文章讲的是一个好的变化，那么这一段很可能是两种情况可能写负面的影响或存在的问题，或者写未来趋势或发展方向。 上述均根据具体情况而定。,（四）图表作文基本模式,(a) 段落一：According to the figures given in the diagram/picture/pie chart, we can see that _ is increasing in the past _, while _ is decreasing. (从整体上对事物发展的趋势作概括) 段落
27、二：Possible reasons for this are as follows. (问题产生的原因) On the one hand, _. (原因一) On the other hand, _. (原因二) Furthermore, _. (原因三) 段落三： From what has been analyzed, we can draw a conclusion that _. (得出结论) As a matter of fact, with the improvements in _, the trend will go on in the future. (提出改进的方法或措施
28、) Therefore, _. (最后再强调观点),(b) 段落一：The chart gives us an overall picture of the _(图表主题). The first thing we notice is that_(图表最大特点). This means that as _, _(进一步说明). 段落二：We can see from the statistics given that _(图表细节一). After ving_(细节一中的第一个变化), the _Ved+幅度+时间(紧跟着的变化). The figures also tells us that_
29、(图表细节二). (数据位置，如In the second column), we can see that _accounts for _(进一步描述). 段落三：Judging from these figures, we can draw the conclusion that_(结论). The reason for this, as far as I am concerned is that_(给出原因). / It is high time that (发出倡议),Directions: For this part you are allowed thirty minutes to
30、 write a composition on the topic Student Use of Computers. You should write at least 120 words and base your composition on the chart and the outline given below,Average number of hours a student spends on the computer per week,2002年6月四级真题,1. 上图所示为1990年、1995年、2000年某校大学生使用计算机的情况，请描述其变化； 2. 请说明发生这些变化
31、的原因（可从计算机的用途、价格或社会发展等方面加以说明）； 3. 你认为目前大学生在计算机使用中有什么困难或问题。,Model Composition,Great changes have taken place in student use of computers in the university. The hours the student spent on computers per week skyrocketed from about 2 in 1990 to 20 in 2000, more than 9 times higher. This rapid increase pr
32、oves that students were in closer contact with computers.,To account for this phenomenon, people have come up with various reasons as listed below. In the first place, with the drop in prices of computers, more students could afford computers, therefore they could spend much more time with computers
33、. In the second place, the computers were applied to wider and wider use and students had to take advantage of this modern invention. Last but not the least important, the development of society pushed computers into more dormitories.,Whatever the reason, there are still some problems with student u
34、se of computers. To begin with, many students still have no computers of their own. Whats more, many students use computers only to play e-games and browse porn websites, which causes harm to their mind. （172 words）,3. 应用文题型 （Applied Writing）,应用文的范围很广，包括书信、便条、广告、简历以及通知等诸方面。英语考试中的应用文以书信为主，兼或有报告、演讲词、导
35、游介绍之类的要求，这一点在大学英语四级考试中屡有所见。,（1）. 书信,书信是一种应用非常广泛的应用文形式之一。英文书信的种类很多，但可以把它们归为两大类，一类是私人书信（personal letters），另一类是商务书信（business letters），例如：申请信、求职信、推荐信、证明信、感谢信等。英文书信的书写有一定的格式。一封完整的书信应包括寄信人的地址和日期；收信人的姓名和地址；称呼、正文、结尾和签名,Two letter forms,WritingPractical Writing,WritingPractical Writing,Dear Sir/Madam,Im writ
36、ing in response to your advertisement for a PA / Secretary to the Managing Director. Although I did not have to travel in my previous job, I would be very willing to do so. I will be available for interview at any time, and look forward to hearing from you.Yours faithfully,William Jeremy Smith,Peace
37、 Hotel Ling Gong Road 1818 Beijing, China,Mail box No.23, GX university Nanning, Guangxi , China 27 Jan, 2008,缩进式,发信人地址及发信日期,收信人姓名和单位地址,WritingPractical Writing,Dear Sir/Madam, Im writing in response to your advertisement for a PA / Secretary to the Managing Director. Although I did not have to trav
38、el in my previous job, I would be very willing to do so. I will be available for interview at any time, and look forward to hearing from you.Yours faithfully, William Jeremy Smith,Compact System 96 Rosewall Drive, South town, SO3 4BT,Mail box No.23, GX university Nanning, Guangxi , China 27 Dec, 200
39、7,齐头式,书信题的写作方法：,（一）信封格式：名字、信箱、地域范围由小到大，写在右下角（与我们相反）。 （二）信纸格式：日期：月日年/日月年(美国习惯：May 15(th),2003;英国习惯:15(th) May,2003。)称呼: 后面的标点是逗号或冒号(美国人在称呼后用冒号,英国人用逗号)。Dear Sir or Madam, To whom it may concern：正文：空4个字节或者顶格写，段与段之间空行）签名：sincerely yours,书信写作的五点要求： 1、开门见山说意图 2、咨询建议1、2、3、 3、不同内容可分段 4、感谢客气不可少 5、期待回信成老套,（三）
40、开头段： 1、告知对方你的身份（假如对方不认识你）Dear Sir/ Mr. Smith,I was a student at your college, enrolled in Philosophy Department./ I am a at your/ I am a at your college, enrolled in the course./ My name is, I am,2、问候收信人（假如他/她是你的朋友）Dear Tom,Hello / Hi. How are you? / I hope everything is fine. / How are things going
41、 with you?/ How are you getting on in / getting along with?,3. 解释写信的原因 （1）致谢：Thank you for your letter about studying in Canada./ I am writing to tell you how grateful I am for/ I would like to thank you most sincerely for,（2）抱怨：I am writing to complain about the poor service at your dining-room./ I
42、 wish to make a complaint about/ I am writing to draw your attention to.,（3）致歉：I am writing to you because I am unable to./ I am terribly sorry that./ I would like to express my apologies for not being able to.,4）询问：I would like to obtain /request/seek/inquire some information about / I am writing t
43、o ask if you can do me a favor./ I would like some detailed information on/about.,（四）结尾段：1、发出请求 （1）Please give this matter your immediate attention.（2）I would very much appreciate it ifas soon as possible.,2、提供帮助 （1）I hope thesewill be helpful, and please feel free to contact me for more information
44、. （2）will be taking responsibility for you and if you should need any assistance, she/he will be pleased to help you,3、 再次表示歉意或感激 （1）Thank you for your kind assistance. （2）Please accept my heartfelt thanks and deepest gratitude, now and always. （3）I am sorry that I cannot, and trust that you will un
45、derstand. （4）In addition, let me apologize for any inconvenience I may have caused. （5）Once again, I am sorry for any inconvenience caused.,4、 期盼回信： （1）I look forward to your prompt response.（2）Looking forward to a prompt reply. （3）I expect to hear from you very soon.（4）I hope to receive your reply
46、shortly.,书信实例分析讲解,实例1-2002年1月真题 Directions: For this part, you are allowed thirty minutes to write a composition on the topic: A Letter to the University President about the Canteen Service on Campus. You should write at least 100 words, and base your composition on the outline given in Chinese belo
47、w: 假设你是李明，请你就本校食堂的状况给校长写一封信，内容应涉及食堂的饭菜质量、价格、环境、服务等，可以是表扬，可以是批评建议，也可以兼而有之。,实例1-2002年1月真题,January 12th, 2002 Dear Mr. President,I am a student here. I write you this letter to say a few words about the dining halls in this university. First, the food in the dining halls is not delicious enough, either too salty or too watery, especially in Dining Hall 3. Second, the prices in dining hall are very high and usually we cannot afford it. Third, the dining halls are always very crowded and we can seldom find seats if arriving there not early enough and the tables are not,
